Add Maths Formulae List : Form 4 1 Functions Functions

x 1 2 3 4

Composite function
f(x) 2 4 6 8 10 f g(x) means substitute g(x) into f Example : f(x) = 2x 1 and g(x) = x2+ 3 f g(x) = 2[x2+ 3] 1

Set A Set B Function f maps object 1 to 2 f(1) = 2 Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4} Codomain = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Range = {2, 4, 6, 8} Remember: Object = the value of x Image = the value of f(x) f(x) maps onto itself means f(x)= x

f 2(x) = f f(x) = 2[2x 1] 1

If f(x) and fg(x) are given, then f 1 fg(x) = g(x) If f(x) and gf(x) are given, then gf f 1 (x) = g(x)

Inverse function If f(x) = x + 3, then f 1 (x) = x 3 x 1 f(x) = 2x, then f ( x) = 2 x3 1 f(x) = 2x + 3, then f ( x ) = 2

x+3 x 1 Then f ( x) = y and f ( y ) = x y+3 =x y y + 3 = xy xy y = 3 y ( x 1) = 3 3 y= x 1 If f ( x) = f 1 ( x) = 3 x 1

Quadratic Equations 1

General Form : ax2 + bx + c = 0

Quadratic formula When the quadratic equation cannot be factorised Quadratic formula is used to solve the equation:

x=

b b 2 4ac 2a

Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots:

Types of Roots

x2 (SOR)x + POR = 0
From ax2 + bx + c = 0

b c x+ =0 a a b c SOR = , POR = a a x2 + Quadratic Functions

b2 b2 b2 b2

4ac > 0 two real and different roots 4ac = 0 two real and equal roots 4ac < 0 no real roots 4ac 0 has real roots

General Form f(x) = ax2+ bx + c

when a > 0 minimum when a < 0 maximum (smiling face) (sad face)

Completed square form: f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q

min/max value of f(x) = q corresponding value of x, x = - p min/max point of f(x) = (- p, q) equation of axis of symmetry, x = p when a < 0
f(x) q -p x -p x

when a > 0
f(x)

Quadratic Inequalities
If f(x) = (x a)(x b) and f(x) > 0 f(x) < 0

Nature of Roots : b2 4ac > 0 intersects two different points at x - axis b2 4ac = 0 touch one point at x- axis b2 4ac < 0 does not meet x-axis

b x>b

b a<x

x < a, <b

Indices and Logrithm

Law of Indices:

Fundamental of Indices:
Zero Index,

ao = 1
1

a m a n = a m+ n am = a m n n a (a m ) n = a mn (ab) n = a n b n an a = n b b
n

1 Negative Index, a = a 1 b a = a b
Fractional Index,

a a

1 m n m

= a
m

= m an

Remember :

a = a2
Law of Logarithm

Fundamental of Logarithm

log a y = x log a a = 1 log a a n = n log a 1 = 0

y = ax

log a mn = log a m + log a n m log a = log a m log a n n log a m n = n log a m

Changing of Base

log a b = log a b = 6 Coordinate Geometry

log m b log m a 1 log b a

Distance between two points

If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) Distance

Gradient of a straight line

If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are on a straight line Gradient of line

AC =

( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y 2 ) 2

AC =

y 2 y1 x 2 x1

Midpoint between two points

A(x1, y1) B(x2, y2)

A point dividing a segment of a line in the ratio m : n

m P n B(x2, y2)

x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 , Midpoint of AB = 2 2

A(x , y1) 1

nx + mx 2 ny1 + my 2 P= 1 , 1 m+n m+n

Perpendicular Lines m1

Parallel Lines

m2

m1 m2
When 2 lines are parallel,

m1 = m2

When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other

Area of triangle :

m1 m2 = 1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1

Equation of Straight line : y y1 = m(x x1)

where m = gradient of the line (x1, y1) = a point on the line

area of triangle =

1 x1 2 y1

Form of Equation of Straight line:

General Form : ax + by + c = 0 Gradient Form : y = mx + c

Remember :
y-intercept x = 0 cut y-axis x = 0 x-intercept y = 0 cut x-axis y = 0 * point lies on the line satisfy the equation substitute the value of x and of y of the point into the equation.

x y Intercept Form : + =1 a b

Equation of Locus (use the formula of distance)

If P is a moving point, P moves such that its distance from point A(x1, y1) is always r units: then the coordinates of point P is (x, y) P moves such that its distance from point A(x1, y1) and point B(x2, y2) is in the ratio m:n P moves such that it is always equidistant from points A and B. PA = PB

PA = r

( x x1 ) 2 + ( y y1 ) 2 = r

n ( x x1 ) + ( y y1 ) 2 = m ( x x 2 ) + ( y y 2 )
2 2

PA m = PB n nPA = mPB

( x x1 )
2

+ ( y y1 ) =
2

( x x2 ) 2 + ( y y2 ) 2

Statistics

Measure of Central Tendency

Ungrouped Data Mean

Grouped Data Without Class Interval

With Class interval

x= x

x
N

x=

= mean

fx f

x=

fx f

x = sum of x x = value of the data N = total number of the data Median

x = mean
fx = sum of (freq value of data) f = total number of the data

x = mean
fx = sum of (freq midpoint)) f = total number of the data

m = T N +1
2

m = T N +1
2

When N is an odd number

When N is an odd number

TN + TN m=
2 2

+1

TN + TN m=
2 2

+1

When N is an even number

When N is an even number

L = Lower boundary of median class N = Number of data F = Total frequency before median class fm = frequency in median class C = Size class

1 NF C m = L+ 2 fm

Measures of Dispersion
Ungrouped Data varianc e Grouped Data Without Class Interval
2

With Class interval

x =
N

()

x2 = sum of squares of data N = total number of data x = mean Standar d Deviati on

fx2 = sum of (freq squares of data) f = total number of data x = mean

fx = f

()

fx = f

()

= var iance

Effects of data changes

Data are changed uniformly with +k -k k k +k -k k k No changes No changes No changes No changes

Measure of Central Tendency Measure of Dispersion

Mean, Mode, Median Range, interquartile range standard deviation Variance,

k k k k2

k k k k2

Circular Measures
Remember: 180 = 1 radians

Convert degree to radian : Convert radian to degree :

radians

degrees

180

360 = 2 radians

Length of arc, s = r
B r O

SAB = r

Area of sector, A =

1 2 r 2
B

180

r O

Length of chord, AB
r rO

Area of segment : A =
B r

1 2 r ( sin ) 2

2 methods: (I) AB = 2r sin

(II) Cosine Rule: AB2 =r2+r2 2(r)(r)cos

O r

Differentiation
Product Rule
If y = uv, If y = a, where a is a constant

Differentiation of Functions:

dy =0 dx
If y = axn

dy dv du =u +v dx dx dx

dy = nax n 1 dx 1 n If y = n , rewrite y = x x dy n = nx n 1 = n +1 dx x
If y = [f(x)]n

Quotient Rule

y=

u , v

dy = dx

du dv u dx dx 2 v

dy = n[ f ( x )] n 1 f ' ( x ) dx 6

Gradient of tangents Equation of tangent and Normal

y tangent

Turning point (Maximum and Minimum point )

At turning points, P and Q, the tangents to the curve are horizontal lines, gradient of tangents at points P and Q = 0

y = f(x)

A(h, k) Normal x

dy = 0 at turning points. dx
y y = f(x) P(x1, y1)

dy Gradient function of the curve = dx

Gradient of tangent at A(h, k),

dy = the value of when x = h. dx

Gradient of normal at A(h, k) =

Q(x2, y2)

1 m tan gent

At maximum point, P,

Equation of tangent at point A(h, k),

dy d2y = 0 and <0 dx dx 2 dy d2y = 0 and >0 dx dx 2

y h = mtangent (x k)
Equation of normal at point A(h, k),

At minimum point, Q,

y h = mnormal (x k) Rates of Change

Example : If x changes at the rate of 5 units s
1

Small Changes and Approximation

Small changes in y y Small changes in x x

dx = 5 units s 1 dt
-1

If y = f(x)

If h decreases at the rate of 2 cm s

dh = 2cm s 1 dt
If y = f(x)

y =

dy x dx

dy dy dx = dt dx dt

10

Solution of Triangles
b
C

c
B

Sine Rule:

Cosine Rule :

Area of Triangle:

a b = sin A sin B sin A sin B = a b

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A cos A = b2 + c2 a2 2bc

Area =

1 ab sin 2
a

11

Index Number
Composite Index

Price Index/Index Number

I=

P1 100 Po

I=

I = price index/ index number P0 = price at the base time P1 = price at a specific time

Iw w

I = Composite Index
W =weightage

I A/C = I A/ B IB/C =

IB/C 100

IB/ A 100 IC / A