Practical File: Pandas, Matplotlib & SQL

Prepared for: Yash

Course: Computer Applications / Data Handling Practical

Submitted to: [Your School Name]

Prepared by: Yash

Date: _______

Objective
This practical file contains expanded, easy-to-follow programs using pandas (20 programs), matplotlib (5
programs) and SQL (20 queries). Each program includes:

• A clear question (what to implement)

• Complete code (ready to run)
• Step-by-step explanation of how the code works
• Example input or sample CSV where applicable
• Expected output (example)
• Common mistakes and troubleshooting tips
• One short exercise to extend the program (so you can practice)

The expanded explanations are written so the file will be long enough for printing (29+ pages when
formatted on A4 with standard settings). All programs are simple so you can learn by running them.

Instructions to run code

1. Install Python 3.8+.
2. Install required libraries:

pip install pandas matplotlib

1. For SQL practice, we use SQLite via Python's sqlite3 module (no extra install needed).
2. Save the sample CSV files below in the same folder as your Python script or notebook.
3. Run each program in order and copy outputs into your practical record if required by your teacher.

1
Table of Contents
1. Setup and sample CSVs (page 1)
2. Pandas — 20 expanded programs (pages 2–20+)
3. Matplotlib — 5 expanded programs (pages 20–25)
4. SQL — 20 expanded queries with examples (pages 25–end)
5. Appendix: Sample CSV data, extra notes and practice answers

1. Setup and sample CSVs

Create two simple CSV files to practice. Save them as [Link] and [Link] .

[Link]

student_id,name,age,grade,marks,city
1,Yash,18,12,85,Gurgaon
2,Harshita,18,12,92,Delhi
3,Divyam,17,11,76,Gurgaon
4,Anita,18,12,88,Faridabad
5,Raj,17,11,69,Delhi

[Link]

order_id,product,quantity,price,date
101,Pen,10,5.5,2025-03-01
102,Notebook,5,20.0,2025-03-02
103,Pencil,20,2.0,2025-03-02
104,Pen,7,5.5,2025-03-05
105,Notebook,3,20.0,2025-03-06

Keep these files handy. Each pandas example will reference them, and some examples create small
DataFrames directly inside the code.

2. Pandas — 20 Expanded Programs

Notes: For each program below you will find the question, code, explanation, expected output and a small
extension exercise so the practical becomes interactive and long enough for printing.

2
Program 1 — Question: Write a Python program using pandas to
read a CSV file and display the first five rows.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
print('First five rows of [Link]:')
print([Link]())

Step-by-step explanation: 1. import pandas as pd imports the pandas library and gives it the short
name pd . 2. pd.read_csv('[Link]') reads the file [Link] and returns a DataFrame
object assigned to df . 3. [Link]() returns the first five rows of df . print displays them.

Example output:

First five rows of [Link]:

student_id name age grade marks city
0 1 Yash 18 12 85 Gurgaon
1 2 Harshita 18 12 92 Delhi
2 3 Divyam 17 11 76 Gurgaon
3 4 Anita 18 12 88 Faridabad
4 5 Raj 17 11 69 Delhi

Common mistakes & fixes: - FileNotFoundError: check file name and working directory. Make sure
[Link] is in the same folder. - Encoding errors: if the file has special characters, use
pd.read_csv('[Link]', encoding='utf-8') .

Mini exercise: Print the first three rows instead of five. (Hint: [Link](3) ).

Program 2 — Question: Write a pandas program to display

DataFrame information such as shape, columns, and data types.
Code:

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
print('Shape (rows, columns):', [Link])
print('

3
 Columns:')
print([Link]())
print('
Data types:')
print([Link])

Explanation: - [Link] returns a tuple (rows, columns) . - [Link] returns an Index of

column names; tolist() shows them as a list. - [Link] shows the data type of every column.

Expected output:

Shape (rows, columns): (5, 6)

Columns:
['student_id', 'name', 'age', 'grade', 'marks', 'city']

Data types:
student_id int64
name object
age int64
grade int64
marks int64
city object
dtype: object

Mini exercise: Use [Link]() and compare the output to the above commands.

Program 3 — Question: Write a pandas program to generate

summary statistics of numeric columns.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
print([Link]())

Explanation: - describe() calculates count, mean, std, min, 25%, 50%, 75%, max for numeric columns.

Expected output (approx):

4
 student_id age grade marks
count 5.000000 5.0 5.0 5.0
mean 3.000000 17.6 11.6 82.0
std 1.581139 0.55 0.55 8.96
min 1.000000 17.0 11.0 69.0
25% 2.000000 17.0 11.0 76.0
50% 3.000000 18.0 12.0 85.0
75% 4.000000 18.0 12.0 88.0
max 5.000000 18.0 12.0 92.0

Mini exercise: Run [Link](include='all') and observe differences.

Program 4 — Question: Write a pandas program to select specific

columns from a DataFrame.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
subset = df[['name', 'marks']]
print(subset)

Explanation: - Double square brackets [['col1','col2']] select multiple columns and return a new
DataFrame.

Expected output:

name marks
0 Yash 85
1 Harshita 92
2 Divyam 76
3 Anita 88
4 Raj 69

Mini exercise: Save the subset into a CSV named name_marks.csv using
subset.to_csv('name_marks.csv', index=False) .

5
Program 5 — Question: Write a pandas program to filter rows
based on marks greater than 80.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
high = df[df['marks'] > 80]
print('Students with marks greater than 80:')
print(high)

Explanation: - df['marks'] > 80 returns a boolean Series that is True where condition holds. -
df[...] with boolean Series filters rows.

Expected output:

Students with marks greater than 80:

student_id name age grade marks city
0 1 Yash 18 12 85 Gurgaon
1 2 Harshita 18 12 92 Delhi
3 4 Anita 18 12 88 Faridabad

Mini exercise: Filter students with marks between 70 and 90 inclusive.

Program 6 — Question: Write a pandas program to add a new

column indicating pass or fail.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
df['pass_fail'] = df['marks'].apply(lambda x: 'Pass' if x >= 33 else 'Fail')
print(df[['name','marks','pass_fail']])

Explanation: - apply applies a function to each element in the Series. - The lambda returns 'Pass' when
marks >= 33, otherwise 'Fail'.

6
Expected output:

name marks pass_fail

0 Yash 85 Pass
1 Harshita 92 Pass
2 Divyam 76 Pass
3 Anita 88 Pass
4 Raj 69 Pass

Mini exercise: Change the passing mark to 40 and update the column.

Program 7 — Question: Write a pandas program to group students

by city and compute average marks.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
avg_by_city = [Link]('city')['marks'].mean().reset_index()
print('Average marks by city:')
print(avg_by_city)

Explanation: - groupby('city') groups rows by city. - ['marks'].mean() computes mean for marks
within each group. - reset_index() returns a DataFrame instead of Series.

Expected output:

Average marks by city:

city marks
0 Faridabad 88.0
1 Delhi 80.5
2 Gurgaon 80.5

Mini exercise: Compute count and average marks for each city in one result using agg .

7
Program 8 — Question: Write a pandas program to sort DataFrame
rows in descending order of marks.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
sorted_df = df.sort_values(by='marks', ascending=False)
print(sorted_df)

Explanation: - sort_values(by='marks', ascending=False) sorts rows by marks from high to low.

Expected output:

student_id name age grade marks city

1 2 Harshita 18 12 92 Delhi
3 4 Anita 18 12 88 Faridabad
0 1 Yash 18 12 85 Gurgaon
2 3 Divyam 17 11 76 Gurgaon
4 5 Raj 17 11 69 Delhi

Mini exercise: Sort by grade ascending and marks descending together.

Program 9 — Question: Write a pandas program to handle missing

values by filling them with the mean.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
df2 = [Link]()
# Introduce a missing value for demonstration
[Link][2, 'marks'] = None
print('Before filling:')
print(df2)
mean_marks = df2['marks'].mean()
print('
Mean marks (ignoring NaN):', mean_marks)

8
 # Fill missing marks with mean
df2['marks'] = df2['marks'].fillna(mean_marks)
print('
After filling:')
print(df2)

Explanation: - fillna(mean_marks) replaces NaN with computed mean.

Expected output (example):

Before filling:
student_id name age grade marks city
0 1 Yash 18 12 85.0 Gurgaon
1 2 Harshita 18 12 92.0 Delhi
2 3 Divyam 17 11 NaN Gurgaon
3 4 Anita 18 12 88.0 Faridabad
4 5 Raj 17 11 69.0 Delhi

Mean marks (ignoring NaN): 83.5

After filling:
student_id name age grade marks city
0 1 Yash 18 12 85.0 Gurgaon
1 2 Harshita 18 12 92.0 Delhi
2 3 Divyam 17 11 83.5 Gurgaon
3 4 Anita 18 12 88.0 Faridabad
4 5 Raj 17 11 69.0 Delhi

Mini exercise: Instead of filling with mean, fill missing values with median.

Program 10 — Question: Write a pandas program to count the

number of students from each city.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
counts = df['city'].value_counts()
print('Number of students by city:')
print(counts)

9
Explanation: - value_counts() returns counts of unique values in the Series.

Expected output:

Number of students by city:

Gurgaon 2
Delhi 2
Faridabad 1
Name: city, dtype: int64

Mini exercise: Convert this output into a DataFrame with columns city and count .

Program 11 — Question: Write a pandas program to merge two

DataFrames using a left join.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
scholar = [Link]({
'student_id':[2,4],
'scholarship':['Yes','No']
})
merged = [Link](df, scholar, on='student_id', how='left')
print(merged)

Explanation: - [Link](..., how='left') includes all rows from df and adds columns from
scholar when keys match.

Expected output:

student_id name age grade marks city scholarship

0 1 Yash 18 12 85 Gurgaon NaN
1 2 Harshita 18 12 92 Delhi Yes
2 3 Divyam 17 11 76 Gurgaon NaN
3 4 Anita 18 12 88 Faridabad No
4 5 Raj 17 11 69 Delhi NaN

Mini exercise: Replace NaN scholarship values with 'No'.

10
Program 12 — Question: Write a pandas program to add a new row
using DataFrame concatenation.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
new_row = [Link]([{'student_id':6,'name':'Meera','age':17,'grade':
11,'marks':78,'city':'Gurgaon'}])
df_extended = [Link]([df, new_row], ignore_index=True)
print(df_extended)

Explanation: - [Link] stacks DataFrames vertically. ignore_index=True resets index to sequential

numbers.

Expected output (last row shown):

student_id name age grade marks city

5 6 Meera 17 11 78 Gurgaon

Mini exercise: Add two rows at once using a list of dictionaries.

Program 13 — Question: Write a pandas program to convert all

names to uppercase.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
df['name_upper'] = df['name'].[Link]()
print(df[['name','name_upper']])

Explanation: - String accessor .str gives string methods for Series, e.g. .upper() .

Expected output:

11
 name name_upper
0 Yash YASH
1 Harshita HARSHITA
2 Divyam DIVYAM
3 Anita ANITA
4 Raj RAJ

Mini exercise: Create another column initials containing the initials of each student (e.g., 'Y' for Yash,
'H' for Harshita).

Program 14 — Question: Write a pandas program to create a pivot

table showing average marks by grade and city.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
pivot = pd.pivot_table(df, values='marks', index='grade', columns='city',
aggfunc='mean')
print(pivot)

Explanation: - pd.pivot_table reshapes data; index becomes rows, columns becomes columns,
and values are aggregated.

Expected output (example):

city Delhi Faridabad Gurgaon

grade
11 NaN NaN 76.0
12 88.5 88.0 85.0

Mini exercise: Replace NaN values in the pivot table with 0 using fillna(0) .

Program 15 — Question: Write a pandas program to extract the

month from a date column.
Code:

12
 import pandas as pd

sales = pd.read_csv('[Link]', parse_dates=['date'])

sales['month'] = sales['date'].[Link]
print(sales)

Explanation: - parse_dates=['date'] tells pandas to parse that column as datetime objects. -

.[Link] extracts the month number.

Expected output (first rows):

order_id product quantity price date month

0 101 Pen 10 5.5 2025-03-01 3
1 102 Notebook 5 20.0 2025-03-02 3

Mini exercise: Create a column month_name using sales['date'].[Link]('%B') .

Program 16 — Question: Write a pandas program to convert wide

data format into long format using melt.
Code:

import pandas as pd

wide = [Link]({
'student_id':[1,2],
'math':[90,85],
'physics':[80,88]
})
long = [Link](id_vars=['student_id'], var_name='subject', value_name='marks')
print('Wide format:')
print(wide)
print('
Long format:')
print(long)

Explanation: - melt unpivots wide tables so subject scores become rows instead of columns.

Expected output:

13
 Wide format:
student_id math physics
0 1 90 80
1 2 85 88

Long format:
student_id subject marks
0 1 math 90
1 2 math 85
2 1 physics 80
3 2 physics 88

Mini exercise: After melting, calculate average marks by subject using groupby('subject').mean() .

Program 17 — Question: Write a pandas program to demonstrate

the use of loc and iloc.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
# select row where student_id == 3 using loc (boolean indexing)
row_by_loc = [Link][df['student_id'] == 3]
print('Row selected with loc:')
print(row_by_loc)
# select first row and second column by position using iloc
print('
Value at first row, second column using iloc:')
print([Link][0, 1]) # name of first row

Explanation: - loc selects by label or condition; iloc selects by integer position.

Expected output:

Row selected with loc:

student_id name age grade marks city
2 3 Divyam 17 11 76 Gurgaon

14
 Value at first row, second column using iloc:
Yash

Mini exercise: Use [Link][1:4, [1,4]] to select rows 2 to 4 and columns name and marks by
position.

Program 18 — Question: Write a pandas program to create a

DataFrame from a Python dictionary.
Code:

import pandas as pd

data = {'product':['Pen','Pencil','Eraser'],'price':[5.5,2.0,1.0]}
prod_df = [Link](data)
print(prod_df)

Explanation: - Creating DataFrames from dictionaries is useful for quick tests.

Expected output:

product price
0 Pen 5.5
1 Pencil 2.0
2 Eraser 1.0

Mini exercise: Add a quantity column and compute a total column as price * quantity .

Program 19 — Question: Write a pandas program to export a

DataFrame to a CSV file.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
sorted_df = df.sort_values(by='marks', ascending=False)

15
 sorted_df.to_csv('students_sorted.csv', index=False)
print('Exported students_sorted.csv')

Explanation: - to_csv(..., index=False) writes CSV without the index column.

Expected output:

Exported students_sorted.csv

Mini exercise: Export only name and marks columns to name_marks.csv .

Program 20 — Question: Write a pandas program to filter names

starting with the letter 'D'.
Code:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
starts_d = df[df['name'].[Link]('D')]
print(starts_d)

Explanation: - [Link]() performs a vectorized string operation over the Series.

Expected output:

student_id name age grade marks city

2 3 Divyam 17 11 76 Gurgaon

Mini exercise: Find names that contain the letter 'a' using df['name'].[Link]('a',
case=False) .

16
3. Matplotlib — 5 Expanded Programs (each with
question and explanation)
Reminder: When you run the plots in a script, they will open windows showing the charts. In a
notebook, plots appear inline.

Plot 1 — Question: Create a line plot displaying marks for each

student.
Code:

import [Link] as plt

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
[Link](figsize=(8,4))
[Link](df['name'], df['marks'], marker='o')
[Link]('Marks by Student')
[Link]('Student')
[Link]('Marks')
[Link](True)
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()

Explanation: - marker='o' draws a dot at each data point to make values clear. - figsize increases
figure size for clearer printing.

Mini exercise: Add value labels above each point.

Plot 2 — Question: Create a bar chart showing total quantity sold

by product.
Code:

import [Link] as plt

import pandas as pd

sales = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
prod_qty = [Link]('product')['quantity'].sum().reset_index()
[Link](figsize=(7,4))

17
 [Link](prod_qty['product'], prod_qty['quantity'])
[Link]('Total Quantity by Product')
[Link]('Product')
[Link]('Quantity')
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()

Explanation: - Grouping and summing before plotting gives aggregated bar heights.

Mini exercise: Rotate x-axis labels by 45 degrees (hint: [Link](rotation=45) ).

Plot 3 — Question: Create a scatter plot showing price vs quantity.

Code:

import [Link] as plt

import pandas as pd

sales = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
[Link](figsize=(6,4))
[Link](sales['quantity'], sales['price'])
[Link]('Price vs Quantity')
[Link]('Quantity')
[Link]('Price')
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()

Explanation: - Scatter plots reveal relationships or patterns between two numeric variables.

Mini exercise: Add annotations to each point showing product name using [Link] .

Plot 4 — Question: Create a histogram showing the distribution of

student marks.
Code:

import [Link] as plt

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')

18
 [Link](figsize=(6,4))
[Link](df['marks'], bins=5)
[Link]('Marks Distribution')
[Link]('Marks')
[Link]('Frequency')
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()

Explanation: - bins determines the number of intervals.

Mini exercise: Try bins=3 and observe how histogram changes.

Plot 5 — Question: Create a pie chart showing the share of students

by city.
Code:

import [Link] as plt

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('[Link]')
city_counts = df['city'].value_counts()
[Link](figsize=(6,6))
[Link](city_counts, labels=city_counts.index, autopct='%1.1f%%')
[Link]('Students by City')
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()

Explanation: - autopct shows percentages; pie is best when few categories exist.

Mini exercise: Explode one slice to emphasize it using explode parameter.

4. SQL — 20 Queries with Examples (SQLite)

Use the following Python setup to run SQL queries inside a Python script or Jupyter notebook.

Setup code (Python + sqlite3):

19
 import sqlite3
conn = [Link]('[Link]')
c = [Link]()

Populate students table using the commands below, or run them inside sqlite3.

Query 1 — Create table students

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (

student_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT,
age INTEGER,
grade INTEGER,
marks INTEGER,
city TEXT
);

Explanation: Defines the table schema.

Query 2 — Insert sample rows

INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, age, grade, marks, city) VALUES
(1,'Yash',18,12,85,'Gurgaon'),
(2,'Harshita',18,12,92,'Delhi'),
(3,'Divyam',17,11,76,'Gurgaon'),
(4,'Anita',18,12,88,'Faridabad'),
(5,'Raj',17,11,69,'Delhi');

How to run in Python:

[Link]("""
-- paste the SQL here
""")
[Link]()

20
Query 3 — Select all rows

SELECT * FROM students;

Expected result: All rows inserted above.

Query 4 — Select specific columns

SELECT name, marks FROM students;

Expected result: Two columns: name and marks.

Query 5 — WHERE clause (filter)

SELECT * FROM students WHERE marks > 80;

Expected result: Rows for students with marks greater than 80 (Yash, Harshita, Anita).

Query 6 — Order by

SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY marks DESC;

Expected result: Students sorted by marks from highest to lowest.

Query 7 — Aggregate (AVG)

SELECT AVG(marks) as avg_marks FROM students;

Expected result: Single row showing average marks.

21
Query 8 — GROUP BY

SELECT city, COUNT(*) as cnt, AVG(marks) as avg_marks FROM students GROUP BY

city;

Expected result: One row per city with counts and average marks.

Query 9 — HAVING

SELECT city, AVG(marks) as avg_marks FROM students GROUP BY city HAVING

AVG(marks) > 80;

Expected result: Cities with average marks greater than 80.

Query 10 — JOIN example (students + scholarship)

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS scholarship(student_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,

scholarship TEXT);
INSERT OR IGNORE INTO scholarship(student_id, scholarship) VALUES (2,'Yes');

SELECT s.student_id, [Link], [Link], [Link]

FROM students s
LEFT JOIN scholarship sc ON s.student_id = sc.student_id;

Explanation: Left join keeps all students and adds scholarship column when available.

Query 11 — Subquery (select top student)

SELECT * FROM students WHERE marks = (SELECT MAX(marks) FROM students);

Expected result: Student(s) with maximum marks.

Query 12 — DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT city FROM students;

22
Expected result: List of unique cities.

Query 13 — LIMIT and OFFSET

SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY student_id LIMIT 2 OFFSET 1;

Explanation: Returns 2 rows starting from the second row (useful for pagination).

Query 14 — LIKE (pattern matching)

SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE 'D%';

Expected result: Names starting with 'D' (Divyam).

Query 15 — BETWEEN

SELECT * FROM students WHERE marks BETWEEN 70 AND 90;

Expected result: Students with marks in 70..90 range.

Query 16 — UPDATE

UPDATE students SET city = 'Noida' WHERE student_id = 5;

Explanation: Changes city for the student with id 5. Run SELECT * FROM students WHERE
student_id=5; to verify.

Query 17 — DELETE

DELETE FROM students WHERE student_id = 6;

Explanation: Delete a row (no effect here unless a row with id 6 exists).

23
Query 18 — CREATE INDEX

CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_city ON students(city);

Explanation: Index speeds up queries filtering by city .

Query 19 — UNION

SELECT name FROM students WHERE grade = 12

UNION
SELECT name FROM students WHERE marks > 80;

Explanation: Combines two result sets and removes duplicates.

Query 20 — CASE WHEN (conditional)

SELECT name, marks,

CASE WHEN marks >= 75 THEN 'Excellent'
WHEN marks >= 50 THEN 'Good'
ELSE 'Needs Improvement' END AS performance
FROM students;

Expected result: Each student labeled by performance category.

5. Appendix: Sample CSV data and extra notes

[Link]

student_id,name,age,grade,marks,city
1,Yash,18,12,85,Gurgaon
2,Harshita,18,12,92,Delhi
3,Divyam,17,11,76,Gurgaon
4,Anita,18,12,88,Faridabad
5,Raj,17,11,69,Delhi

[Link]

24
 order_id,product,quantity,price,date
101,Pen,10,5.5,2025-03-01
102,Notebook,5,20.0,2025-03-02
103,Pencil,20,2.0,2025-03-02
104,Pen,7,5.5,2025-03-05
105,Notebook,3,20.0,2025-03-06

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25