Understanding States and Separation Techniques
Uploaded by
CQUnderstanding States and Separation Techniques
Uploaded by
CQState changes:
Solid - > Liquid→Melting
Liquid - > Solid→Freezing
Liquid - > Gas→Evaporation
Gas - > Liquid→Condensation
Solid - > Gas→Sublimation
Gas - > Solid→Deposition
Ammonia + Hydrogen Chloride
Form Ammonium chloride
Forms closer to hydrogen chloride side, as hydrogen is a bigger molecule, so
takes longer to difuse
Element→Substance made of a single type of atom
Compound→Substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded together in a
fixed ratio
Mixture→Substance made of two or more elements or compounds not chemically bonded
in a ratio that varies
Separating techniques:
Filtration
Equipment→Beaker, conical flask, filter paper, filter funnel
What is left on the filter paper→Residue
What passes through the funnel→Filtrate
Insoluble→When a solute can't dissolve in a solvent
Soluble→When a solute can dissolve in a solvent
Solvent→The liquid that dissolves a solute
Solute→Substance that dissolves in a solvent
Crystallisation
Equipment→Bunsen burner, heatproof mat, tripod stand, gauze, evaporating dish
Evaporation vs boiling
Evaporating can happen at any temperature, only on surface of liquid
Boiling can only happen at 100 degrees, can happen anywhere in the liquid
Distillation
Separating liquids with different melting points
Equipment→Bunsen burner, thermometer, flask, liebig condenser
What is left after distillation→Distillate
Evaporation then condensation
Chromatography
Stationary phase→Paper
Mobile phase→Liquid
Start line drawn in→pencil, to avoid line running up the page as well
Solvent→below start line, otherwise all the inks will dissolve
Retention factor→Distance travelled by ink from start line / distance travelled
by solvent from start line. The higher the Rf, the more soluble the chemical is in
that solvent
Gas chromatography
Sample injected into gas column
Different substances move through at different speeds
Substances are detected electronically
More accurate than paper chromatography
Repeatable→If repeats are performed by same person using same equipment, similar
results are found
Reproducible→If different student performs experiment, similar results are found