UNIP PPB GYN

Lesson 12: Emotion

Prof. Ms. Luiza Macedo Ferreira
EMOTION

the concept of emotion and the methods of study;

• theories of emotion - James-Lange, Cannon-Bard
Schachter's two-factor theory - importance
of these studies for the development of
scientific knowledge in the field of emotions
elements of emotional experience -
cognitive, physiological, and
behavioral.
Embodied Emotion;

UNIP PPB GYN

Expressed Emotion.
 Emotions
emotions: feelings that are commonly experienced
physiological and cognitive elements and that
influence behavior.

emotion is a response of the whole organism

that involves (1) physiological arousal, (2)
expressive behaviors and (3)
conscious experience.

As excitement, the behavior

expressive and cognition interact in the

UNIP PPB GYN

emotion?
 Definition

Emotion is a neural response to

external events. In other words, it is an impulse.
biological that works as
relating to situations that occur
in your life.
And, besides being a cognitive process,
emotion also manifests in a way
physiological and behavioral. In other words,
when you feel a certain emotion,
your body reacts visibly and even the

UNIP PPB GYN

your behavior changes.
 Difference between emotion and
sentiment?

Sentiment - Result
from an experience
subject that we have to
to experience an emotion.
Interpretation.

UNIP PPB GYN

 James-Lange theory
Our experience of emotions is consciousness
the physiological responses to stimuli that the
they wake up.
Physiological changes.
Belief that emotional experience is a
reaction to corporate events that occur as
result of an external situation (“I feel
sad because I am crying.
In summary, James and Lange proposed that
we experience emotions as a result of
physiological changes that produce sensations

UNIP PPB GYN

specific. The brain interprets these
sensations like specific oppos
emotional experiences.
 Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory according to which a stimulus that
it awakens a simultaneous emotion
triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the
subjective experience of emotion.
• proposes that the subjective experience and reaction
physiological occur simultaneously.
physiological reaction occurs in a very
slower than the subjective experience and not
could guide her.
Belief that physiological arousal and the
emotional experiences are produced
simultaneously by the same example
nervous.
Rejects the idea that physiological arousal
isolation leads to the perception of emotion, thus the
physiological arousal and emotional experience

UNIP PPB GYN

are produced simultaneously by the same
nervous stimulus.
Two-Factor Theory of Schachter-Singer
To experience an emotion, it is necessary (1)
to be physically awake and (2) to label
cognitively to the excitement.
Belief that emotions are determined
jointly for a non-specific period of
physiological excitation and its interpretation, based on
in the environmental signals.
•Research: the participants turned to the
environment and the behavior of others to
explain the physiological excitement that they were
experiencing.
They support a cognitive view of emotions:

UNIP PPB GYN

determined together by a group of excitation
physiological and by labeling that excitement with
based on the signals from the environment.
UNIP PPB GYN
Two pathways for emotions Zajonc and LeDoux

They emphasized that some emotional responses are

immediate, before any conscious evaluation.
Our emotional responses can follow two pathways.
different brain regions.
Some emotions (especially the feelings
more complex, such as hate and love) require
a 'first copy'. There it would be analyzed and
rotulado antes de o comando de resposta ser
sent through the amygdala (a center of
control of emotions)
Other emotions (especially simple ones, like
the likes, dislikes, and fears take what
Joseph Le-Doux (2002) called it the 'second pathway'.
Taking a shortcut allows for a response.

UNIP PPB GYN

immediate emotional before the intellect
intervene.
UNIP PPB GYN
Emotional excitement
Exalted enthusiasm and
panic involves a
physiological excitation
[Link] to us
allows us to pass
transit quickly
among the emotions.

UNIP PPB GYN

Functions of emotions
They prepare us for action. Emotions act as a link between the
events in our environment and our responses. Emotional reaction (fear)
it would be associated with the physiological arousal of the sympathetic division of the system
autonomic nervous system, the activation of the "fight or flight" response.
They shape our future behavior. Emotions promote the
learning that will help us have appropriate answers in the future. For
example, the emotional response to unpleasant events teaches us to avoid
similar circumstances in the future.
They help us to interact more effectively with others. Often,
we communicate the emotions we experience through our
verbal and non-verbal behaviors, making our emotions obvious
for the observers. These behaviors can act as a

UNIP PPB GYN

signal for the observers, allowing them to better understand what
we are experimenting and helping them to predict our future behavior
 Basic emotions
They are those that exist everywhere.
people, regardless of culture, location
of birth and life history.
The great scholar of emotions and
responsible for the classification of the 6
universal basic emotions arePaul
EkmanThis psychologist traveled the world
to study and categorize these
emotions, it was even a tribe
isolated cannibal in Papua New Guinea,
in order to understand if they also
they presented these emotions and how the
expressed.
To achieve this result, he did

UNIP PPB GYN

various tests on facial language
the emotions and which were the most
commons.
 Why do people between the
cultures express emotions of
similar form?
•facial influence program: Activation of a set of
nerve impulses that make the face display the expression
appropriate.
Inborn.
•facial feedback hypothesis: Hypothesis that expressions
facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience, but
also help to determine how people
they experiment and label emotions.

UNIP PPB GYN

 6 basic emotions

happiness,
anger
sadness
surprise
repugnance

UNIP PPB GYN

fear.
 Detecting Emotion in the
Other People
Experience influences the way how
we perceive emotions. Upon seeing the face
medium transformed, mixing
similarly fear with anger, the children
who suffered physical abuse were more
more likely than those that did not undergo the
to perceive the face with an expression of anger.
Verbal and non-verbal cues.
•Gender Differences: Sensitivity does not
women's verbal expression helps to explain their
greater emotional perception.

UNIP PPB GYN

Noise of emotions

UNIP PPB GYN

 Cultural factors
Different cultures speak a facial language.
universal for basic emotions, but differ in the
amount of emotion they express.
Cultures that encourage individuality,
they manifest emotions visibly. Ex: USA.

Cultures that encourage people to adjust to

UNIP PPB GYN

others, personal emotions are expressed in a way
much less visible. Ex: China and Japan.
 Joy

This emotion is an impulse induced by some moment.

good, how to get a job, see friends, achieve
goals and others.
The function of joy is to generatehappinessand spirit, feelings
that are very important for you to continue living from
fully form and continue to have the desire to carry out your activities
daily!
It is worth remembering that thejoyit is an emotion that arises
quick in response to something pleasurable. Thus, joy is not a
continuous state, but rather an impulse generated by a

UNIP PPB GYN

situation.
Sadness

She indicates that something is not right, that drives you

to seek help and makes you think of ways
to change a situation that is affecting your mental health and
physics.
And this impulse of sadness is caused by events that
they break your expectations, that famous feeling of "losing"
the ground.” For example, theend of a relationship, the death of
someone dear, unemployment, big changes and many others!
It's worth remembering that, just like other emotions, sadness is
normal can last for only a short period of time. If this
emotion lasting strongly for two or more weeks can
it can be the onset of a depressive episode.

UNIP PPB GYN

In this case, therapy is indicated.
 Fear
As we mentioned at the beginning of the text, thefearit is the emotion generated by the stimulus
of danger. And many people have the wrong idea that fear is always something
bad and should be destroyed, but it's not quite like that!

Fear, in the right measure, helps you prepare and react in situations that
they can be harmful. For example: if you were not afraid of the shock
electric, would you touch your finger on an uninsulated high voltage wire without
to worry about the serious damage that this would cause.
But we don't need to go that far! Fear also manifests in situations.
common day-to-day situations, such as changing schools or starting a new job. And
this is not a problem, it is a normal reaction.
Fear only becomes a problem when it paralyzes you and prevents you from

UNIP PPB GYN

doing things that do not pose any real danger, like going out with friends. In this
case, it may be that it is no longer about the normal emotion of fear, but rather a
type ofanxiety.
No way
Disgust is the emotion caused by something that seems unpleasant.
Thus, when prompted by something external that seems suspicious,
this emotion will be activated and will help you not to fall into a type
of a situation that may displease you.
Surprise
Surprise is a reaction caused by an event that does not
it was part of your plans. And it can be both positive and negative.
or neutral.
For example, a positive surprise would be receiving a gift outside.
of commemorative dates. A bad surprise would be to see your
boyfriend/girlfriend with someone else. And a neutral surprise would be
something that affects you neither positively nor negatively

UNIP PPB GYN

negative, like a random curiosity on the internet.
 Rage
The anger experienced occurs in response to
perception of the evils of others, in
especially when another person seems to act
arrogantly, unjustifiably, and avoidably.
But small annoyances also have the
power to make us angry.
And this happens because this emotion, in moderation
certainly, it ends up boosting your sense of
justice, making you not accept
unjust situations with you or with the
others.
But anger must always be controlled, from
so that it doesn't generate youstresscontinuous and neither

UNIP PPB GYN

prejudice the people close to you.
 Positive psychology
The scientific study of flowering
human, with the objective of discovering and
promote strengths and virtues that
help individuals and communities to
we shall prosper.
subjective well-being: happiness or
satisfaction with self-perceived life.
Used along with well-being measures
object (for example, indicators =Physical
and economic) to assess the quality of
life of the individual.

UNIP PPB GYN

Seligman addresses happiness as a
byproduct of a lifestyle
pleasant, engaged and meaningful.
 Positive Psychology
positive emotions, evaluating exercises and
interventions aimed at increasing happiness.
positive health, studying how emotions
positive vibes enhance and sustain well-being.
positive neuroscience, examining the foundations
biological aspects of positive emotions, resilience and
social behavior
positive education, evaluating the efforts
educational tools to increase engagement of the
students, their resilience, the strengths of their

UNIP PPB GYN

character, its o+mism and its sen+d of meaning
Polygraph
A lie detector reveals the
lies?
In fact, polygraphs do not
they literally detect the lie.
Instead, they measure several
physical responses that accompany
the emotion, like changes in
breathing, in the activity
cardiovascular and sweating.
An examiner monitors your
answers as you

UNIP PPB GYN

answer the questions.
 Stress and diseases
stress is the process through which we perceive and
we react to certain events, called stressors,
that we consider threatening or challenging.
•Description: It is the organism's response to
certain stimuli that represent
sudden or threatening circumstances. To
adapt to the new situation, the body triggers
reactions that activate hormone production, among
they adrenaline. This puts the individual in 'state'
of alert" and in conditions to react. In moments,
these harmonies spread throughout all the cells of
body, causing an acceleration of breathing and
heartbeats, among other symptoms,
called 'fight or flight reaction'. Traffic,
financial, professional, family problems
life situations, diseases, alcohol, drugs, accidents,
rush, insecurity, difficulties with bosses,
colleagues, broken car, Marginal stopped, etc., make
our body produces excess of two hormones,

UNIP PPB GYN

Adrenaline and Cortisol.
Stress and diseases
Cause: Stress can manifest
for a variety of reasons,
including traumatic accident,
death or emergency situation.
Stress can also be an effect.
collateral of some serious illness.
There is also stress associated with
daily life, work environment
and family responsibilities. It is
hard to say to stay calm and
relaxed in our busy lives.
However, it is important to find
ways to relieve stress. Your
health depends on that.
Prevention: It is important to try
avoid stress. If this is not

UNIP PPB GYN

it is possible to interrupt
your sequence changing some of
your habits. Change your style of
life.
Types of stressors
Stressors fall into three main categories:
Catastrophes: they are unpredictable events of large
scale, such as earthquakes, floods, fires
forests and storms. After such events, the
The damage to emotional health can be significant.

life-changing transitions
in our life and insecurity in general are
intensely sinful during the initial phase of
adult life.

UNIP PPB GYN

Daily annoyances: Stress also comes
two daily annoyances - phone calls
irregulars, annoying roommates.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
the concept formulated by Selye of the body's adaptive response to stress in
three phases — alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
In Phase 1, you experience an alarm reaction resulting from the sudden activation.
from your sympathetic nervous system. Your heart rate skyrockets. The blood is
diverted to the skeletal muscles. You feel the weakness caused by the
shock. With your resources mobilized, you are ready to counterattack.
During Phase 2, the resistance, its temperature, blood pressure, and breathing
remain elevated, and there is a sudden surge of hormones in your
blood current. You are fully engaged, calling upon all your
resources to face the challenge. If it is long-lasting, stress can eventually,
exhaust your body reserves.

UNIP PPB GYN

You have reached Phase 3, exhaustion. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to
diseases or even, in extreme cases, to collapse and death.
 Behavioral Medicine

•As stress and behaviors

do they influence health and disease?
Health psychology makes a contribution
psychological for medicine
behavioral.
The subfield of psychoneuroimmunology is
focuses on mind-body interactions.
your thoughts and feelings (psych)
influence your brain (neuro), which
influence the endocrine hormones that
affect your immune system (immune) that

UNIP PPB GYN

fights diseases. And this subfield is the
study (ology) of these interactions.
Correlations between stress and
diseases
Cancer

Colds

Heart diseases

Mental disorders

Burnout

UNIP PPB GYN

Etc...
How to reduce stress?
Stressors are inevitable.
We need to learn to face the stress in our lives, relieving it.
with emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods.
We faced some stressors directly, through the strategy of
problem-focused confrontation.
Support network
Psychotherapy
Musical Activity
Laser

UNIP PPB GYN

Relaxation and meditation
Bibliography
básica:

FELDMAN, R. S. Introduction
to Psychology. 10th ed. Porto
Cheerful: AMGH, 2015, chapter
8.
• MYERS, D.; DEWALL,
[Link] de Janeiro:

UNIP PPB GYN

LTC, 2017, chapter 12.