COLEGIO DE MUNTINLUPA

Department of Electronics Engineering

Name of Student:
Basilan, Rachelle Ann
Enojosa, Nhoel Nhico C.
Nopuente, Quijana Lyka
Pacinos, John Rinnel L.
Petrola, Railley Alfred M.
Sy, Alessandra Marini
Group No.:5 Date Performed:
Course Code: ECEN3151 Date Submitted: September 11, 2025
Course Title: Electronics 3 Laboratory Year: 3rd - ECE
Instructor: Engr. Jefferson Remudaro Grade:
OP-AMP INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

I. OBJECTIVE
​ Determine ​ and ​ analyze ​ the ​ characteristics ​ of ​ op-amp ​ integrator ​ circuit

II. BASIC CONCEPT

The slope of the output ramp, for a step input voltage, is proportional to the input step voltage
and is inverted in an op-amp integrator circuit. Therefore,

wherein Vin is the step value of the input voltage. The feedback resistor prevents the op-amp
from going into saturation.

The output voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage and is inverted in
an op-amp differentiator circuit. The input resistors prevent oscillation.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

1​ LM741 op-amp or equivalent

2​ 0.01 µF
​ 1​ 0.047 µF
​ 1​ 0.022 µF
​ 1​ 5 kΩ
​ 1​ 10 kΩ
​ 1​ 15 kΩ ​
​ 1​ DC power supply (±12V)
​ 1​ DMM
​ 1​ Oscilloscope
​ 1​ Function Generator
​ 1​ Breadboard for constructing circuit
​ ​ Connecting Wires

IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

​ ​

​
​ Figure 1.1
​ ​

​ ​ Figure 1.2

V. PROCEDURE
1.​ Set the circuit as shown in Figure 1.1 with signal of 𝑓𝑠 = 3𝑘𝐻𝑧.. Record the input voltage
and the output slope in V/ms. Solve for the value of the output slope in V/ms. Record in
Table 1.1.
2.​ Change the function generator amplitude to 2 V and the oscilloscope channel A and
Channel B to 2 V/div. Record the input voltage and the output slope in V/ms. Observe.
3.​ Change R1 from 5 kΩ to 15 kΩ. Record the input voltage and the new output slope in
V/ms. Solve for the expected value of the output slope in V/ms. Record in Table 1.2.
4.​ Change capacitor to 0.022 µF. Measure the input voltage and the output slope in V/ms.
Solve for the expected value of the output slope in V/ms. Record in Table 1.3.
5.​ Change R1 to 10 kΩ and capacitor back to 0.01 µF and the oscilloscope time base to 1
ms/div. Draw the input and output wave shape. Record in Table 1.4.
 6.​ Change the oscilloscope channel B to 5 V/div and remove the resistor RF from the circuit.
Observe.
7.​ Set the circuit in Figure 1.2 𝑓𝑠 = 1𝑘𝐻𝑧. Draw the input and output wave shape. Record
the input slope in V/ms and the output voltage. Solve for the expected output voltage.
Record in Table 1.5.
8.​ Change the function generator frequency to 2 kHz and the oscilloscope time base to 0.047
ms/div. Record the new input slope in V/ms and the output voltage. Observe.
9.​ Return the frequency of the function generator to 1 kHz and the time base of the
oscilloscope to 1 ms/div. Change the feedback resistor to 10 kΩ. Record the input slope in
V/ms and the output voltage. Solve for the expected output voltage. Record in Table 1.6.
10.​ Change the feedback resistor back to 5 kΩ and change capacitor to 0.01 µF. Record the
input slope in V/ms and the output voltage. Calculate the expected output voltage. Record
in Table 1.7.
11.​ Change the capacitor back to 0.047 µF. Remove the resistor and replace it with a short
circuit. Describe what happen. Record in Table 1.8.

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1.1 (R1 = 5 kΩ; CF = 0.01 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.05V 2V 2.5%
Vout 2.15V 2.12V 1.42%

Table 1.2 (R1 = 15 kΩ; CF = 0.01 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 1.95V 2V 2.5%
Vout 1.045V 0.707V 47.81%

Table 1.3 (R1 = 15 kΩ; CF = 0.022 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.1V 2V 5%
Vout 0.535V 0.321V 66.67%

Table 1.4 (R1 = 10 kΩ; CF = 0.01 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.05V 2V 2.5%
Vout 0.985V 1.06V 7.07%

Table 1.5 (RF = 2 kΩ; C1 = 0.047 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.1V 2V 5%
Vout 1.25V 3.38V 63.01%

Table 1.6 (RF = 10 kΩ; C1 = 0.047 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.1V 2V 5%
 Vout 0.75V 0.677V 10.78%

​ ​ ​ ​ Table 1.7 (RF = 5 kΩ; C1 = 0.01 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.1V 2V 5%
Vout 6.35V 6.36V 0.15%

Table 1.8 (RF = short circuit; C1 = 0.047 µF)

Parameters Measured Expected % Difference
Vin 2.1V 2V 5%
Vout 11.7mV 0V -

QUESTIONS:
1.​ Explain the operation of the Integrator Circuit?
-​ An integrator circuit is an op-amp configuration that produces an output proportional
to the integral of its input signal with respect to time. It is built using a resistor at the
input and a capacitor in the feedback path, where the capacitor causes the output to
accumulate the input signal over time instead of responding instantly. For example, if
a constant DC voltage is applied, the output becomes a ramp signal, while a sine
wave input produces a cosine wave output. In essence, the integrator acts like a signal
“memory,” making it useful in waveform generation, analog computing, and signal
processing applications.

2.​ What are the characteristics of an Integrator Circuit?

●​ Produces integration: The output voltage is proportional to the area (integral) of the
input signal over time.
●​ Inverts signal: The output is inverted (180° out of phase) compared to the input.
●​ Low-pass behavior: It passes low-frequency signals and weakens high-frequency
signals.
●​ Capacitor role: A capacitor in the feedback path causes the integration effect.
●​ High input impedance: Prevents loading of the input signal source.
●​ Output drift: Even small DC input can cause the output to drift over time.
●​ Wave shaping: Converts square waves into triangular waves, and sine waves into
cosine waves.

3.​ Explain the operation of the Differentiator Circuit?

-​ An op-amp design known as a differentiator circuit generates an output proportionate

to the rate at which the input signal varies over time. The resistor in the feedback path
transforms the current into a voltage after the input passes through a capacitor, which
only permits current to flow while the input voltage is fluctuating. Consequently, the
circuit transforms a ramp input into a constant output, a square wave into narrow
spikes, and a sine wave into a cosine wave.
4.​ What are the characteristics of Differentiator Circuit?

-​ The high-frequency components of the input are amplified by the differentiator

circuit, which causes the output to be 90 degrees out of phase with the input. It
responds strongly to abrupt changes in input but provides relatively little output for
slowly fluctuating or DC signals. However, practical differentiators frequently
incorporate extra components to restrict bandwidth and enhance stability because it is
also susceptible to noise and can become unstable at high frequencies.

VII.​ COMPUTATIONS
VIII.​ GRAPH

IX.​ ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

X. CONCLUSION
The lab successfully confirmed that an op-amp integrator produces an output
proportional to the time integral of the input, while a differentiator produces an output
proportional to the input’s rate of change. Results showed close alignment with expected values,
proving the accuracy of the theoretical models. The effect of varying resistors and capacitors
demonstrated how time constants control the slope and shape of the signals. It was also concluded
that proper feedback is necessary to prevent saturation and ensure stable operation. Any
discrepancies between actual and expected outcomes were attributed mainly to component
tolerances and instrument calibration. This experiment provided practical insight into how
integrators and differentiators function in signal processing applications.