International Workshop on Advances in Design

of Generation-Ⅳ Small and Medium Sized of

Modular Reactors (SMRs)

HTR development in China

LI Fu

INET, Tsinghua University, China

lifu@[Link]

4 June 2024
 Outline

n 1 Technical features HTGR

n 2 Status of HTR-PM project

n 3 Licensing experience of HTR-PM

n 4 New HTR plants in China

2
 1 Technical features HTGR

n 1.1 Definition of HTGR

n 1.2 Features of HTGR

n 1.3 Overview of HTGR projects

3
 1.1 Definition of HTGR
n HTR / HTGR
n High temperature gas cooled reactor

n HTGR more likely referred to prismatic (popular

in USA)
n HTR more likely referred to pebble bed (popular
in Germany)
n In many cases, HTR and HTGR are equivalent

n Simple idea, excellent performance

n High efficiency, safety, more application area
4
 Coal stoves
Prismatic & pebble bed HTR

Simple idea

5
Same TRISO coated particle fuel
Same inherent safety features

Dense PyC

SiC

Dense PyC

Porous PyC
6
Fuel kernel
 Different name for HTR project
n Different stages, different name, increased
performance, similar technology
n Technical mature: High temperature gas cooled
reactor (HTGR， HTR)
n Helium coolant, coated particle fuel, in 1960s

n Technical Improvement: Modular HTGR

n Small size, modular, inherent safety, 1980s

n New trend: Very high temperature reactor (VHTR)

n Named by Gen IV International Forum, 21
st

century
n Mature modular HTGR belongs to VHTR, GIF

Technical Roadmap Update, 2014

7
 1.2 Features of HTGR
n Features, compared with LWR:
n Coolant: Helium
n Moderator: Graphite
n Core structure: graphite/ceramic
n Can withstand high temperature
n Fuel: TRISO coated particle

n Outlet temperature: very high, 700-1000̊C

n Possible application: electricity generation,
process heat (co-generation), hydrogen
production
n Safety feature: inherent safety 8
 1.2 Features of HTGR

n Inherent safety
n Melt free core
n Self dispersed/removed decay heat
n No emergency core cooling is required

n Long grace time/slow transient

n Several days

n Robust fuel to retain FP in all conditions

n With dedicated core design to limit the max fuel

temperature
n Not sensible for loss of coolant

n Not sensible for air and steam

n Slow corrosion of air and steam with graphite

9
Self acting Air
cooler

Water
Reactor
panel

Decay heat removal

10
 Decay heat transfer path based on
temperature gradient
Cavity concrete
Pebble Bed Side Reflector Core Barrel RPV RCCS Citadel

Radiation
Conduction
Conduction Radiation

Convection
Convection
Conduction
Conduction Radiation

Radiation Convection

Convection Convection

Radiation
Conduction

n Inherent post-shutdown decay heat removal is

achievable through conduction, natural convection
and radiation heat transfer. Design choices include
core geometry, low power density and high thermal
capacity of the core structures.
11
 Temperature for DLOFC accident
Even for total loss of coolant, no action, Total Loss of coolant can
after long time, temperature less than limit, never be assumed in other
high temperature just in reactors.
small area, small time interval 3822

3622
EX TRX
3422

Eqt g

Vgor 0" *E+

3222
U0T0 E0D0

: 22

822

622

422
2 72 322 372 422 472 522 572 622
T*eo+
12
 1.2 Features of HTGR

n HTGR Specific systems

n Helium system
n Sealing and lubrication
n Special blower
n Once-through steam generator/gas turbine/IHX
with process heat
n Special manufacture and high temperature metal
n Flexible primary/secondary circuits
n Fuel handling system
n Different for prismatic and pebble
n Confinement/Vented Low Pressure Containment
n No leak-tight requirement
13
 1.2 Features of HTGR
n Typical configuration for HTGR plant (steam
cycle, Rankine Cycle)

14
All applications: steam turbine, gas
turbine, process heat, co-generation

15
 Process heat applications and
co-generation
n (Petro)Chemical
n Coal-to-Liquids
n Hydrogen production
n Seawater desalination
Hydrogen Production
n …

Petrochemical,
ammonia,
fertilizer
Production
Oil Sands/Shale\Recovery

Hydrocarbon recovery
Coal-to-Liquids

16
Hydrogen production: S-I, HTSE,
Cu-Cl

17
 1.3 Overview of HTGR projects
n HTGRs operated
n HTGRs designed
n Current HTGR projects

18
HTGRs operated
n Dragon (UK)
n Peach Bottom II (USA)
n AVR: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Versuchsreaktor
(Germany)
n THTR: Thorium Hochtemperaturreaktor (Germany)
n FSV: Fort St. Vrain (USA)

n HTTR: High temperature engineering test reactor (Japan)

n HTR-10: 10MW high temperature test reactor (China)

n HTR-PM: High temperature reactor—pebble-bed module

(China)
19
 HTGRs Designed
n HTR-MODUL: 200MWt, Pebble bed, Germany
n HTR-100, HTR-500, PR-500, PNP, …
n MHTGR: 350MWt, 450MWt, Prismatic, US
n HTGR-1160, NGNP, …
n GT-MHR: 600MWt, Prismatic, gas-turbine, US-Russia
n PBMR: 302MWt, 400MWt, Pebble bed, gas turbine, South
Africa
n GTHTR300: 600MWt, Prismatic, Gas turbine, Japan
n ANTARES: 625MWt, Prismatic, Areva US
n Xe-100, 200MWt, pebble bed, X-energy, US

n HTR-PM: 250MWt*2, Pebble bed, China

n HTR-PM600: 250MWt*6, Pebble bed, China
n HTR-PM600S: 250MWt*6, pebble bed, steam supply, China
20
n HTR-PM1000: 250MWt*10, Pebble bed, China
Current HTGR projects
Project Thermal
Type Country Phase
Name Power(MW)
HTR-PM Pebble bed 250*2 China Operation
HTR-10 Pebble bed 10 China Operation
HTTR Prismatic 30 Japan Operation
HTR-PM600 Pebble bed 250*6 China Design
Xe-100 Pebble bed 200 US Design
SC-HTGR Prismatic 625 US Design
GT-MHR Prismatic 600 Russia/US Design
MHR-T Prismatic 600 Russia Design
MHR-100 Prismatic 215 Russia Design
GTHTR-300 Prismatic 600 Japan Design
NHDD Pebble bed 200 Korea Design
RDE Pebble bed 10 Indonesia Design
U-Battery Prismatic 10 UK Design
EUHTER Prismatic 165 Poland Design
MMR(USNC) Prismatic 15 US Design
BANR(BWXT) Prismatic 50 US Design 21
 2 Status of HTR-PM project
n HTR-PM: High temperature gas cooled
reactor--pebble bed module

n HTR-PM demonstration plant

n Supported by the Chinese National Key Science
and Technology Project (1 of 16 projects)
n Government support the R&D

n Commercial operation

n Technology demonstrated for future

commercial HTR plant

n Located in Shidao Bay, Shangdong Province
22
 Overview of China HTR program
n China chose pebble bed HTR
n Research was started in 1970s
n Benifited from international cooperation

Commercial plant
Demonstration plant
Test reactor
Fundamental R&D
2014~, HTR-PM600
2001-, HTR-PM
1986-, HTR-10
1970s

23
 2 Status of HTR-PM project
n Mission of HTR in China
n Supplement to PWRs
n for power generation, especially to replace

coal-fired power plant in popular region

n Co-generation
n of steam and electricity,

n & Hydrogen production in future

n Technology Innovation
n Supported as one of National Key Science

and Technology Projects

n Establishment of whole supply chain

24
 HTR-PM development team
n As one of national key S&T projects, including research,
design, licensing, manufacturing, construction, fuel
fabrication, operation, …, with many partners

Government

HSNPC
Chinergy Co. Owner of HTR-PM
Demonstration Plant
Contractor of Nuclear
INET
Island (EPC) Established in 2006
R&D, general design,
Established in 2003
design of key components
in reactor plant

25
HTR-PM demonstration plant in
Shidao Bay, Shandong

26
The overview of the HTR-PM site

!
27
 HTR-PM Preparation
n 2003: finished pre-concept design and decided to use steam turbine
n 2004: signed industry investment agreement
n 2006.01: became a key government R&D project
n 2006.09: decided to use 2×250 MWt reactors with a 200 MWe turbine
n 2008.02: government approved the HTR-PM project
n 2008.10: issued procurement contracts of the lead components
n 2008.4-2009.9: PSAR review
n 2012.12: government issued construction permit and we poured the
first concrete

28
 Main milestone for construction

2015.6.24: 2017.6.8:
2# Core 2019.1.27: 2#
2# module for
internal SG
big component

2012.12.9: 2016.3.20: 2# RPV 2018.3.30: 2020.3.18:

FCD 2016.9.14: 1# RPV 2# head of RPV Fix 2# RPV,
SGPV, HDPV

29
30
 HTR-PM progress
n Technology based on HTR-10
n Single zone core
n Side by side arrangement of reactor & SG
n Super heat steam
n Modular desgin

n Standardized NSSS
module can be directly
used for future project.

31
 HTR-PM progress
n 2 NSSS modules connected with 1 turbine in HTR-PM
n 6 modules will be connected with 1 turbine in HTR-PM600

32
HTR-PM Design Parameters

Plant electrical power, MWe 211

Core thermal power, MW 250
Number of NSSS Modules 2
Core diameter, m 3
Core height, m 11
Primary helium pressure, MPa 7
Core outlet temperature, °C 750
Core inlet temperature, °C 250
Fuel enrichment, % 8.5
Steam pressure, MPa 13.25
Steam temperature, °C 565/535

33
 2 Status of HTR-PM project
n Main achievements
n Standard NSSS module with full scale test and
operation demonstration
n Experience & development team covering
design, manufacturing, licensing, construction
& installation, commissioning test, operation, …
n Licensing framework
n Test facilities for future development
n Whole supply chain
n Fuel fabrication capability
n Operation experience feedback for future plants
n … 34
 Test Facilities for HTR-PM Project
ETF-HT Engineering Test Facility- Helium 10MWt test power, 7.0MPa, 250-750℃, Heat source to verify steam generator
Technology helium
ETF-SG Engineering Test Facility- Steam 10MWt test power, 13.25MPa, 205-570℃, Secondary loop and third loop to verify
generator water steam generator
ETF-HC Engineering Test Facility- Helium 4.5MWe, 7.0MPa, 250℃, helium Full scale verification of helium circulator
Circulator
ETH-FHS Engineering Test Facility- Fuel Handling 7.0Mpa, 100-250 ℃, helium, two chain Full scale verification of fuel handling
System system
TH-FHS Test Facility- Fuel Handling System Full geometry size, air, 0.1MPa Verification of the fuel movement in the
FHS system
ETF-CRDM Engineering Test Facility- Control Rods 1MPa, 100-250℃, helium Full scale verification of Control Rods
Driving Mechanism Driving Mechanism
ETF-SAS Engineering Test Facility- Small 7.0MPa, 100-250℃, helium Full scale verification of small absorber
Absorber Sphere System sphere system
ETF-SFS Engineering Test Facility- Spent Fuel Full geometry size, air, 0.1 MPa Full scale verification of major
System components of spent fuel storage system
TF-SFCD Test Facility- Spent Fuel Canister Drop Full geometry size, Full height (30m), Full scale drop verification of spent fuel
Full weight (17t) canister
ETF-HPS Engineering Test Facility- Helium 7.0MPa,25-250℃,helium Verification of purification efficiency
Purification System Purification flow rate: 40kg/h (greater than 95% and system resistance
less than 200kPa).
TF-PBEC Test Facility- Pebble Bed Equivalent 1600℃, helium/vacuum Measurement of pebble bed equivalent
Conductivity conductivity
TF-PBF3D Test Facility- Pebble Bed Flow 3D 0.1 MPa, room temperature, air Three-dimensional simulation test for
pebble bed flow (1:5 scale)
TF-HGM Test Facility- Hot Gas Mixing atm,20-150℃, air Reduced scale (1:2.5) verification of hot
gas mixing at reactor core outlet
ETF-DCS Engineering Test Facility- Distributed Reactor power control system, fuel verification of DCS architecture and major
Control System cycle control system, VDU-based Man- control Systems
Machine Interface
ETF-RPS Engineering Test Facility- Reactor Prototype of Reactor Protect System Full scale verification of Reactor Protect
Protection System with 4 channels System
ETF-MCR Engineering Test Facility- Main Control 1:1MCR control consoles, mimic panels, Full scale verification of Man-Machine
Room layouts and inner environments Interface
35
 2 Status of HTR-PM project
n HTR-PM Supply chain:
n Plant Owner (in China): China HUANENG Corp.，China
National Nuclear Corp.(CNNC) ，China General Nuclear
Power Corp.(CGNPC)
n Main Components Suppliers:
n Shanghai Electric: RPV, Metallic Reactor Internals, CRDMs,
SASs, Steam Turbine, Helium Circulators
n Harbin Electric: Steam Generator, Generator
n Toyo Tanso: Graphite
n CGNPC: RPS, DCS, Simulator
n Fuel supplier: CNNC with INET
n Nuclear island EPC Contractor: CHINERGY
n R&D, NSSS and main NI system Engineering: INET
n Other components: companies inside and outside China
36
 2 Status of HTR-PM project
n Main progress(commissioning test):
n 2021.08.21: first fuel loading
n 2021.09.12: first criticality of the 1# reactor
n 2021.11.01: first criticality of the 2# reactor
n 2021.12.20: first connection to the grid with partial
power (15MWe)
n 2022.10.20, 2022.12.7, 2022.12.9: reached 200MWt
n 2023.8.13, 9.1, 9.15: transient test
n Lost of off-site power supply, turbine trip, load ejection,
n Trip 1# or 2# NSSS module, or bypass steam
n 2023.9.26 12:30-9.30 16:30, 100hr continuous
operation
n 2023.12.6: Commercial operation
37
 2 Status of HTR-PM project

n Main results from commissioning test:

n All types of test are finished
n All systems operate stably
n Coordination control system works fine
n Reactor power quickly follows the helium

flowrate
n Trip of reactor without cooling has no challenge,
as expected
n Trip of reactor can simulate ATWS, because
drop of control is very slow
n Continuous operation of reactor after trip of
turbine can is demonstrated 38
Recent photo of HTR-PM

39
Recent photo of HTR-PM

40
 2 Status of HTR-PM project
n Experience from HTR-PM
n Commercial operation demonstrated the
technology maturity
n Many technical problems are solved
n First of a kind (FOAK) are not easy
n Key components: RPV, SG, core internals, helium
circulator, fuel handling system
n Whole plant is also FOAK
n Experience feedback for future projects is
important
n Safety performance is demonstrated
n Availability and maintenance consideration need
continuously improvement 41
 3 Licensing experience for HTR-PM

n 3.1 Requirement/standards system for HTR

n 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM

n 3.3 Main concerns during Licensing of HTR-

PM

42
 3.1 Requirement/standards
system for HTR

n No specific requirement/standards system

developed for HTR yet, in China, &
worldwide
n General requirement/standards system
developed from LWR are used for
design/licensing of HTR
n Some special requirement/standards for
HTR are developed
n More and more will be developed

n NNSA lead this activities

43
 3.1 Requirement/standards
system for HTR

n No essential change to current requirement are

made, especially for industrial norms/standards
n core melt free is recognized, but is not reflected to
requirement of component design
n safety classification may optimized in future, to
balance the cost and safety
n Some technical adaption is made, taking into
account of
n helium, high temperature, pebble bed, TRISO
coated particle fuel, once through SG, ...
n Vented low pressure containment
n ...
44
 3.1 Requirement/standards system
for HTR

n Requirement structure of IAEA

n IAEA provide reference requirement structure

45
 3.1 Requirement/standards system
for HTR

n Chinese standard system

n Laws

n Department requirement

n HAF, learn from IAEA GSR/SSR

n Guides
n HAD, learn from IAEA GSG/SSG
n Standards/codes
n GB, NB, EJ, …
n Technical document
n IAEA TECDOC, NUREG,…
46
 3.1 Requirement/standards system
for HTR

n Chinese standard system

n China adopts ISO,IEC,IAEA, …

n IAEA SSR 2/1 is adopted by NNSA

n Some projects also directly use ASME,
RCC,.. for system/components
n Most of them are transferred to national or
industrial standards: GB (National Standards),
NB (Energy Industry Standard)

47
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n HTR-PM consideration
n HTR-PM is designed and licensed according to
requirement of commercial NPP
n HTR-10 is also designed and licensed according
to requirement of commercial NPP
n Try to support later on commercial HTGR at

very beginning
n Regulatory and INET jointly developed some
specific requirement for HTR
n Specific design criteria, for HTR-10 and HTR-

PM
n Policy announcement, for HTR-PM
48
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM
n Standards adopted in HTR-PM
n GB，NB，EJ，
n Most equivalent to ASME/IEC/IEEE
n KTA
n Helium property (KTA3102 )
n Pebble bed property(KTA3102 )
n Graphite structure (KTA3232)
n ASME
n For mechanical part

49
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM
n SSR 2/1(safety for design) consideration
n China NNSA adopt SSR 2/1 as HAF102 (HAF: nuclear
safety requirement)
n HTR version of SSR 2/1 is developed in IAEA (CRP),
Chinese HTR version HAF102 is also developed in
China, but both are not formally released
n Most items are applicable for HTR
n Some minor changes are made
n Containment, fuel, ECCS
n Similar plant state, including Design Extension
Condition, but without core melt
n Some changes for HTR version of Chinese
equivalent safety guides (HAD) are also proposed,
but no essential changes are proposed 50
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n Develop safety design criteria guided by

licensing authorities in 2003
n Try to develop specific version of requirement for
Modular HTGR, jointly by designers and licensing
experts, from 2003 t0 2004
n Draft was finished in 2004
n Based on experiences from HTR-10
n Based on concept design for commercial HTGR
n Not published/released, but this draft document
increased the agreement between Designer &
licensing authorities

51
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n TOC of the draft requirement:

n 1 Introduction

n 1.1 Safety features of Modular HTGR

n 1.1.1 Safety features of Modular HTGR

n 1.1.2 Fundamentals of Modular HTGR

n 1.2 Safety goals of Modular HTGR

n 1.3 Defense in Depth concept
n 1.4 Accident management
n 1.5 Requirement for emergency planning

52
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n TOC of the draft requirement:

n 2 System design requirement for HTGR

n 2.1 reactor core and associated features

n 2.1.1 General Design

n 2.1.2 Fuel element

n 2.1.3 Reactor core control

n 2.1.4 reactor shutdown

53
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n TOC of the draft requirement:

n 2 System design requirement for HTGR

n 2.2 reactor coolant system

n 2.2.1 Design of reactor coolant system

n 2.2.2 In-service inspection on boundary of

primary coolant system

n 2.2.3 Inventory of coolant

n 2.2.4 Purification of coolant

n 2.2.5 Removal of decay heat from the core

n 2.2.6 Ultimate sink of decay heat

54
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n TOC of the draft requirement:

n 2 System design requirement for HTGR

n 2.3 Containment
n 2.3.1 Function

n 2.3.2 Design philosophy and possible

configuration
n 2.3.3 Performance requirement

55
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n TOC of the draft requirement:

n 2 System design requirement for HTGR

n 2.4 Instrumentation and Control system

n 2.5 Emergency control center
n 2.6 Emergency power supply
n 2.7 Waste treatment and control system
n 2.8 Fuel handling and storage system
n 2.9 Radiation protection

56
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n TOC of the draft requirement:

n Appendix 1: postulated Initiating events

n Appendix 2: Redundancy, diversity and

independence, inherent safety

57
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-
PM

n Develop design criteria for HTR-PM

n Jointly with INET and NNSA, 2004-2007
n Based on experience of draft version of safety
requirement
n Along the progress of HTR-PM design
n Address the function requirement / design
requirement / standards used for key systems
and components, much more detailed than safety
requirement

58
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM
n Design criteria (40 chapters)
n 1 Operation and accident conditions
n 2 Safety class of structures, systems and components
n 3 Accept criteria for accident analysis
n 4 Accident analysis method related to environment
n 5 Design principles and requirement for radiation
protection
n 6 Design criteria for radioactive solid waste treatment
system
n 7 Design criteria for air purification system of nuclear grade
n 8 Design criteria for radioactive liquid waste treatment
system
n 9 Neutronics design criteria
n 10 Thermo-hydraulics design criteria
59
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM
n Design criteria (40 chapters)
n 11 General design criteria for reactor structure
n 12 Design criteria for ceramics core internals
n 13 Design criteria for metal core internals
n 14 Design criteria for pressure vessels
n 15 Design criteria for hot gas duct
n 16 Design criteria for the supporting of main components
in reactor coolant system
n 17 Design criteria for steam generator
n 18 Design criteria for nuclear fuel
n 19 Design criteria for fuel handling system
n 20 Design criteria for fuel storage and transportation
system
60
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM
n Design criteria (40 chapters)
n 21 Design criteria for helium coolant system
n 22 Design criteria for helium purification and supporting
system
n 23 Design criteria for decay heat removal system
n 24 Design criteria for confinement
n 25 Design criteria for main helium circulator
n 26 Design criteria for control rod system
n 27 Design criteria for small absorber ball system
n 28 protection criteria for the hypothetic pipe break accident
n 29 Design criteria for the pressure control and relief system
for primary circuit
n 30 Design criteria for the reactor protection system
61
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM
n Design criteria (40 chapters)
n 31 Design criteria for the instrumentation and control system
n 32 Design criteria for the process instrumentation
n 33 Design criteria for the control room
n 34 Design criteria for backup shutdown point
n 35 Design criteria for the emergency electricity supply
system
n 36 Design criteria for the cable layout and isolation
n 37 Design criteria for layout of nuclear steam supply system
n 38 Design criteria for the installation, commissioning,
operation and maintenance requirement
n 39 Design criteria for the decommission
n 40 Design criteria for radiation shielding
62
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM
n Policy announcement for HTR-PM licensing
in 2008
n 1 Forewords
n 2 Safety objectives (goals)
n 3 Defense in depth
n 4 General design criteria
n 5 Containment: VLPC
n 6 Accident source term: mechanism based
n 7 Emergency plan: Technically not needed
n 8 Application of PSA: to support design
n 9 V&V for safety analysis software
63
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM
n Topics for Policy announcement for HTR-
PM licensing
n Inherent safety philosophy
n Long and smooth time envelop
n Good performance of fuel
n Limited release
n Probabilistic safety goal: 50mSv, 10-6 /reactor
year
n VLPC
n BDBA as PSA

64
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM

n Main considerations: based on current

licensing framework
n Framework based on IAEA safety standard series
(LWR oriented)
n SAR structure based on SRP from NRC
n Standards based on international experience
(ASME, IEEE, IEC, …)
n Specialties for Modular HTGR, accepted in safety
requirement, design criteria, specified in policy
announcement

65
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM

n Main considerations: Recognized features of

Modular HTR
n 1) Good negative feedback; Larger margin for
fuel temperature between operation and limit, self
shutdown because of temperature increase, or
keep in very low power level;

66
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM

n Main considerations: Recognized features of

Modular HTR
n 2) Slow transient because of low power density,
large heat capacity of core internals, TRISO fuel
for high temperature. Proper core geometry for
self removal of decay heat;

67
 3.2 Special requirement for HTR-PM

n Main considerations: Recognized features of

Modular HTR
n 3) For conventional LWR, containment acted as
the final barrier to limit the accident consequence
and to retain the radioactive material, on the
contrary, modular HTGR rely on the high reliable
TRISO fuel to retain the radioactive material.
VLPC act as DiD or ALARA.
n Sub-atmosphere ventilation in normal operation
n Direct release is permitted for helium pipe break
accident
n Ventilation with filter for long term depressurized
accident, for ALARA
68
 3.3 Main concerns during
Licensing of HTR-PM

n Before licensing
n Jointly develop draft safety requirement, design
criteria
n Formally release a policy announcement
n During licensing
n Detailed assessment PSAR/FSAR
n Propose some changes to design
n After licensing
n CP conditions: experiments required, V&V

69
 3.3 Main concerns during
Licensing of HTR-PM
n Main topics in FSAR review
n Uncertainty for everything
n Or conservation for everything

n Experimental data for code V&V

n Roles of PSA
n Management of BDBA
n Controlled state
n Multiple NSSS modules
n …

70
 4 New HTR plants in China

n Strategy for new plants

n Demands for process heat

n Concept of HTR-PM600

n Concept for HTR-PM600S

71
 Strategy for new HTR plant
n HTR-PM belongs to SMR
n 250MWt/100MWe per module
n 2 NSSS modules + 1 turbine as 1 units
n HTR-PM demonstrated
n The safety features of modular HTR
n Technical feasibility for multiple NSSS modules
n The supply chain of modular HTR
n The main components
n The fuel fabrication
n The licensing experience
n The experienced development team
n …
72
 Strategy for new HTR plant
n Batch construction of HTR-PM is possible
n How to improve HTR-PM?

n Provide versatile applications

n Electricity, steam, hydrogen, or co-generation
n Reduce the cost
n Larger plant, but with more NSSS modules
n Reduce risk
n Standardized components/NSSS modules
n Modular construction
n Flexible
n Different number of NSSS modules in 1 units
n China need larger plant: more modules
n Other countries may need small plant: less modules 73
 Strategy for new HTR plant
n HTR-PM600 is one of solutions
n 6 NSSS modules connect to 1 steam turbine,
comparing with 2 modules in HTR-PM, with
n the same safety features,

n the same major components,

n the same primary circuit parameters,

n With the same site footnote and building volume

comparing with the same size PWRs.
n With the interface of steam extraction capability
for co-generation
n With lower construction cost
n Still maintain the advantages of SMR 74
 Concept for HTR-PM600
Evolution of HTR-PM600 layout:
The volume of seismic qualified building was reduced 50%,
the same as PWR

75
HTR-PM vs. HTR-PM600

76
 HTR-PM600 Parameters
Reactor module thermal power MW 250
Module number in a plant 6
Plant thermal power MW 1500
Plant electric power MW 655
Pressure of the primary circuit MPa 7
Reactor inlet temperature oC 250

HTR-PM600
Reactor outlet temperature o
C 750
Feed water temperature o
C 205
Steam temperature oC 566 *
Steam pressure MPa 13.24
 HTR-PM600 main parameters

Thermal power of one Reactor Module MW 250

Reactor Module number 6

Plant thermal power MW 1500
Plant electric power MW 680
Pressure of the primary circuit MPa 7
Reactor inlet temperature oC 250
Reactor outlet temperature oC 750
Feed water temperature oC 205
Steam temperature in turbine oC 535
Steam pressure in turbine MPa 13.24
Power generation efficiency % 44
78
 HTR-PM600 Progress
n 2016.12: concept design was released to public
n 2018: finish the optimization design and standard
design
n 2020: feasibility study, preliminary design, PSAR
preparation ongoing
n 2020.10: internal review of the project proposal by
owner, main contractor, designer
n 2021.04: review of the preliminary feasibility study
report, survey of the potential site
n 2021.12: Basic design completed

79
 Demands for process heat
n China has a huge process heat market, like
worldwide
n 290 Mtoe/yr = 385 GW (60/40 heat/electricity) è 231 GWth
n 15.6% of total primary energy, strongly growing

n Market for steam (< 650°C) 138 Mtoe/yr = 183 GWth

(doable with conventional HTGR @750°C, would save 20%
of oil imports)

n District heating in North is also a huge market

n Currently mainly based on coal

n Replace with Natural gas & electricity is underway, but
expensive
80
 Special consideration for steam
supply
n Recently big demands for high temperature steam
supply for Petro-chemistry in China
n Target of Carbon neutrality in 2060 excludes the
coal
n HTR can be the the right supplier
n Special version of HTR-PM600S is designed
n Standard NSSS modules is also used, temperature is
enough
n 6 NSSS modules is adopted
n Higher availability is achieved by sequential shutdown of
NSSS modules, independence of modules is increased
n co-generation of steam and electricity
n Coupling with LWR is also demonstrated, for even lower
cost 81
82

How to improve availability

n New nuclear island layout for multiple NSSS modules
New layout based on multiple NSSS modules, separate sets,
independent maintenance capability, standardized NSSS modules from
HTR-PM can can improve the availability of steam supply for chemical
plant, and technical maturity of the plant.

Based on 2 NSSS modules More mudules with

technology in HTR-PM independent maintenace

HTR-PM
set 1 set 2 set 3 shared
buildings

82
 Concept of HTR-PM600S
HTR-PM600S

n HTR-PM600S
n Basic scheme: copy of
three HTR-PM reactor
buildings, optimization of
the plant configuration and
HPR1000

layout
n Supply medium and low
pressure superheated
steam to chemical
enterprises
n Water in the third circuit
successively heated by
HPR1000 unit and HTR-
PM600S unit
n Remaining capacity for
HTR-PM600S electricity generation
83
HTR-PM600S: six-module HTR plant for
cogeneration of electricity and steam

84
 Conclusion remarks
n HTR featured with inherent safety, high
outlet temperature, versatile applications
n Inherent safety is the basis
n Currently high temperature steam has huge
market demands
n GIF is also interested in V/HTR
n HTR-PM demonstrates the technology
readiness of commercial HTR, the
readiness of supply chain, and feasibility of
multiple NSSS modules in one unit
n This is another approach of SMR
85
 Conclusion remarks
n Larger unit with more standardized NSSS
modules can maintain the advantage of
SMR, even more economical, as shown in
HTR-PM600 and HTR-PM600S design
n Different number of NSSS modules can be used,
to meet the end user requirement
n HTR-PM1000 is also designed
n What’s the real target of SMR?
n Cheaper, safer, remote area?
n HTR-PM600/600S meet the criteria?
n Market requirement: safe, cheap, massive
electricity, steam, hydrogen 86
 HTR-2024 conference
n Time: 14-18 October 2024 (no change)
n Place: Beijing, China
n Organization
n International organization committee
n Local organization committee
n Responsible by INET
n Co-organized by IAEA, since 2002
n Tracks
n 8 tracks are planned, as usual

87
 HTR-2024 conference
n There are around 200 participates
registered through website
n There are around 160 abstracts submitted
through website
n Technical tracks + plenary speakers
Track 1 National research programs and industrial projects

Track 2 Industrial Applications and Markets

Track 3 Fuel and Waste

Track 4 Materials and Components

Track 5 Reactor physics analysis

Track 6 Thermal-hydraulics and Coupled Code Analyses

Track 7 Development, Design and Engineering

Track 8 Safety and Licensing 88

Thanks for Your Attention!

89