G.

Answer the following Questions in Detail

1. How friction is produced when two surfaces touch

When two surfaces come in contact, their irregularities (tiny hills and grooves) interlock with
each other and oppose motion; this opposition to motion is called friction. Friction.
Even a surface that looks smooth to the eye has many microscopic bumps, so whenever one
body tries to move over another, these interlocking irregularities resist the motion and produce
friction. Friction.

2. Elements that contribute to friction

The main factors affecting friction are:

 Nature of surfaces: Rough surfaces have more irregularities, so they produce more
friction than smooth surfaces. Friction.

 Force pressing the surfaces together: Greater normal force presses the irregularities
more firmly, increasing friction. Friction.

 Surface area and shape: Flat surfaces in contact produce more friction, while
circular/curved surfaces (like wheels) give rolling friction which is less. Friction.

 State of motion: Static friction (before motion starts) is greater than sliding friction
(when motion has started). friction.

3. Meaning of drag and methods to reduce it

Drag is the frictional force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a body moving through it, and it
always acts opposite to the direction of motion. Friction.
Drag can be reduced by:

 Giving objects a streamlined shape, as in fish, boats and aero planes, so that they cut the
fluid easily. Friction.

 Reducing the speed of motion, because higher speed produces greater drag. Friction.

 Choosing fluids of lower density and viscosity, when possible, because denser and more
viscous fluids offer more drag. Friction.

4. Rolling vs sliding friction and how rolling arises from sliding

Sliding friction is the friction between two surfaces when one actually slides over the other with
some speed, and it is smaller than static friction but larger than rolling [Link]
Rolling friction is the friction between a curved or spherical object (like a wheel, ball or roller)
and a surface, and it is always smaller than sliding friction for the same pair of surfaces. Friction.
Aspect Sliding friction Rolling friction

Nature of Large area of flat surface in contact. Small area of curved surface in contact.
contact Friction. Friction.

Greater; more force needed to keep Smaller; less force needed to roll the
Magnitude
object sliding. Friction. same object. Friction.

Wheel or pencil rolling under a book.

Example Book sliding on a table. Friction.
Friction.

Rolling friction can be created from sliding friction by placing cylindrical objects such as pencils
or rollers under a heavy book or box; the book then moves by rolling over the pencils and
requires much less force than when it slides directly on the table. Friction.

5. Why friction is a necessary evil

Friction is called a necessary evil because it has both advantages and disadvantages that cannot
be [Link]
Advantages include helping us walk without slipping, allowing vehicles to move and stop safely
due to friction between tyres and road, enabling writing with pen or pencil, and helping in
activities like cutting wood or lighting a [Link]
Disadvantages include wearing out of machine parts, shoes and tyres due to continuous
rubbing, production of unwanted heat that wastes energy, and reduction in efficiency of
machines, so friction is useful yet also harmful. Friction.

E. Answer the following in brief.

1. Why friction between rough surfaces increases

Rough surfaces have many more irregularities (hills and grooves) than smooth surfaces, so their
projections interlock more strongly and produce greater [Link].

2. Why we move more slowly on sand than on concrete

Sand is rough and loose, so the feet sink in and interlock with many grains, producing large
friction and making walking slow and [Link].
Concrete is comparatively smoother and harder, so friction is less and we can move faster on
[Link].

3. Why a pencil cannot make a mark on glass

Writing needs enough friction between the pencil tip and the surface so that graphite can get
deposited in the tiny [Link].
Glass is very smooth and offers very little friction, so graphite does not rub off properly and a
pencil cannot make a permanent mark on [Link].

4. Describe drag. How does it get smaller?

Drag is the frictional force exerted by a fluid (like air or water) on a body moving through it, and
it acts opposite to the direction of motion. Friction.
Drag becomes smaller when the body has a streamlined shape and when its speed or the
density and viscosity of the fluid are reduced. Friction.

5. What causes a car’s tyres to degrade over time?

Car tyres remain in constant contact with the road, so continuous friction between tyre rubber
and road surface wears away the grooves of the tyre. friction.
Heat produced due to friction also speeds up this wearing, so the tyres gradually degrade and
need replacement. Friction.

6. How does friction cause fire to start?

When two surfaces are rubbed against each other, work is done against friction and this energy
appears as heat. Friction.
If the rubbing is strong enough, the temperature becomes high, producing sparks as in rubbing
stones or a matchstick, and these can start a fire. Friction.

7. Two instances when friction hurts us

 Parts of machines, as well as tyres and shoe soles, wear out due to continuous friction
and must be replaced, wasting money and material. Friction.

 Friction always produces heat, which can damage machine parts and leads to loss of
useful energy. Friction.

8. Two instances where friction is advantageous

 Friction between our feet (or shoes) and the ground allows us to walk without slipping.
Friction.

 Friction between tyres and the road allows vehicles to move forward and also to stop
when brakes are applied. Friction.

9. What does rolling friction mean?

Rolling friction is the frictional force that acts between a curved or spherical object, such as a
wheel or ball, and the surface over which it rolls. Friction.
F. Define the following in one sentence.

1. Sliding friction
Sliding friction is the frictional force between two objects when one slides or moves over
the surface of the other. Friction.

2. Drag
Drag is the frictional force exerted by a fluid on an object moving through it, acting
opposite to the direction of motion. Friction.

3. Fluid
A fluid is a substance such as a liquid or gas that can flow and change its shape easily.
Friction.

4. Static friction
Static friction is the friction between two objects in contact that prevents an object at
rest from starting to move. friction.