MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

ARRAY
An array in C is a collection of items stored at contiguous
memory locations and elements can be accessed randomly
using indices of an array. They are used to store similar type
(homogeneous) of elements as the data type must be the same
for all elements. They can be used to store collection of
primitive data types such as int, float, double, char, etc of any
particular type.

A Indices 0 1 2 3

Array elements 10 20 30 40

Why do we need arrays?

We can use normal variables (v1, v2, v3) when we have a small
number of objects, but if we want to store a large number of
instances, it becomes difficult to manage them with normal
variables. The idea of an array is to represent many instances in
one variable.
Different ways of declaring an Array
1. Array declaration by specifying size
Eg: int A[10];
2. Array declaration by initializing elements
Eg: int A[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 };

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

3. Array declaration by specifying size and initializing

elements
Eg: int A[6] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 };
Advantages of an Array
1. Random access of elements using array index.
2. Use of less line of code as it creates a single array of
multiple elements. 3. Easy access to all the elements.
3. Traversal through the array becomes easy using a single
loop.
4. Sorting becomes easy as it can be accomplished by
writing less line of code.
Disadvantages of an Array
• It allows us to enter only fixed number of elements into
it. We cannot alter the size of the array once array is
declared. Hence if we need to insert more number of
records than declared then it is not possible. We should
know array size at the compile
• Inserting and deleting the records from the array would
be costly since we add / delete the elements from the
array, we need to manage memory space too.
• It does not verify the indexes while compiling the array.
In case there is any indexes pointed which is more than
the dimension specified, then we will get run time
errors rather than identifying them at compile time.
• Example: int a[3]={1,2,3}
printf("%d",A[3]);

Output: 3245431 (Garbage Value)

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

1. Write a program to read and display an array of size n.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Enter the number:50

10 20 30 40 50
2. Write a program to read and display an array of size n
in reverse order.
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int n, A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Enter the number:20

Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50
50 40 30 20 10
3. Write a program to find sum and average of an array of
size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,sum; float avg;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
sum=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum = sum + A[i];
}

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

avg = (float)sum/n;
printf("\nSum=%d",sum);
printf("\nAverage=%f",avg); }
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50
Sum=150
Average=30.0
5. Write a program to read and display even numbers in
an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf(“\nEven Numbers are\t”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(A[i]%2 == 0)
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:15
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:25
Enter the number:30
Even Numbers are 10 20 30

6. Write a program to read and display prime numbers

in an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

{
int n,A[20],i,flag,j;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf(“\nPrime Numbers are\t”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
flag=0;
for(j=2;j<=sqrt(A[i]);j++)
{
if(A[i]%j == 0)
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag == 0)
{

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:5
Enter the number:6
Enter the number:7
Enter the number:8
Enter the number:9
Prime Numbers are 5 7
7. Write a program to find largest element in an array of
size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,large;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number");

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
large=A[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(large < A[i])
large = A[i]
}
printf("\nLarge =%d",large);
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:25
Enter the number:15
Enter the number:50
Large=50

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

LINEAR SEARCH (SEQUENTIAL SEARCH)

Searching is an operation or a technique that helps finds the
place of a given element or value in the list. Any search is said
to be successful or unsuccessful depending upon whether the
element that is being searched is found or not.
Linear search is a very basic and simple search algorithm. In
Linear search, we search an element or value in a given array
by traversing the array from the starting, till the desired element
or value is found. It compares the element to be searched with
all the elements present in the array and when the element is
matched successfully, it returns the index of the element in the
array, else it return -1.
Linear Search is applied on unsorted or unordered lists, when
there are fewer elements in a list.
Algorithm
Linear Search (Array A, Value x)
Step 1: Set i to 0
Step 2: if i = n-1 then go to step 7
Step 3: if A[i] = x then go to step 6
Step 4: Set i to i + 1
Step 5: Go to Step 2
Step 6: Print Element x Found at index i
and go to step 8
Step 7: Print element not found
Step 8: Exit

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

[Link] a program to search an element in an array of size

n.(linear search)
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,pos=-1;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the element to search");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(A[i] == key)
{
pos= i;
break;
}
}

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

if(pos == -1)
{
printf("\nElement not found");
}
else
{
prinf("\nElement found at index
%d",pos);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50
Enter the element to search:40
Element found at index 3
BUBBLE SORT
A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list
in a certain order. The bubble sort makes multiple passes
through a list. It compares adjacent items and exchanges those
that are out of order. Each pass through the list places the next

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

largest value in its proper place. In essence, each item

“bubbles” up to the location where it belongs.
Example: Arrange the following elements in ascending order
Pass 1

9 6 5 2

6 9 5 2

6 5 9 2

6 5 2 9

Pass 2

6 5 2 9

5 6 2 9

5 2 6 9

Pass 3

5 2 6 9

2 5 6 9

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

1. Write a program to sort the elements in an array of size

n.(BUBBLE SORT)
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,j,temp;
printf("Enter the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("Before Sorting");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(A[j]>A[j+1])

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

{
temp=A[j];
A[j]=A[j+1];
A[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nAfter Sorting \t");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}

STRINGS
Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference
between a character array and a string is the string is
terminated with a special character ‘\0’.

Index 0 1 2 3 4 5

Character Array ‘H’ ‘E’ ‘L’ ‘L’ ‘O’

String ‘H’ ‘E’ ‘L’ ‘L’ ‘O’ ‘\0’

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Declaration of Strings
Declaring a string is as simple as declaring a one dimensional
array. Below is the basic syntax for declaring a string.
char str[20];
In the above syntax str is any name given to the string variable
and 20 is used define the length of the string, i.e. the number of
characters strings will store(including null character). Please
keep in mind that there is an extra terminating character
which is the Null character (‘\0’) used to indicate termination
of string which differs strings from normal character arrays.

Initializing a String
A string can be initialized in different ways.
1. char str[] = "Programming";
2. char str[50] = "Programming";
3. char str[] = {'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g','\0'};
4. char str[12] = {'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g','\0'};

Read a character from User

1. scanf()
It is used to read the input (character, string, numeric data)
from the standard input (keyboard).
It is used to read the input until it encounters a whitespace,
newline or End Of File (EOF).

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String: ");
scanf("%s", str);
printf("\nString: %s\n", str);
}
Output
Enter the String : Hello World
String: Hello
Issue with scanf(): There is a whitespace after Hello. So it
read the input till Hello and store it in str.
Solution: use % [^\n] instead of %s.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
scanf("%[^\n]", str);
printf("\nString: %s\n", str);
}
Output

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Enter the String : Hello World

String: Hello World
2. gets()
∙ It is used to read input from the standard input (keyboard).
∙ It is used to read the input until it encounters newline or End
Of File (EOF).
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
gets( str);
printf("\nString: %s\n", str);
}
Output
Enter the String: Hello World
String: Hello World
Issue: gets() reads string from standard input and prints the
entered string, but it suffers from Buffer Overflow as gets()
doesn’t do any array bound testing. gets() keeps on reading
until it sees a newline character.

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Display String value – printf and puts

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
gets( str);
printf("%s\n", str);
}
Output
Enter the String: Hello world Hello world

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
gets( str);
puts(str);
}
Output
Enter the String: Hello world Hello world

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

IN-BUILT STRING FUNCTIONS

Function Working

strlen() computes string's length

strcpy() copies a string to another

strcat() concatenates(joins) two strings

strcmp() compares two strings case sensitive checking

strcmpi() compares two strings case insensitive checking

strlwr() converts string to lowercase

strupr() converts string to uppercase

strlen() vs sizeof()
strlen returns the length of the string stored in array, however
sizeof returns the total allocated size assigned to the array.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

char str[]="Hello World"; int

len=strlen(str);
int size=sizeof(str);
printf("Value=%d",len*size);
}

len value will give the length of the string which is 11. But
size value will be 12 including the end of character.
Output
Value=132
strcat
It concatenates two strings and returns the concatenated
string.
Syntax:
strcat(string1,string2)
concatenate string1 with string2.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[10] = "Hello";
char s2[10] = "World";
strcat(s1,s2);

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

printf("After concatenation: %s", s1);

}
Output:
After concatenation: HelloWorld
Program to concatenate two strings without using string
handling function
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[50], str2[25], i, j;
printf("\nEnter first string: ");
gets(str1);
printf("\nEnter second string: ");
gets(str2);
for(i=0; str1[i]!='\0'; i++);
for(j=0; str2[j]!='\0'; j++, i++)
{
str1[i]=str2[j];
}
str1[i]='\0';
printf("\nOutput: %s",str1); }

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

strcpy

It copies the string str2 into string str1, including the end
character (terminator char ‘\0’).
Syntax: strcpy(string1,string2)
copy the content of string2 to string1

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[30];
char s2[30] = "Hello World";
strcpy(s1,s2);
printf("String s1: %s", s1);
}
Output:
String s1 : Hello World
Program to copy a string to another without using string
handling function
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char a[50], b[50];

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

int i=0;
printf(“Enter string1:”);
gets(a);
for(i=0;a[i]!=‘\0’;i++)
{
b[i]=a[i];
}
b[i]=‘\0’;
}
strcmp
It compares the two strings and returns an integer value. If
both the strings are same (equal) then this function would
return 0 otherwise it may return a negative or positive value
based on the comparison.
strcmp(string1,string2)
Compares the content of string1 and string2
•If string1 < string2 OR string1 is a substring of string2 then it
would result in a negative value.
•If string1 > string2 then it would return positive value.
•If string1 == string2 then you would get 0(zero) when you
use this function for compare strings.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()

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Program to check two strings are equal without using

string handling functions
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
int i, flag=0;
printf("Enter the First string :\n");
gets(str1);
printf("Enter the Second string :\n");
gets(str2);
for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0’&&str2[i]!=‘\0’;i++)
{
if(str1[i]!=str2[i])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==0&&
str1[i]!='\0’&&str2[i]!=‘\0’)

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

printf("Strings are equal \n");

else
printf("Strings are not equal \n");
}

1. Write a program to display the content of string in

upper and lower case.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
printf("\nUpper Case String:%s",strupr(str));
printf("\nLower Case String:%s",strlwr(str));
}
Output
Enter the string: Hello World
Upper Case String: HELLO WORLD
Lower Case String: hello world

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

2. Write a program to reverse a string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int len,i,j;
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
i=strlen(str)-1;
j=0;
while(i>=0)
{
rev[j]=str[i];
j++;
i--;
}
rev[j]='\0';
printf("\nReverse=%s",rev); }
Output
Enter the string: hello
Reverse=olleh

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

3. Write a program to check whether a string is

palindrome or not without using in built functions.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int len,i,j,flag;
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
// Code to find string length
for(len=0;str[len]!='\0';len++);
// Code to check the Palindrome
flag=0;
for(i=0;i<len/2;i++)
{
if(str[i] != str[len-i-1])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag == 0)

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

{
printf("\nPalindrome");
}
else
{
printf("\nNot Palindrome");
}
}

Output
Enter the string: noon
Palindrome

4. Write a program to count number of vowels in a given

string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20
int i,count;
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

count=0;
for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++)
{
switch(str[i]) {
case 'A':
case 'a':
case 'E':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'o':
case 'U':
case 'u':
count++;
break;
}
}
printf("\nCount of vowels=%d",count);
}
Output
Enter the string:hello
Count of vowels=2

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

An array of arrays is known as 2D array. The two dimensional

(2D) array is also known as matrix. A matrix can be
represented as a table of rows and columns. The syntax to
declare the 2D array is given below.
data_type array_name[rows][columns];
INITIALIZATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

There are two ways to initialize a two Dimensional arrays

during declaration.
1. int A[2][3] = { {10, 11, 12},{14, 15, 16}};
int A[][3] = { {10, 11, 12},
{14, 15, 16}
};
2. int A[2][3] = { 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16};

When we initialize a 1 dimensional array during declaration,

we need not to specify the size of it. However that’s not the
case with 2D array, you must always specify the second
dimension even if you are specifying elements during the
declaration.
/* Valid declaration*/
int A[2][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }

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A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2] A[0][3] A[0][4]

A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2] A[1][3] A[1][4]

A[2][0] A[2][1] A[2][2] A[2][3] A[2][4]

1. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element:");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\nMatrix\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)

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{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the order of matrix: 2 2
Enter the element: 10
Enter the element: 20
Enter the element: 30
Enter the element: 40
Matrix
10 20
30 40

2. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn and

display its transpose.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element:");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\nTranspose of Matrix\n”);
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[j][i]);

}
printf("\n");
}
}
OUTPUT

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Enter the order of matrix: 2 2 Enter the

element: 10
Enter the element: 20
Enter the element: 30
Enter the element: 40
Transpose of Matrix
10 30
20 40

3. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn and

display the sum of principal diagonal elements.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element:");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sum = sum + A[i][i];
}
printf("\nSum=%d",sum);
}
OUTPUT
Enter the order of matrix: 2 2
Enter the element: 10
Enter the element: 20
Enter the element: 30
Enter the element: 40
Sum=50
4. Write a program to multiply two matrices

To multiply two matrices, the number of columns of the first

matrix should be equal to the number of rows of the second
matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,m, n, p, q,sum = 0;
int A[10][10], B[10][10], C[10][10];

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

printf("Enter number of rows and columns of

first matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
printf("Enter number of rows and columns of
second matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &p, &q);
if (n != p)
printf("The multiplication isn't possible.\n");
else
{
printf("Enter elements of first matrix\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
printf("Enter elements of second matrix\n");
for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
for (j = 0; j < q; j++)
scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);
for (i= 0; i < m; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < q; j++)
{
C[i][j]=0;

Helon maria john | MVJCE

 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

for (k = 0; k < p; k++)

{
C[i][j]= C[i][j] + A[i][k]*B[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("Product of the matrices:\n");
for (i = 0; i< m; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j< q; j++)
{
printf("%d\t", C[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
}
POINTERS
The pointer in C language is a variable which stores the address
of another variable. This variable can be of type int, char, array,
function, or any other pointer. The size of the pointer depends
on the architecture. However, in 32-bit architecture the size of
a pointer is 2 byte.

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Consider the following example to define a pointer which

stores the address of an integer variable.
int n = 10;
int *p = &n;
// Variable p of type pointer is pointing to the address of the
variable n of type integer.
Declaration of Pointer Variable
The pointer in C language can be declared using * (asterisk
symbol). It is also known as indirection operator used to
dereference a pointer.
datatype *ptrvar;
where ptrvar is any identifier
int *a; //pointer to integer
char *c; //pointer to char
Initialization of Pointer Variable
The process of assigning the address of a variable to a pointer
variable is known as initialization. All uninitialized pointers
have some garbage value so it should be initialized.
Example
int a;
int *p; //declaration
p=&a; //initialization

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Accessing Data through Pointers

A variable can be accessed through its pointer using unary
operator ’*’. Also known as indirection operator or
dereferencing operator.
Consider the following example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n = 10;
int *p;
p = &n;
printf("Address of n=%u\n",&n);
printf("Value of n=%d\n",n);
printf("Address of p=%u\n",&p);
printf("Value of p=%u\n",p);
printf("Value of *p=%d\n",*p); // *p = value of
n;
}
OUTPUT
Address of n=6487628
Value of n=10
Address of p=6487616
Value of p=648762Value of *p=10

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Each variable has two properties: address and value. Address

of a variable is the memory location allocated for that variable.
Value of a variable is the value stored in the memory location
allocated to them. The address of a variable can be derived
using address of (&) operator. In the example above, the
address of n is 6487628 and value is 10.

Variable Name Address Value

n 6487628 10

When p is assigned with &n, p stores the address of n. Thus p

points to n. In order to retrieve the value of n, we can make
use of *p.

Pointer Address of Value of p Asterisk

Name p Value(*p)

p 6487616 6487628 10
Address of Value of n
variable n

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

NULL Pointer
A pointer that is not assigned any value but NULL is known as
the NULL pointer. If you don't have any address to be specified
in the pointer at the time of declaration, you can assign NULL
value. It will provide a better approach.
int *p=NULL;
OPERATIONS ON POINTERS
∙ Address of a variable can be assigned to a pointer variable.
∙ One pointer variable can be assigned to another pointer
variable provided both points to the items of same datatype.
∙ A NULL value can be assigned to a pointer variable.
∙ An integer quantity can be added to or subtracted from a
pointer variable. The result will be a pointer.
∙ When we increment a pointer, its value is increased by the
length of its data type. ∙ One pointer variable can be subtracted
from another pointer variable provided both points to the
elements of the same array. The result will be an integer value.
∙ Two pointer variables can be compared provided both points
to the items of same datatype.
∙ A pointer variable can be compared with NULL values.

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Write a program to find the sum of two numbers using

pointers
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,sum,*xp,*yp;
printf("Enter value of x:");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("Enter value of y:");
scanf("%d",&y);
xp=&x;
yp=&y;
sum=*xp+*yp;
printf(" Sum is %d \n",sum);
}
OUTPUT
Enter value of x:10
Enter value of y:20
Sum is 30

Helon maria john | MVJCE

 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Write a program to swap two variables using pointers

include<stdio.h>
void main() {
int x=10,y=20, temp,*a,*b;
printf("\nBefore Swapping");
printf("\nValue of x is %d",x); //output 10
printf("\nValue of y is %d ",y); //output 20
a=&x;
b=&y;
temp= *a;
*a= *b;
*b=temp;
printf("\nAfter swapping");
printf("\nValue of x is %d \n",x); //output 20
printf("\nValue of y is %d \n",y); //output 10
}
OUTPUT
Before Swapping
Value of x is 10
Value of y is 20
After swapping
Value of x is 20
Value of y is 10

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

POINTERS AND ARRAY

∙ In C programming, name of the array always points to
address of the first element of an array.
Array Access using Pointers
1) Write a program to read and display an array using
pointer.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
void main()
{
int p[30],i,n;
printf("Enter the size of array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",p+i);
}
printf("Array Content\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(p+i));
}
}

Helon maria john | MVJCE

 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

OUTPUT
Enter the size of array:5
10 15 20 25 30
Array Content
10 15 20 25 30

2) Write a program to sort the content of an array using

pointers
#include<stdio.h>
#include<malloc.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,temp,j;
int *p = malloc(30 * sizeof(int)); // equivalent
to int p[30];
printf("Enter the size of array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",p+i);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{

Helon maria john | MVJCE

 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(*(p+j) > *(p+j+1))
{
temp = *(p+j);
*(p+j) = *(p+j+1);
*(p+j+1) = temp;
}
}
}
printf("Array Content\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(p+i));
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of array:5
16 7 14 2 5
Array Content
2 5 7 14 16

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

POINTER TO POINTER
A pointer points to an address of another pointer. Such pointers
are known as pointer to pointer or double pointers.
Example
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10;
int *p,**q;
p=&a;
q=&p;
printf("\nValue of a is %d \n",a);
printf("\nValue of *p is %d \n",*p);
printf("\nValue of **q is %d \n ",**q);
}
OUTPUT
Value of a is 10
Value of *p is 10
Value of **q is 10

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

PASS BY REFERENCE
In C programming, it is also possible to pass addresses as
arguments to functions. To accept these addresses in the
function definition, we can use pointers. In this method,
the address of the actual parameters is passed to formal
parameters. So any change in formal parameters will be
reflected in the actual parameters. Consider the program to
swap two numbers using pass by reference method,
#include<stdio.h>
int swap(int *a,int *b)
{
int temp=*a;
*a= *b;
*b=temp;
}
void main()
{
int x,y;
printf("\nEnter the numbers:");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("\nBefore swapping :
x=%d\ty=%d\n",x,y);
swap(&x,&y);
printf("\nAfter swapping : x=%d\ty=%d",x,y);
}

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

OUTPUT
Enter the numbers:10 20
Before swapping: x=10 y=20
After swapping: x=20 y=10
Differences between pass by value and pass by reference

Pass by Value Pass by Reference

In call by value, a copy of actual In call by reference, the
arguments is passed to formal location (address) of
arguments of the called function actual arguments is passed
and any change made to the to formal arguments of the
formal arguments in the called called function. This
function have no effect on the means by accessing the
values of actual arguments addresses of actual
in the calling function. arguments we can alter
In call by value, actual them within from the
arguments will remain safe, called function.
they cannot be modified In call by reference,
accidentally. alteration to actual
arguments is possible
within from called
function; therefore the
code must handle
arguments carefully else
you get unexpected
results.

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 MODULE 4 PROGRAMMING IN C CSD

Helon maria john | MVJCE