Name: Ibrahim Haroub Ali
Date: November 2, 2025
Course: SBI3C-Chemistry
1. With the help of a diagram, explain how crude oil is separated into its different fractions
industrially. Give the uses of each fraction.
Industrial Separation of Crude Oil
Fractional Distillation
1. Refinery gas (LPG) – Used as cooking gas.
2. Petrol/Gasoline (40–100°C) – Used as fuel for cars.
3. Naphtha (100–180°C) – Used in the manufacture of chemicals and plastics.
4. Kerosene (180–250°C) – Used as jet fuel and for lamps.
5. Diesel oil (250–350°C) – Used as fuel for trucks and buses.
6. Lubricating oil (350–400°C) – Used for making lubricants and waxes.
7. Fuel oil (400–500°C) – Used as fuel for ship engines and in factories.
8. Bitumen (>500°C) – Used for road surfacing and roofing materials.
2. In four paragraphs, discuss the pros and cons of using fossil fuels.
Pros of using fossil fuels
Fossil fuels produce large amounts of energy efficiently, making them ideal for electricity
generation, transportation, and industrial use. They are reliable and can provide continuous
power regardless of weather conditions. This makes them suitable for meeting high energy
demands and supporting economic growth in many countries.
They are easy to transport, store, and use with existing infrastructure. Technologies and systems
for extracting, refining, and distributing fossil fuels are already well developed, reducing costs
and ensuring steady energy supply. They are available and affordable which make them
important for powering homes, factories, and vehicles worldwide.
Cons of using fossil fuels
Burning fossil fuels release harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, contributing to global
warming. Air pollution from their use cause respiratory illnesses, heart diseases. Fossil fuel
combustion can also lead to acid rain, which damage crops, forests, and aquatic life in rivers and
lakes.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that will finally run out. Their extraction and use cause
serious environmental damage, including oil spills, land degradation, and loss of wildlife
habitats. As supplies decrease and demand increases, their cost will rise, making the shift to
cleaner and renewable energy sources urgent.
3. Write the names of the following compounds in your notebook. Then, draw their full
structural formulas or line formulas/diagrams.
1. 2-bromopentane
2. 1,4-dichlorobenzane
3. Butanoic acid
4. Ethylmethonoate
5. 1-butanol
6. Propanal
7. 1,1 dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane
8. Trimethylamine
9. 2-methyl-2-propanol
10. Propanamide
References:
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Nomenclature of Organic
Chemistry (the Blue Book), 2013.
PubChem Compound Database (NIH): entries for each compound (accessed 2025).
LibreTexts Chemistry, “Line-Angle (Skeletal) Formulas,” [Link] (updated
2024).