p-n junction diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device that is used for allowing electric
current in one direction.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and
power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics.
BJT DOPING :E>B>C
Kirchhoff's law comprises KVL and KCL. KVL states that the
algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop equals zero. KCL
states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is equal to
zero.
Inductor :
Varying magnetic field acroos coil produces emf . AC is producing
varying mag field and thus induces emf called back emf
It opposes change in current both mag and direction
An inductor is a passive electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when
electric current flows through it. It's typically made of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around
a core, which can be air or a magnetic material
Working Principle:
1. Current flow: When current passes through the coil, it generates a magnetic field
around it according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
2. Energy storage: The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the current
flowing through the coil. As the current increases, the magnetic field grows, storing
energy within the inductor.
3. Opposing change: Inductors resist changes in current. When you try to increase
the current, the inductor initially opposes the change by inducing a voltage in the
opposite direction ( Lenz's law). This effect weakens as the current reaches a steady
state.
o Conversely, if you try to decrease the current, the inductor again opposes the
change by inducing a voltage in the same direction as the original current, trying to
maintain its flow.
Key characteristics:
Inductance (L): Measured in Henrys (H), it represents the inductor's ability to store
energy in its magnetic field. Higher inductance signifies greater energy storage
capacity and stronger opposition to current changes.
Inductive reactance (XL): The opposition offered by an inductor to alternating
current (AC) is measured in ohms (Ω) and is frequency-dependent. As AC frequency
increases, the inductive reactance also increases, making it harder for current to flow
through the inductor.
Capac : When you apply a voltage across the two plates, a
current flows as the voltage tries to push electrons
through the capacitor. But electrons can’t flow through the
dielectric between the plates, so instead the electrons will
build up on one plate and leave the other plate.
Eventually, the side where the electrons gather won’t have
room for more electrons, so the current stops flowing.
When that happens, the capacitor is fully charged. The
amount of electric charge the capacitor can hold is called
its capacitance.
Electrons don’t like being crowded together on one plate.
They want to go over to the side with fewer electrons. So if
you provide a path for the electrons to flow (for example by
connecting a resistor between its legs) the electrons will
flow back to the other side until there’s an equilibrium of
electrons on both sides of the capacitor again.
Battery :
The anode experiences an oxidation reaction in which two or
more ions (electrically charged atoms or molecules) from the electrolyte
combine with the anode, producing a compound and releasing one or more
electrons. At the same time, the cathode goes through a reduction
reaction in which the cathode substance, ions and free electrons also
combine to form compounds.
due to external DC source, electrons will be injected in the
anode. Reduction reaction takes place in the anode instead of
cathode. Actually in the case of discharge of battery, reduction
reaction takes place at cathode. Due to this reduction reaction,
the anode material will regain electrons and returns to its
previous state when the battery was not discharged.
As the positive terminal of the DC source is connected to the
cathode, the electrons of this electrode will be attracted by this
positive terminal of DC source. As a result oxidation reaction
takes place at the cathode and cathode material regains its
previous state (when it was not discharged). This is the overall
basic of charging of battery
zener diode
A Zener diode is a highly doped semiconductor device specifically designed to function in
the reverse direction.
Avalanche Breakdown
continuous collision process generates a large number of free electrons, resulting in a rapid
increase in electric current through the diode.
Zener Breakdown
the electric field within the depletion region becomes strong enough to attract and remove
electrons from their valence band
Difference Between JFET and BJT
The JFET differs from an ordinary BJT in the following ways:
1. In a JFET, there is only one type of carrier,i.e. holes in p-
type channel and electrons in n-type channel. For this
reason it is also called unipolar [Link], in an
ordinary BJT, both electrons and holes play role in
conduction. Therefore, it is called as bipolar transistor.
2. As the input circuit of a JFET is reverse biased, therefore, it
has a high input impedance. However, the input circuit of
a BJT is forward biased and hence has low input
impedance.
3. The primary functional difference between the JFET and
BJT is that no current enters the gate of JFET. However, in
typical BJT base current might be a few µA.
4. A BJT uses the current into its base to control a large
current between collector and emitter. Whereas a JFET
uses voltage on the gate terminal to control the current
between drain and source.
5. In JFET, there is no junction. Therefore, noise level in JFET
is very small.
Advantages of JFET
A JFET is a voltage controlled, constant current device in
which variation in input voltage control the output current.
Some of the advantages of JFET are:
1. It has a very high input impedance. This permits high
degree of isolation between the input and output circuits.
2. The operation of a JFET depends upon the bulk material
current carriers that do not cross junctions. Therefore, the
inherent noise of tubes and those of transistors are not
present in a JFET.
3. A JFET has a negative temperature co-efficient of
resistance. This avoids the risk of thermal
[Link] stability due to single kind of carrier
4. A JFET has a very high power gain. This eliminates the
necessity of using driver stages.
5. A JFET has a smaller size, longer life and high efficiency
6.
Depletion has channel , when –ve gate is given –ve charge carriers is repelled into p channel and
reducing –ve charge cariirers , thus cuurent
TUNNEL DIODE
negative resistance because of the tunneling or quantum mechanical effect. This
diode includes a heavily doped PN junction with 10 nm wide. In a semiconductor
material, tunneling is the incident of conduction where the charge carrier hits the
barrier rather than mounting through it.
Once the small voltage is applied to this diode, then zero electrons flow
across the depletion region & zero current supplies throughout the diode.
In the n-region, the few electrons from the conduction band are burrow
into the valence band in the p-region due to the burrowing of electrons, so
little forward current will supply throughout the depletion region.
Once the high voltage is applied to the tunnel diode, then charge carriers
like holes & electrons will be generated. When the applied voltage
increases then both the bands will overlap and the energy levels at both
bands in two regions will be equal. Therefore, the highest current flows
through the tunnel.
Once the applied voltage is again highly increased then both the bands of
the diode are misaligned slightly. However, both the bands in the two
regions still overlap. The little current supplies throughout the diode then
the tunnel current will start reducing.
If the conductor’s voltage is increasing heavily, the tunnel current will
reduce to zero. In this state, both the bands will not overlap with each
other, so this diode works like a normal PN-junction diode
1. Tunnel is used in relaxation oscillators.
2. It is also used in microwave oscillators.
3. It is used as Ultra high speed switching device.