𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑.

𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

5.1. The Complex Number System:

Equations such as 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 have no solution within the real number system.
Because these equations were found to have a meaningful place in the mathematical
structures being built, various mathematicians of the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries developed an extended system of numbers in which there were
solutions. The new system became known as the complex number system. It includes
the real number system as a subset. We can consider a complex number as having
the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where a and b are real numbers called the real and imaginary parts,
and 𝑖 = −1 is called the imaginary unit. Two complex numbers 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 +
𝑑𝑖 are equal if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑. We can consider real numbers as a
subset of the set of complex numbers with 𝑏 = 0. The complex number 0 + 0𝑖
corresponds to the real number 0. The absolute value or modulus of 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is
defined as |𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 . The complex conjugate of 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 is defined as
𝑎 – 𝑏𝑖. The complex conjugate of the complex number 𝑧 is often indicated by 𝑧̅ or
𝑧 ∗. In performing operations with complex numbers, we can operate as in the
algebra of real numbers, replacing 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑦 – 1, when it occurs. Inequalities for complex
numbers are not defined. From the point of view of an axiomatic foundation of
complex numbers, it is desirable to treat a complex number as an ordered pair (𝑎, 𝑏)
of real numbers a and b subject to certain operational rules which turn out to be
equivalent to the aforementioned rules. For example, we define
(𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑), (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑐, 𝑑)
= (𝑎𝑐 – 𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐), 𝑚(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑚𝑎, 𝑚𝑏), and so on. We then find that
(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎(1, 0) + 𝑏(0, 1) and we associate this with 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, where 𝑖 is the
symbol for (0, 1).
5.2. Conjugate of a complex number
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then a complex number obtained by
changing the sign of imaginary part of the complex number is called the conjugate
of 𝑧 and it is denoted by 𝑧 , 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑧 = 𝑎 – 𝑖𝑏. Note that additive inverse of
𝑧 is (– 𝑎 – 𝑖𝑏) but conjugate of 𝑧 is (𝑎 – 𝑖𝑏).We have:
̅̅̅̅) = 𝑧
1. (𝑧̅
2. z + 𝑧̅ = 2 Re (z) , z –𝑧̅= 2 𝑖 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
3. 𝑧 = 𝑧̅ , if z is purely real.
4. 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 0 ↔ 𝑧 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦
5. 𝑧 . 𝑧̅ = {𝑅𝑒 (𝑧)}2 + {𝐼𝑚 (𝑧)}2
6. (𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2 , (𝑧 1 − 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧̅1 − 𝑧̅2
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
7. (𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 . 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧̅1 . 𝑧̅2 , (𝑧 1 / 𝑧2 ) = 𝑧̅1 / 𝑧̅2 , 𝑧̅2 ≠ 0

1
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

5.3. Modulus of a complex number

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then the positive square root of the sum of
square of real part and square of imaginary part is called modulus (absolute value)
of 𝑧 and it is denoted by |𝑧| , |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
In the set of complex numbers 𝑧1 > 𝑧2 𝑜𝑟 𝑧1 < 𝑧2 are meaningless but
|𝑧1 | > | 𝑧2 | 𝑜𝑟 |𝑧1 | < | 𝑧2 | are meaningful because |𝑧1 |&| 𝑧2 | are real numbers.
5.4. Properties of modulus of a complex number
1. |𝑧| = 0 ↔ 𝑧 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧) = 0
2. |𝑧| = |𝑧̅| = |−𝑧|
3. −|𝑧| ≤ 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧) ≤ |𝑧| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 – |𝑧| ≤ 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧) ≤ |𝑧|
4. 𝑧 . 𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 , |𝑧|2 = |𝑧̅|2
5. |𝑧1 . 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 |. | 𝑧2 |
6. |𝑧1 /𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 |/| 𝑧2 |
7. |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 = |𝑧1 |2 + | 𝑧2 |2 + 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧̅1 𝑧̅2 )
8. |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = |𝑧1 |2 − | 𝑧2 |2 − 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧̅1 𝑧̅2 )
9. |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + | 𝑧2 |
10.|𝑧1 − 𝑧2 | ≥ |𝑧1 | − | 𝑧2 |
11.|𝑎𝑧1 − 𝑏𝑧2 |2 + |𝑎𝑧1 + 𝑏𝑧2 |2 = (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 ) In particular:
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = 2(|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 )
[Link] stated earlier multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of a complex number
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 (≠ 0) 𝑖𝑠
1 𝑎−𝑏𝑖 𝑧̅
= 2 2 = |𝑧|2
𝑧 𝑎 +𝑏
5.5. Polar Form of Complex Numbers:
If real scales are chosen on two mutually perpendicular axes 𝑋´ 𝑂𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌´ 𝑂𝑌
(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠), as in Figure 5.1, we can locate any point in the plane
determined by these lines by the ordered pair of numbers (𝑥, 𝑦) called If real scales
are chosen on two mutually perpendicular axes
𝑋´ 𝑂𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌´ 𝑂𝑌 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠), as in Figure 5.1, we can locate any point in
the plane determined by these lines by the ordered pair of numbers (x, y) called
rectangular coordinates of the point. Examples of the location of such points are
indicated by 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅, 𝑆, and T in Figure 5.1.

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 5.1 2
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

Since a complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 can be considered as an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦), we can
represent such numbers by points in an 𝑥𝑦 plane called the complex plane or Argand
diagram. Referring to Figure 5.2.
we see that
𝑥 = 𝜌 cos(𝜑), 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin(𝜑),
where 𝜌 = √ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑,
called the amplitude or argument, is the angle
which line 𝑂𝑃 makes with the positive 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑂𝑋.
It follows that
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑)
𝐹𝑖𝑔. 5.2
called the polar form of the complex number,
where 𝜌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 are called polar coordinates while the exponential representation is
𝑧 = 𝜌𝑒 𝜃 . It is sometimes
convenient to write cis φ instead of cos 𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑. If
𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 = 𝜌1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 =
𝜌2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑2 ) and by using the addition formulas for sine and cosine, we
can show that
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝜌1 𝜌2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜑 1 + 𝜑 2 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜑 1 + 𝜑 2 )}
𝑧1 /𝑧2 = 𝜌1 /𝜌2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜑 1 − 𝜑 2 ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜑 1 − 𝜑 2 )}
where 𝑛 is any real number
5.6. De Moivre’s theorem.
𝑧 𝑛 = [ 𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑)]𝑛 = 𝜌𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜑)
We can use this to determine roots of complex numbers. For example, if n is a
positive integer,
𝜑+2𝑘𝜋 𝜑+2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 1/𝑛 = [ 𝜌(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑)]1/𝑛 = 𝜌1/𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑛 𝑛
1 𝜑+2𝑘𝜋
𝑖
Or 𝑧 1/𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑒
𝑛 𝑛

Where 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3, … 𝑛 − 1
from which it follows that there are in general 𝑛 different values of 𝑧 1/𝑛 .
𝑒 𝑖𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 where 𝑒 = 2.71828. . . . This is called Euler’s formula
2+𝑖 2
EXAMPLE 1: Find the values of [ ]
5−2𝑖
Sol.:
2+𝑖 5+2𝑖 2 8+9𝑖 2
[ ∗ ] =[ ]
5−2𝑖 5+2𝑖 25+4
64+144𝑖−81 −17+144𝑖
= =
841 841

3
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

1
EXAMPLE 2: Find 3 , if 𝑧 is complex number.
𝑧
Sol.:
1 1
3
= 2
(𝑎+𝑏𝑖) (𝑎+𝑏𝑖) (𝑎+𝑏𝑖)
1
=
(𝑎2 +2𝑎𝑏𝑖+𝑏2 )(𝑎+𝑏𝑖)
1
=
(𝑎3 +2𝑎2 𝑏𝑖+𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 𝑖+𝑏3 )
1 (𝑎3 ++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)−(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )𝑖
= (𝑎3 ∗ (𝑎3
++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)+(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )𝑖 ++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)−(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )𝑖
(𝑎 ++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)−(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )𝑖
3
= (𝑎3
++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)2 −(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )2
(𝑎3 ++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏) (2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )𝑖
= (𝑎3 − (𝑎3
++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)2 −(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )2 ++𝑏3 +𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏)2 −(2𝑎2 𝑏+2𝑎𝑏2 )2
−1+√3𝑖 3
EXAMPLE 3: Show that [ ] = 1.
2
Sol.:
−1+√3𝑖 3 1
[ ] = [(−1 + √3 𝑖)2 (−1 + √3 𝑖)]
2 8
1
= [(1 − 2√3𝑖 − 3)(−1 + √3 𝑖)]
8
1
= [(−1 + 2√3𝑖 + 3 + √3 𝑖 + 6 − 3√3 𝑖)] = 1
8
EXAMPLE 4: Find the value of (𝑥, 𝑦), from the following equation
(2 − 4𝑖)2 − 3𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖
Sol.:
(2 − 4𝑖)2 − 3𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 → 4 − 16i − 16 − 3𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 →
−12 − 16i = 3𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 → −12 − 16i = 𝑥 + (3𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖 →
𝑥 = −12 &(3𝑥 − 𝑦) = −16 → −36 − 𝑦 = −16 → 𝑦 = −20.
EXAMPLE 5: Convert the following complex numbers into polar form
z1 = −2 + 𝑖 & z2 = 1 + 4𝑖
Sol.:
1
z1 = −2 + 𝑖 → 𝜌1 = √4 + 1 → 𝜌1 = √5 tan(𝜃) = → 𝜃 = 153.435𝑜
−2
4
z2 = 1 + 4𝑖 → 𝜌1 = √1 + 16 → 𝜌1 = √17 tan(𝜃) = → 𝜃 = 75.964𝑜
1
z2
EXAMPLE 6: From previous example find
z1
Sol.:
z 1+4𝑖
Since z1 = −2 + 𝑖 & z2 = 1 + 4𝑖 then 2 =
z1 −2+𝑖
153.435𝑜 𝑜
z1 = −2 + 𝑖 = √5 𝑒 & z2 = 1 + 4𝑖 = √17𝑒 75.964 →
𝑜
1+4𝑖 √17𝑒 75.964 √17 𝑜
= 𝑜 = 𝑒 −77.471
−2+𝑖 √5 𝑒 153.435 √5

4
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

EXAMPLE 7: Find (4 − 3𝑖)8

Sol.:
−3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (4 − 3𝑖)8 → 𝜌 = √25 & 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 323.130𝑜
4
(4 − 3𝑖)8 = 5[cos(323.130𝑜 ) + sin(323.130𝑜 ) 𝑖]
(4 − 3𝑖)8 = 58 [cos(8 ∗ 323.130𝑜 ) + sin(8 ∗ 323.130𝑜 ) 𝑖]
EXAMPLE 8: Find the 3rd roots of (8 + 𝑖)
Sol.:
1
Since 𝑧 = 8 + 𝑖 → 𝜌 = √65 & 𝜑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 7.125𝑜
8
𝟏 𝟏 𝜑+2𝑘𝜋 𝟏 𝜑+2𝑘𝜋
𝑖 𝑖
𝒛 =𝜌 𝑒
𝟑 𝟑 3 = 65 𝑒 3 3 →
7.125𝑜
7.125𝑜 7.125𝑜
𝑎𝑡 𝑘 = 0 → 𝑟1 = √65 𝑒 𝑖
3 3
3 = √65[cos ( ) + sin ( ) 𝑖]
3 3
7.125𝑜+2𝜋
7.125𝑜 +2𝜋 7.125𝑜 +2𝜋
𝑎𝑡 𝑘 = 1 → 𝑟1 = √65 𝑒 𝑖
3 3
3 = √65[cos ( ) + sin ( ) 𝑖]
3 3
7.125𝑜+4𝜋
3 𝑖 3 7.125𝑜 +4𝜋 7.125𝑜 +4𝜋
𝑎𝑡 𝑘 = 2 → 𝑟1 = √65 𝑒 =√65[cos ( ) + sin (
3 ) 𝑖]
3 3
EXAMPLE 9: Find the four solutions of the equation 𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 2 + 4 = 0
Sol.:
2∓√4−4∗4
𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 2 + 4 = 0 → 𝑧 2 =
2
= 1 ∓ √3 → 𝑧 = ∓√1 ∓ 𝑖 √3
For √1 + 𝑖 √3
√3 𝜋
𝜌 = √1 + 3 = 2 & 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =
1 3
𝜋
𝑖 𝜋 𝜋 √6 √2
First root 𝑟1 = √2𝑒 6 = √2 [cos ( ) + sin ( ) 𝑖] = + 𝑖
6 6 2 2
𝑖 𝜋 7𝜋
7𝜋 7𝜋
Second root 𝑟2 = √2𝑒 2(3 +2𝜋) = √2 𝑒 𝑖 6 = √2 [cos ( ) + sin ( 6 ) 𝑖]
6
−√6 √2
= − 𝑖
2 2
For √1 − 𝑖 √3
√3 −𝜋
𝜌 = √1 + 3 = 2 & 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =
1 3
𝜋
−𝑖 𝜋 𝜋 √6 √2
Third root 𝑟3 = √2𝑒 6 = √2 [cos (− ) + sin (− ) 𝑖] = − 𝑖
6 6 2 2
𝑖 𝜋 5𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋
Forth root 𝑟4 = √2𝑒 2(−3 +2𝜋) = √2 𝑒 𝑖 6 = √2 [cos ( ) + sin ( 6 ) 𝑖]
6
−√6 √2
= + 𝑖
2 2

5
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

EXAMPLE 10: Evaluate: (1 + 𝑖) 6 + (1 – 𝑖)3

Sol.:
(1 + 𝑖) 6 = ((1 + 𝑖) 2 )3 = (1 + 2 𝑖 − 1)3 = −8𝑖
(1 − 𝑖) 3 = (1 − 𝑖) 2 (1 − 𝑖) = (1 − 2𝑖 − 1)(1 − 𝑖) = 1 − 2𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 − 2 + 𝑖
= −2 − 2𝑖 →
(1 + 𝑖) 6 + (1 – 𝑖)3 = −8𝑖 − 2 − 2𝑖 = −2 − 10𝑖
1
EXAMPLE 11: If (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, where 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅, show that
𝑥 𝑦
− = −2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑎 𝑏
Sol.:
1
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 → 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)3 →
3

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = (𝑎)3 + (𝑖)3 (𝑏)3 + 3𝑖𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)

= (𝑎)3 − 𝑖(𝑏)3 + 3𝑖(𝑎)2 𝑏 − 3𝑎(𝑏)2
= (𝑎)3 − 3𝑎(𝑏)2 + 𝑖(3(𝑎)2 𝑏 − (𝑏)3 ) →
𝑥 = (𝑎)3 − 3𝑎(𝑏)2 &𝑦 = 3(𝑎)2 𝑏 − (𝑏)3 →
𝑥 𝑦 (𝑎)3 −3𝑎(𝑏)2 3(𝑎)2 𝑏−(𝑏)3
− = −
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= (𝑎) − 3(𝑏) − 3(𝑎) − (𝑏)2
2 2 2

= −2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
EXAMPLE 12: Solve the equation 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ , where 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Sol.:
𝑧 2 = 𝑧̅ → 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 →
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 … (1)
2𝑥𝑦 = −𝑦 … (2)
−1
From (2) either 𝑦 = 0 or 𝑥 =
2
When 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑥 = 0 0𝑟 𝑥 = 1
−1 √3
When 𝑥 = → 𝑦=∓
2 2
Hence, the solutions of the given equation are
−1 √3 −1 √3
0 + 𝑖0,1 + 𝑖0, + 𝑖, − 𝑖.
2 2 2 2
2𝑧+1
EXAMPLE 13: If the imaginary part of , then show that the locus of the point
𝑖𝑧+1
representing z in the argand plane is a straight line.
Sol.:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . Then
2𝑧+1 2(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) +1
=
𝑖𝑧+1 𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )+1
2𝑥+1+2 𝑖𝑦
=
1−𝑦+𝑖𝑥

6
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

2𝑥+1+2 𝑖𝑦 1−𝑦−𝑖𝑥
= ∗
1−𝑦+𝑖𝑥 1−𝑦−𝑖𝑥
(2𝑥+1+2 𝑖𝑦)(1−𝑦−𝑖𝑥)
=
(1−𝑦)2 −𝑥 2
2𝑥+1+2 𝑖𝑦−2𝑥𝑦−𝑦−2𝑦 2 𝑖−2𝑥 2 𝑖−𝑥𝑖+2𝑥𝑦
=
(1−𝑦)2 −𝑥 2
(2𝑥+1−𝑦)+(2 𝑦−2𝑦 2 −2𝑥 2 −𝑥)𝑖
=
(1−𝑦)2 −𝑥 2
2𝑧+1 (2𝑦−2𝑦 2 −2𝑥 2 −𝑥)𝑖
Imaginary part of = = −2 →
𝑖𝑧+1 (1−𝑦)2 −𝑥 2
(2𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥) = −2(1 − 𝑦) − 𝑥 2 → 2

(2𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥) = −2 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 →
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 = 0 which is the equation of a line.
EXAMPLE 14: If |𝑧 2 − 1| = |𝑧|2 + 1, show that 𝑧 lies on imaginary axis.
Sol.:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . Then
|( 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 − 1| = | 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|2 + 1 →
|𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦 − 1| = | 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|2 + 1 →
√(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 1)2 + (2𝑥𝑦)2 = (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 + 1 →
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 1)2 + (2𝑥𝑦)2 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)2 →
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2 − 2(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 1 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 1 →
𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 1 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 4 − 2𝑦 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 −
1 = 0 → −4𝑥 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = 0, which means that 𝑧 lies on imaginary axis.
EXAMPLE 15: If a complex number 𝑧 lies in the interior or on the boundary of a
circle of radius 3 units and center (– 4, 0), find the greatest and least values of
|𝑧 + 1|.
Sol.:
Distance of the point representing z from the center of the circle is
|𝑧 − (−4 + 𝑖0)| = |𝑧 + 4 |.
According to given condition |𝑧 + 4| ≤ 3.
Now |𝑧 + 1 | = |𝑧 + 4 – 3| ≤ |𝑧 + 4| + |−3| ≤ 3 + 3 = 6
Therefore, greatest value of |𝑧 + 1| 𝑖𝑠 6.
Since least value of the modulus of a complex number is zero, the least value of
|𝑧 + 1 | = 0.
EXAMPLE 16: Locate the points for which 3 < 𝑧 < 4
Sol.:
|𝑧| < 4 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 16 which is the interior of circle with center at origin and
radius 4 units, and 𝑧 > 3 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 > 9 which is exterior of circle with center at
origin and radius 3 units. Hence 3 < | 𝑧 | < 4 is the portion between two circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

7
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

EXAMPLE 17: Find the value of P such that the difference of the roots of the
equation 𝑥 2 – 𝑃𝑥 + 8 = 0 𝑖𝑠 2.
Sol.:
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 be the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 – 𝑃𝑥 + 8 = 0
Therefore 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑃 and 𝑎 . 𝑏 = 8.
Now 𝑎 – 𝑏 = ± √(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 – 4𝑎𝑏
Therefore 2 = ± √𝑃 2 − 32
→ 𝑃2 – 32 = 4, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑃 = ± 6.
𝜋
EXAMPLE 18: If 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 both satisfy 𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = 2 𝑧 − 1 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) , then
4
find 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ).
Sol.:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 .
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 + ̅𝑧 = 2 |𝑧 − 1|
→ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (𝑥 – 𝑖𝑦) = 2| 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖𝑦|
→ 2𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 2 . . . (1)
Since 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 both satisfy (1), we have
2𝑥1 = 1 + 𝑦1 2 . . . 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥2 = 1 + 𝑦2 2
→2 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
→2 = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) . . . (2)
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
(𝑦 − 𝑦 )
Therefore, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 1 2 , where 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) →
(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )
𝜋 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = →1= From (2), we get
4 (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )
2 = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ) → 𝐼𝑚(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = 2
EXAMPLE 19: What are the solutions of 𝑧 6 = 64? If 𝑧 is complex number.
Sol.:
𝑧 6 = 𝜌6 𝑒 𝑖6𝜃 →
𝜌6 = 64 & 𝑒 𝑖6𝜃
= 𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 →
𝜌 6 = 26 → 𝜌 = 2
6𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑛 →
2𝜋𝑛
𝜃= , 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4,5
6
→
2𝜋𝑛
𝑧 = 2𝑒 𝑖 6

→
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧1 = 2, 𝑧2 = 2𝑒 𝑖 3 , 𝑧3 = 2𝑒 𝑖 3 , 𝑧4 = 2𝑒 𝑖𝜋 , 𝑧5 = 2𝑒 𝑖 3 , 𝑧6 = 2𝑒 𝑖 3

8
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

EXAMPLE 20: Simplify 𝑧 2 = sin(𝛼) − 𝑖cos(𝛼) If 𝑧 is complex number.

Sol.:
𝑧 2 = sin(𝛼) − 𝑖cos(𝛼) →
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = sin(𝛼) − 𝑖cos(𝛼) →
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 = sin(𝛼) − 𝑖cos(𝛼) →
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = sin(𝛼) … … (1)
2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐os(𝛼) … … (2)
Since 𝑐os 2 (𝛼) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 1 →
𝑐 os(𝛼) = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) →
2𝑥𝑦 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) →
4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) →
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)
𝑥2 = →
4𝑦 2
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)
+ 𝑦 2 = sin(𝛼) →
4𝑦 2
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) + 4𝑦 4 = 4𝑦 2 sin(𝛼) →
4𝑦 4 − 4𝑦 2 sin(𝛼) + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼) = 0 →
4 sin(𝛼)∓√16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)−16+16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)
𝑦2 = →
8
sin(𝛼) √2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)−1
𝑦=√ ∓ →
2 2
8(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼))
𝑥2 = →
4(4 sin(𝛼)∓√16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)−16+16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼))
2(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼))
𝑥=√
(4 sin(𝛼)∓√16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼)−16+16𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛼))

EXAMPLE 21: Show 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1+𝜃2) , If 𝑧1 𝑧2 are complex numbers.

Sol.:
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cos(𝜃1 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 )𝑟1
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 cos(𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃2 )𝑟2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = [𝑟1 cos(𝜃1 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 )𝑟1 ] ∗ [𝑟2 cos(𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃2 ) 𝑟2 ]
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos(𝜃1 ) cos(𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 ) 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos(𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 𝑟1 𝑟2 sin(𝜃2 ) cos(𝜃1 ) −
𝑖 sin(𝜃2 )sin(𝜃1 ) 𝑟2 𝑟1
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 {[cos(𝜃1 ) cos(𝜃2 ) − sin(𝜃2 ) sin(𝜃1 )] + 𝑖[sin(𝜃1 ) cos(𝜃2 ) +
sin(𝜃2 ) cos(𝜃1 )]}
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 [cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]
In polar form
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1+𝜃2)

9
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊
 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔 − 𝑰 𝑳𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒑. 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈

5.7. Applications of Complex Numbers:

 In Audio Signal Processing
Sound filters are devices that can make a piano key sound louder or softer, based on
its frequency. It is the complex numbers that allow the extra dimension of calculation
to enable audio filters to work that way.
 In AC Circuit Analysis
Complex numbers are also used to calculate voltage, current, or resistance in
Alternating Current (AC) circuits.
 Quantum Mechanics
Complex numbers are of great importance to Quantum Mechanics. A system of
complex numbers expresses a wave function in quantum mechanics.
 Control Theory
In control theory, systems are often transformed from the time domain o the
frequency domain using the Laplace transform. The system’s poles and zeros are
then analyzed in the complex plane. The root locus, Nyquist plot, and Nichols plot
techniques all make use of the complex plane.

References:
1- George B. Thomas and Ross L. Finney, “Calculus and Analytic Geometry,
Addison- Wesley
2- Thomas Calculus, by George B. Thomas, Jr, Eleventh Edition Media Upgrade
2008
3- Advanced Calculus Third Edition.

10
𝑳𝒆𝒄. 𝑯𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒏 𝒀. 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒊