COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION

DESCRIPTION OF A SUBSTATION

An electrical substation is a set of equipment, devices, and circuits that

they have the function of modifying the parameters of electric power (voltage and
current) and to provide a means of interconnection and dispatch between the different
lines of a system. Providing security for the electrical system equipment and the
operational personnel.

2.1. DESCRIPTION OF A SUBSTATION

An electrical substation is a set of equipment, devices, and circuits that have the function of
modify the parameters of electric power (voltage and current) and to provide a means of
interconnection and dispatch between the different lines of a system. Providing security for the
electrical system equipment and the operating personnel.

2.2. TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

According to your location:

- Aerial Substation
- Floor substation
- Underground substation
2.2.1. Overhead substation: It consists of a distribution transformer, accompanied by
its surge protection (Surge Protectors) and protection against
about current (circuit breakers), as well as some essential accessories for its
mounting as supports, insulators and hardware.
single-pole aerial substation with powers less than 150KVA

bipole aerial substation with powers of 150 - 630 KVA

 IMAGE N°02 and 03: SOURCE: substations and distribution boards
2.2.2. compact substation: Compact electric substations have the
characteristic that within the electrical installation there may be one or more stages
of transformation and reduce the electrical tension in a range that goes from 0.480 to 0.22 kV.

The compact substation is used in urban areas to provide service to users.

industrial, commercial, public lighting, and residential.
- S. vault (underground). It is installed below the floor level in platforms, green areas, or in
a private property, consisting of two vaults, one for the transformer and another
For the maneuvering switch, these are connected by a bank of ducts.
- The pedestal substation (garden type). It can be used outdoors or indoors.
buildings offer security to be installed in places where there is pedestrian traffic
like in parks or avenues.
The pedestal substation is made up of two cabinets, one in which
find the transformer housed which carries its internal protections and another for the
control box, these cabinets are equipped with locks that prevent unauthorized access
Unauthorized personnel. There must be a ground connection to which the parts are connected.
metallic parts of the substation, to the neutral of the transformer and the grounding of the surge protectors
of overvoltage.

1.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Figure No. Equivalent circuit of a TP

Fuente:ABB, Instruments Transformers

N Number of turns in the secondary winding

Rs Resistance in the secondary winding of the transformer
Rb Load resistance in the secondary
 Xb Load reactance in the secondary
Zt Total impedance in the transformer's secondary
Is Current in the secondary
All Voltage value in the secondary
Ze Excitation impedance
Ie Excitation current
Ist = Ie + Is Total current in the secondary
Ip Total primary current

Tabla N°_Descripción de parámetros

1.2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS

IEC – 60 (latest revision): “High – voltage Test Technique”.

ANSI/IEEE C-57.13 (latest revision): "IEEE Standard Requirements Instruments"
Transformers
SIS-05.5900/67: “Swedish Standards Institution Pictorial Surface Preparation
Standards for Painting Steel Surfaces.
IEC – 61869-1 (latest revision): "General Requirements for Instrument"
Transformers.
UL – 1585: “Standard for class 2 and class 3 transformer”.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION

1.3.1 FOR ITS ISOLATION

A. Dry type: Generally encapsulated in epoxy resin, they operate in systems

with nominal voltages up to 34.5 kV.

B. In oil: They are generally used in systems with nominal voltages of

34.5 kV and higher.

1.3.2 FOR ITS COMPOSITION

A. Inductive Potential Transformers: This type of transformers

they are more economical for a system no greater than 145 kV.
 Figure No._Inductive potential transformer
Source: ABB type EMF

B. Capacitive Voltage Transformers: Capacitive voltage transformers are more

economic for tensions above 145 kV. There are two types of TP's
capacitive: high and low capacitance. Normally, regarding
precision characteristics and different operating conditions, the TP of
high capacitance is the best option.

Figure No._Inductive potential transformer

Source: ABB type CPB

1.4 TESTS OF THE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

The tests specified in the IEC standard are classified as type tests,
routine tests and special tests.
1.4.1 TYPE TESTS

Warming.
Lightning impulse voltage.
Control impulse tension.
Applied tension at industrial frequency under rain for the transformers of
outdoors
Determination of errors.
Short-circuit withstand capacity.

1.4.2 ROUTINE TESTS

Verification of the identification of the terminal terminals.

Tension applied at industrial frequency on the secondary windings.
Applied tension at industrial frequency between winding sections
secondary.
Industrial frequency voltage applied to the primary winding.
Partial discharge measurement.
Determination of errors.

1.4.3 SPECIAL TESTS

Lightning impulse tension with chopped wave.

1.5 CONSTITUTION

1 Primary terminal block

2 Metal expansion bellows
3 Filling hole plug of
oil
4 Porcelain insulator
5 Secondary terminal box
6 Secondary terminals
7 Oil drain valve
8 Ground terminal
9 Exit cable plate
10 Lifting Eyes
11 Oil level indicator
12 Bushing interior
13 Secondary Windings
14 Primary winding
15 Aluminum dome
16 Metal tank of Al
17 Magnetic core
 Figure No. Potential Transformer Constitution
Source: Arteche SA.

2. CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

2.1 CONCEPT

The current transformer is the device designed to supply the

suitable current for measurement and/or protection devices, in which the
secondary current is proportional to the primary current and phase shifted with respect to
it has an angle close to zero, under normal usage conditions.

The primary of that transformer is connected in series with the circuit that is
wants to control, as long as the secondary is connected to the circuits of
current of one or more measuring devices, relays or similar devices,
connected in series.

2.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Figure No. Equivalent circuit of a TC

Source: ABB, Instruments Transformers

Vs Secondary excitation tension

Ip Current in the primary
Is Current due to the load
Ie Excitation current
Ist = Ie + Is Total current in the secondary
N2/N1 Transformation relationship
Vb Voltage in the connected load
He Excitation impedance
Rs Secondary resistance
 Zb Load impedance
XL Leakage reactance (negligible)

Table No_Description of parameters

2.3 APPLICABLE STANDARDS

IEEE Std. C57.13-2008, Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.

IEEE Std. C57.13.1-2006, IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Relaying Current
Transformers.
IEC 60044-1 Instrument Transformers, Part 1: Current Transformers
NMX-J-109-ANCE-20101 Current Transformers - Specifications And
Testing Methods.

2.4 CLASSIFICATION

2.4.1 FOR YOUR CONSTRUCTION

A. Nozzle Type: It is formed by a toroidal core and a secondary winding.

permanently assembled to a laminated core. These transformers
they use a completely insulated conductor as the primary winding that passes through
through the core, it is generally contained in the nozzle of another equipment.

Figure No_ Toroidal current transformer

Source: Promelsa Model AOC

B. Window Type: They have a secondary winding isolated from the core and
permanently assembled to it, but it does not have a primary winding
 as an integral part of the transformer. It is provided with complete insulation
for a primary conductor to pass through the window.

Figure No. - Window type current transformer

Source: Promelsa Model RISH XMER

2.4.2 FOR ITS ISOLATION

A. Low voltage material: Generally the current transformers

they are built with air or synthetic resin insulation, assuming that it
common are the interior installations.

B. Medium voltage material: The transformers for installations

interiors (tension of 3 to 25 KV) are constructed with oil insulation with
porcelain casing (antique design), or with synthetic resin (design
modern). It should be noted that the majority of current designs
They use dry material, devices with oil or mass insulation.
Insulators are used very little and only for existing installations.

C. Materials for high voltage: The transformers for high voltage are
isolated with dielectric paper, impregnated with oil and placed in a
porcelain envelope. Assuming that the common ones are the installations
exteriors.
2.4.3 FOR ITS INSTALLATION

Figure No_ Current transformers

 Source: RITZ, Medium Voltage Transformers

2.5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS

2.5.1 ROUTINE TESTS

Verification of the identification of the terminal posts.

Applied tension at industrial frequency on the secondary winding.
Applied tension at industrial frequency between winding sections
secondary.
Measurement of intermittent secondary overvoltage at open circuit.
Tension applied at industrial frequency on the primary winding.
Partial discharge measurement.
Determination of errors.

2.5.2 SPECIAL TESTS

Lightning impulse tension with cut wave.

Measurement of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor (tangent δ)
Repetitive lightning impulse voltage with cut wave in the winding
primary.
Mechanical tests.

2.6 CONSTITUTION

1 Primary terminal block

2 Metal expansion bellows
3 Filling hole plug
oil
4 Porcelain insulator
5 Secondary terminal box
6 Secondary terminals
7 Oil drain valve
8 Ground terminal
9 Exit plate cables
10 Lifting Eyelets
11 Oil level indicator
12 Bushing interior
13 Bobinados secundarios
14 Primary winding
15 Aluminum dome
 Figure No. _ Constitution of Current Transformers
Source: Current transformers type IH. ALSTOM-SAVOISIENNE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
S. E. Zocholl and D. W. Smaha, 'Current Transformer Concepts'
Proceedings of the 46th Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relay Conference.
ABB, Instrument Transformers, Application Guide, Publication 1HSM 9543
40-00en, Edition 3, 2009.
Paola FONTI, Current transformers: how to specify them, Technical Note
Schneider Electric no. 194, edition 2000.
ANNEX No_Typical curves for TC of ANSI C37.110
ANNEX No_ Technical data sheet of Window type TC
ANNEX No_ Technical data sheet of TC and TT - ELENCA