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Random Numbers in Stochastic Programming

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Random Numbers in Stochastic Programming

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dddhhhxxxhhh
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Random Numbers in Stochastic Programming – Lecture Notes

1. Why Random Numbers?

- Simulation requires random draws ξ ~ P.

- Deterministic computers approximate randomness.

- Good random numbers ensure unbiased Monte Carlo.

2. Types of Random Generators

- True randomness: physical sources (rare in computing).

- Pseudo-random: deterministic algorithm produces sequence.

- Need long period, uniformity, low correlation.

3. Pseudo-Random Generators

- Linear Congruential Generator (LCG):

x_{n+1} = (ax_n + c) mod m

Uniform u_n = x_n / m ∈ (0,1).

- Parameters a, c, m crucial for quality.

4. Properties of Good RNG

- Uniform distribution in [0,1].

- Independence between draws.

- Long period avoids repetition.

- Portability and reproducibility.

5. Testing Random Numbers

- Statistical tests: chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

- Spectral test for multidimensional uniformity.

- Empirical distribution should converge to U(0,1).


6. Variance Reduction

- Pure randomness is inefficient.

- Techniques:

* Antithetic Variates

* Control Variates

* Importance Sampling

* Latin Hypercube Sampling

- Goal: reduce Var(g■) for same N.

7. Quasi-Monte Carlo

- Uses low discrepancy deterministic sequences.

- Examples: Sobol, Halton.

- Convergence O((log N)^k / N) vs O(1/sqrt(N)).

- Requires smoothness and bounded variance.

8. Practical Considerations

- RNG seed determines reproducibility.

- For stochastic optimization, update samples carefully.

- In simulation, independence across runs important.

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