PHENOLOGY

Phenology

INTRODUCTION:
The 'phenological state' can be defined as each of the variations and phenomena that the rice plant experiences.
during its life cycle. Therefore, it will not move to the next phenological state until the plant has undergone some
pre-established variations.

It should be clarified that the duration of each phenological state will be clearly influenced by the climate and will be
different for each variety of rice.

There are many scientific classifications of phenology and phenological states of plants. As it is necessary
That both the technicians and the rice growers come to an agreement, the following has been chosen:

PHYSIOLOGICAL PHASES Phenological States:

1.-Germination
2.-Emergency-Seedling with 3 leaves
Vegetative phase 3.-Seedling with 4-5 leaves
4.-Godparent Principle
5.-Maximum godson

6.-Panicle differentiation
RICE [Link] phase 7.- Elongation of the stem
8.- Zurrón-Preñez
9.- Slender
10.-Blooming

11.- Milky grain

Maturation phase 12.-Paste grain
Hard grain
14.-Harvest (18-22% humidity)

The rice plant cycle is divided into 14 perfectly differentiated phenological states in which we
We will base ourselves to carry out the different cultural tasks necessary to ensure the harvest is successful.
It will be said that a plot is in a certain phenological state when more than 50% of the plants are
find in that state.
 VEGETATIVE PHASE
STATE01:GERMINATION

DESCRIPTION:
It begins with the swelling of the seed and ends when the first "shoot" (coleoptile) and the first "little root" appear from the grain.
During these first days of the rice plant's life is when the application of pre-emergence herbicides is carried out.

Special attention must be paid to attacks by chironomids (red and white worms) and ephydrids (stoneflies) that can cause irrev

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 VEGETATIVE PHASE
STATE02: EMERGENCY –
Seedling with 3 leaves

DESCRIPTION:
Due to the flooding conditions in which rice is cultivated, in these early phenological stages, the development of the part
Approximately 15 days after sowing, the rice seedling is rooting in the soil and emerging from the water.

Until the seedling has two or three leaves, it feeds on the reserves of the grain. From this moment on, it must feed itself through the

In this phenological state, insecticide treatments against chironomids and ephydrids are initiated, along with post-emergent herbicides with

RICE GROWERS' FEDERATION OF SEVILLE

Avda. San Francisco Javier, 9 – Edificio Sevilla 2 C.P. 41.018 Tfno.: 954 92 29 76Fax: 954 92 26 33
VEGETATIVE PHASE
STATE 03: SEEDLING WITH 4-5 LEAVES
 VEGETATIVE PHASE
STATE04: GODCHILD PRINCIPLE

DESCRIPCIÓN:
It is evident that temperature directly influences the onset and duration of each of the phenological states. In a 'normal' year

It is important to carry out the replanting work during the grafting, as this is the moment when the plant has the greatest capacity to adapt.
For the same reason, it is during the godchild that it is advised to carry out the 'drying' to settle the soil, promote rooting and apply.
VEGETATIVE PHASE
STATE05: MAXIMUM GODSON

DESCRIPTION:
With the maximum godchild, the vegetative phase ends to begin the reproductive phase with differentiation of
panicle (ear). It lasts about 20-25 days, depending on planting density, variety, and weather conditions.

During the phenological stage of maximum tillering, there is an accelerated growth of the shoots, reaching the end.
of the same height as the parents and forming a uniform field in which all the plants seem to have the same
height.

It is necessary to indicate that during these dates, attacks of donuts and aphids usually occur. This state of the

the plant must clearly indicate the completion of post-herbicide treatments

emergent, since the application of them during the reproductive phase considerably reduces the
production.
Durante los estados fenológicos de máximo ahijado y de diferenciación de panícula se realiza la escarda manual de las
strains that have resisted herbicide treatments, with the aim of not leaving any weeds that could spread their
seeds in the field.

It should also be noted that up to this stage, the fertilizer applications are made under cover.

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 REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
STATE 06: DIFFERENTIATION OF
LA PANÍCULA

DESCRIPCIÓN:
Once the maximum godson is finished, the fields are at a uniform height and vegetative growth slows down, as the bla

In a 'normal' year regarding climate, the differentiation of the panicle begins 60-70 days after sowing.

It should be noted that during the reproductive phase, the plant is very sensitive to any type of stress, whether caused by treatment

During this state, manual weeding and treatments against cabbage maggot and aphids usually continue.
 REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
STATE 07: STALK ELONGATION

DESCRIPTION:
Depending on the variety, stem elongation will occur before, during, or after the formation of the panicle begins.

The internodes, which were gathered at the base of the plant, elongate and emerge one over another producing the elongation.

From this state, the storks and ox-peckers can be very harmful as they are attracted by the doughnuts and crabs.
 REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
STATE08: SADDLEBAG - PREGNANCY

DESCRIPTION:
It is called zurrón, to the type of spindle or barrel that forms the sheath of the flag leaf by wrapping the panicle before it

During the entire reproductive phase, it is extremely important to irrigate with low salinity levels in water, otherwise it can result in detrimental effects.

Both in the phenological state of stem elongation and in the state of pouch, it is important to pay attention to possible infections.
 REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
STATE09: SPINDLY

DESCRIPTION:
The term 'spiking' refers to the process by which the inflorescence commonly called a spike emerges from the sheath that enveloped it.

It is said that a rice field is in the phenological state of heading when more than 50% of the spikes have emerged.

During harvesting, great attention must be paid to weather conditions and possible attacks or infections of Pyri.
 REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
STATE10: FLOWERING

DESCRIPTION:
There is a coincidence in the timing of the ear and the opening of the flowers located at the apex of the ear.

A similarity can be made between the panicle or 'ear' of rice and a beautiful bouquet of flowers, in which each grain is a fl

The flowering or opening of the glumes of each flower lasts only a few minutes, which is why they self-pollinate in 99% of cases.

During flowering, treatments against pyricularia are usually carried out and those against powdery mildew are initiated.

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 MATURATION PHASE
STATE11: MILKY GRAIN

DESCRIPTION:
During the phenological state of milky grain, the panicle appears green and practically erect, and it will gradually start to arch.

In this first stage of maturation, special attention must be paid to three potential problems that may arise:

Borer: A borer is a larva of a lepidopteran that cuts the vessels that provide sap to the ear, causing it to wither.

Pyricularia: Even at this stage, fungal problems can arise, whether on the leaf, in the ligule, on the spike rachis, or on the grains.

The Pudenta is one of the most important pests of rice, and its sampling and control are necessary throughout the maturation process.

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 MATURING PHASE
STATE12: GRASSY GRAIN

DESCRIPTION:
As the days go by, the content of the grains loses water and gains consistency, so it is referred to as the state of faith.

As the grains gain weight, the panicle tilts more and more, and the grains starting from the tip pass

It remains important to monitor Pyricularia and Pudenta, as they could still decrease the harvest in both quality.

FEDERATION OF RICE GROWERS OF SEVILLA

Avda. San Francisco Javier, 9 – Edificio Sevilla 2 C.P. 41.018 Tfno.: 954 92 29 76Fax: 954 92 26 33
 MATURATION PHASE
STATE 13: HARD GRAIN

DESCRIPTION:
This phenological state is easy to distinguish, as when pressing the grain with your fingers, it feels hard, and the tones...

As the grains mature, the leaves age and dry out in an ascending order, leading just before the harvest to a

The draining of the water from the plots begins to start the harvesting.
MATURATION PHASE
STATE 14: HARVEST GRAIN
(18 - 22% of Hdad.)