Morphological tests

Would it seem appropriate to you to think of a close kinship between a

bat and an insect just because they fly?
Bat wing
Insect wing

They are examples of

There is a membrane between the fingers

analog organs
that allows bats to fly.

They are examples

of organs
HOMOLOGUES
Bat skull Bear skull
Arm
Although bears and humans
human
we don't fly, we are quite
more related to a
Arm of bat with an insect.
bat
Morphological tests
The organs
ANALOGS Bat wing
those who have Insect wing
different origin
evolutionary and
embryonic, but
they present a They are examples of

shape ANALOG organs

apparently They are examples of
similar and analog organs
they carry it out
function.

These males of
Lucanus cervus (stag beetle)
steering wheel), use their
"horns" (jaws)
very developed) for Male deer
fight among themselves. they also fight
with its horns
Morphological tests

Analogous organs represent a phenomenon

called ADAPTIVE CONVERGENCE, by which the
living beings repeat formulas and designs that they have had
success.
Morphological tests

The HOMOLOGOUS organs represent the

ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE, through which beings
living beings model their organs according to their way of life, the
environment they are in, etc.
Morphological tests
VESTIGIAL ORGANS are also anatomical evidence of the
Evolution. They are rudimentary, atrophied organs that reveal a
evolutionary past.

Pelvic belt

Femur

For example, cetaceans (whales, dolphins...) retain vestiges ('remnants')

of the femur and the pelvic girdle. The explanation is that they had a
terrestrial mammal ancestor. Its adaptation to the aquatic environment led them to
to lose the hind limbs, but there are "remnants."
Morphological tests
LosÓRGANOS VESTIGIALESson también pruebas anatómicas de la
Evolution. They are rudimentary, atrophied organs that reveal a
evolutionary past.

This insect has

The kiwi and the cormorant of the Islands vestigial wings.
Not with them anymore
Galápagos have vestigial wings.
They can no longer fly with them. it can fly.

The coccyx are small

fused vertebrae. It is
the vestige of a past
evolutionary with a tail.
Cormorant of the
Galapagos Islands
A common origin despite the variety

They have been classified

1.2 million of
animal species and
more than 400,000
plant species.
In addition to the
Animal kingdoms and
Vegetable, there are
three other kingdoms
How to explain the variety of life?

In ancient times
it was believed that

the species
so
known
they had
maintained its
aspect without
change it
since the
same
moment of the
creation.
A common origin despite the variety
However, in the 19th century began to emerge
various theories that postulated that organisms
they were the result of a process developed in
length of the evolutionary history
The similarities between living beings are due to the
family relationships among them, so
they will be more similar the closer in the
time finds a common ancestor.
 Sketch made by
Darwin in the
evolutionary tree of notebook
the vertebrates
Fijismo versus evolutionism
Surfers Evolutionists
Living beings Los seres vivos son
they are different different because
because they have been they evolve, but
created they maintain relationships
different, without of kinship. This
The defenders relationships of it means that
of the ideas relationship. they have an origin
they were fishermen
creationists
common, more or less
distant in time.

Deer
Asian elephant
Gamo
African elephant
Fijismo vs. Evolutionism
Fijians Evolutionists
They explained the disappearance Fossils are explained because
of ancient species by the ancient beings
natural disasters that they extinguished to make way for
they were ordered by God. new forms of life that
arose from the
previous.

The Mammoth and

other creatures
they would have
extinguished by
not having
saved from
Flood in the
Noah's Ark
Fijism versus Evolutionism
Throughout the 19th century, the
scientific community attended
the confrontation between the
defenders and detractors
of the evolutionary theories

represented a serious
threat to beliefs more
deeply rooted.

Evolutionary ideas
they clashed with ideas
religious.
None of the scientists
they bet on the theories
evolutionists knew the
existence of genes nor of
the mutations, but already
then they intuited that the
changes that occurred in the
individuals of a species "they
they transmitted to the
descendants. Charles Darwin
I was unaware of the
existence of
chromosomes, DNA
genes... and that was a
weak point
theory. But, more
afternoon, Genetics
Moderna came to
reinforce the ideas
evolutionists.
 Evidence of evolution
Biogeographic evidence
Bactrian camel

Llama
Camelids
from Asia
Africa
Dromedary
Alpaca
Vicuña
Guanaco

The family of camelids diversified from

according to its different adaptation in
different habitats. This constitutes a
South American Camelids biogeographic test more of evolution.
 Evidence of evolution
Biogeographical tests

Devil of
Tasmania
Equidna Platypus
Tasmanian wolf (extinct)
The strange fauna of Australia Koala
reflects their isolation
evolutionary of the rest of
continents. The species of
mammals evolved
regardless of others
parts of the world. This is a
biogeographical test more than
the evolution. Wallaby

Red kangaroo
 Evidence of evolution
Paleontological tests

The birth of Paleontology

came to support the ideas
19th century evolutionists.

Similarities are established with

current species and it is attempted
Skeleton
fossilized of determine an evolutionary story
Megaceros supported by such firm evidence
What are fossils like.
Could it be
this is the Thus, for example, achievements have been made

ancestor of reconstruct evolutionary stories

current deer? complete like the one that led
up to the horse
 Evidence of evolution
Paleontological tests
They have been achieved

reconstruct
stories
evolutionary
complete like the
that led to
the horse. The
ancestors of the
horse were
changing and
gradually
they were losing
fingers like
adaptation to the
fast race.

The evolutionary history of the equids is written in the fossils.

 Evidence of evolution
Paleontological tests

Ancestor of equids

Current equity

Stories have been successfully reconstructed

complete evolutions like the ones that
he drove up to the horse. The
ancestors of the horse were
changing and gradually they were
losing fingers as an adaptation to
the fast race.

The evolutionary history is written in the fossils.

 Evidence of evolution
Paleontological tests

Fingers
vestigial and Claws on the fingers Feathers
without claws
Beak with teeth Long tail

Short tail

The Archaeopteryx could

to be the ancestor
extinct of the birds.
It was "half reptile -
Gummy bear
Current rate half bird
Archaeopteryx fossil

Reconstructions of the Archaeopteryx

 Archaeopteryx
Lived 150 years ago
millions of years

It is considered an animal
emblematic in the
study of evolution
for his character
transitional between
reptiles and birds
 Evidence of evolution
Paleontological evidence

The book of the history of the

Earth is written in the
rocks. The fossils are the
words from that book.
 Evidence of evolution
Paleontological tests
Living fossils
Leaf
actual Fossilized leaves
Darwin called the Ginkgo biloba a 'fossil'
living one," for considering it the
oldest plant species of
Shell of planet. They appeared 250
Fossilized Nautilus
Nautilusactual millions of years, in the period
sectioned
This mollusk is a "fossil Permian, at the end of the primary era.
"living" that has been without
evolve 150 million This fish, the coelacanth is
for years. It is considered other "living fossils".
next in the evolution to Interestingly, it was known
the extinct ammonites very good to the fossils a lot
before being discovered the
first living specimen.
 Evidence of evolution
Embryological tests
Carefully observe the embryonic development of these species:
At first all these embryos
they are very similar to each other
 Evidence of evolution
Embryological tests
These similarities are a
proof that there is a
kinship among the
species. The higher
be the resemblance between
embryos, the greater it will be
degree of kinship between
two species.

During the development

embryonic is as if it
reproduce the story
evolutionary of the
ancestors. Our
the embryo, at the beginning, is very
similar to that of a fish.
Our ancestors
Remote were the fish.
 Evidence of evolution
Biochemical tests

Finally, the most tests

recent and the largest
possibilities present,
consist of comparing
certain molecules that
they appear in all beings
live in such a way that those
molecules are so much more
similar the smaller
there are evolutionary differences
among its holders, and to the
reverse; this has been done
above all with proteins
(for example, proteins from the
blood) and with DNA.