Overview of Atomic Models in Science
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ScribdTranslationsOverview of Atomic Models in Science
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ScribdTranslationsATOMIC MODELS
Atomic model
Democritus
Democritus
He was a Greek mathematical philosopher, disciple of Leucippus, born in 460 BC.
Christ.
He developed and complemented the atomic theory of the universe, stating that everything
What surrounds nature is a mixture of atoms and emptiness, the atoms move.
naturally and inherently in the movement they collide with each other
and they combine when their characteristic properties and shapes allow it.
The three postulates: -Atoms are indivisible, eternal, incomprehensible,
homogeneous.
They differ in shape and size but their internal qualities are the same.
The properties of matter change according to the grouping of atoms.
DALTON'S ATOMIC MODEL
What is Dalton's atomic model?
It is the first atomic model that states that all matter is
John Dalton
composed of particles very small that they cannot be (1766_1844)
Chemist and physicist
destroyed and are called atoms.
British
What does it consist of?
This model consists of the first conceptualization of
functioning, of the structure and the arrangement that they have
atoms. Dalton referred to it at the time as "atomic theory" or
atomic postulates
It was proposed in 1803 by John Dalton, who imagined the
atoms as tiny spheres.
DALTON'S ATOMIC MODEL
Puttad of Dayton
Matter is made up of very small particles.
called atoms, which are indivisible and cannot be
destroy.
The atoms of the same element are equal to each other,
they have their own weight and qualities. The atoms of
the different elements have different weights.
Chemical compounds are formed when atoms bond together.
two or more distinct elements which are in
constant and simple proportions.
THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL
Who was Thomson?
Joseph John Thomson was a British scientist who discovered the first particle.
subatomic, the electron, through a cathode ray tube experiment. Born on the 18th of
December 1856, and passed away in 1940, at the age of 83.
What does your model consist of?
It was proposed that electrons were distributed evenly inside the atom,
suspended in a cloud of positive charge. The atom was considered as a sphere with
positive charge with electrons distributed like small granules. That is why it also
It is known as the 'RAISIN PUDDING' model, considering the atom as the pudding and the
the raisins.
THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL
Characteristics of Thomson's atomic model:
An atom resembles a sphere with positively charged matter and with electrons.
(negatively charged particles) present inside the sphere.
2. The positive and negative charge is equal in magnitude and, therefore, an atom has no
The charge as a whole is electrically neutral.
3. To have atoms with a neutral charge, the electrons should be immersed in a
substance with a positive charge.
4. Although it was not an explicit part of the model, this model did not have an atomic nucleus.
RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL
Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30 in New Zealand.
Rutherford held a position at a university in Canada where he conducted studies on the chemistry of radioactive substances.
which made him deserving of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.
What does Rutherford's atomic model consist of?
Ernest Rutherford in his atomic model describes the atom as a small nucleus,
dense and with a positive charge in its core, where almost all the mass is concentrated,
around which the light and negative components, called electrons, circulate at
a certain distance, like planets that orbit around the Sun.
Rutherford's Atomic Model
Basic principles of Rutherford's atomic model.
Positive charged particles are found in a very small volume compared to the size of the atom.
2. Most of the mass of the atom is found in that small central volume. Rutherford did not call it
"nucleus" in its initial papers but it did so starting in 1912.
3. The Electrons with a negative electric charge revolve around the nucleus.
Electrons spin at high speeds around the nucleus in circular paths that he called orbits.
Both negatively charged electrons and the positively charged nucleus are held together by a force.
of electrostatic attraction.
Rutherford's Atomic Model
The Rutherford experiment
The experimental method of Rutherford started with several thin sheets of gold that would be bombarded with
laboratory with helium nuclei (alpha particles), thereby measuring the angles of deviation of the beam ofparticles
by crossing gold.
Such behavior, which at times reached deviations of up to 90°, did not match the model
atomic proposed by Thompson, imperative at the time, according to which atoms were diffuse clouds,
positively charged inside which there waselectronselectromagnetically neutralized. Starting from
With these results, Rutherford was able to reformulate the idea of the atom that was held until that time.
Bohr Atomic Model
Bohr worked on Rutherford's atomic model and incorporated Quantum Theory.
of Energy developed by Max Planck and the Photoelectric Effect by Albert Einstein.
The Bohr atomic model describes in itsfirst postulatethe atom as a system
solar that has a nucleus in the center and a cloud of electrons that were orbiting it
around, these electrons are arranged in well-defined circular orbits around the
Niels Henrik David Bohr nucleus.
(1885-1962), Danish physicist. In hissecond postulateBohr proposed that electrons are not found at any
Nobel Prize winner
distance from the nucleus but they are in defined orbits, each with an energy level
specific, which are at an exact distance from the nucleus defined by a number
of Physics in 1992.
Quantum. The energy of electrons is greater the greater the distance with respect to
to the core.
Thethird postulateit says that when an electron from one orbit jumps to another,
the difference in energy between both is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. In the
in the case that an electron is located in an outer orbit, meaning at a level of
higher energy, move to a lower energy inner orbit, emit energy towards the
exterior in the form of photons. If this happens in reverse, that is, if an electron passes from a
internal orbit to a more external orbit absorbs energy.
Although this atomic model is too simplistic to explain accurately
many anatomical phenomenait can still be used to describe the interactions
Bohr's atomic model.
basic interests in nuclear medicine.
James Chadwick
En 1932, realizó un descubrimiento fundamental en el campo de la ciencia
nuclear: the neutron, the particle in the nucleus of the atom with no electric charge.
Chadwick bombarded a thin sheet of beryllium with alpha particles, the metal
it emitted very high energy radiation, similar to gamma rays.
Later experiments demonstrated that those rays actually consist of a
third type of subatomic particles, which Chadwick called neutrons due to
that were shown to be electrically neutral particles with a mass
slightly greater than the mass of protons.
Thanks to its discovery, the subatomic particle called neutron was added.
to Rutherford's atomic model.