WPE: 407

Environmental Studies

Chapter-1: Introduction

Mohammad Shohag
Assistant Professor, DoWPE
BUTEX

Curriculum Details
- Credit of the course is 3.
- Hour/Week 4.
- Total Hour 45.
- Total Week 11.
Part A Part B
1. Introduction 1. Water Pollution
2. Air Pollution 2. Solid Waste In Wet Process
3. Noise Pollution
4. Regulatory Issue

Part A: Mohammad Shohag

Part B: Tabassum Ferdous

1
 MARKS ALLOCATION

[Link] ATTENDANCE =8
[Link] TEST (10×2) =20
[Link] =72
TOTAL =100

Reference Book:

1. Environmental Science by Dr. Y. K. Singh.

2. Environmental Studies by Erach Bharucha

2
 Introduction

Lecture – 01
Topics to be covered
• Definition of the Environment.
• Concept of the Environment.
• Components of the Environment.
• Environment Pollution and its types.
• Pollutant of environment and its types.
• Problems related to Lecture- 01.

3
 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?
• The term 'environment' means, simply, 'nature’. Literally
environment means the surrounding external conditions
influencing development or growth of people, animal, plants,
living or working conditions etc.
• An Ecosystem(also called as environment) is a natural unit
consisting of living organism that is humans, animals, all plants
and micro-organisms (Biotic factors) in an area functioning
together with all of the non living physical (Abiotic factors) of the
environment.

Concept of environment
• The combination of biotic and abiotic factors composes environment,
which surrounds us and other organisms.
• Abiotic factors includes water, air, soil, light, temperature, etc. that affects
human beings the least.
• Biotic factors consists all forms of life like humans, animals, plants, micro-
organisms, etc. that influence the environment much more in comparison to
abiotic factors.
• Human is an incorporated part of the environment and have very intimate
relationship with each other.
• It has been observed that water, soil, climate and language of human differ
from one place to other which is responsible for the generation of various
types of social and cultural activities all over the world.
• The people at hills have distinct life styles as compared to people in the low
land area. Similarly, people around the world differ in their food, cloth,
traditions, festivals, etc. All these are affected by the factors around them.
• Thus different environment is formed in different places all over the world.

4
 Components of environment
Atmosphere

Physical
Hydrosphere
component.

Lithosphere

Producer
Environment
Biological
Biotic Consumer
component.

Society Decomposer

Cultural
Economy
component.

Politics

Components of environment
(1) Physical Components:
• Physical component of environment includes air, water, soil,
light, temperature, climate, etc. these are called abiotic
component of environment.
• These environmental components accounts for determination
of living conditions for the human population.
• Physical component of the environment is again classified into
three parts as follows:
• Atmosphere (gas)
• Hydrosphere (liquid)
• Lithosphere (solid)
These three parts portrays the three important states of matter
forming the environment.

10

5
 (2) Biological Components:
 Biological component includes all living things like humans, plants,
animals and small micro-organisms (bacteria, algae and fungi). These
interrelate with the abiotic component of the environment.
 Interaction of these two components forms various ecosystems like forest
ecosystem, pond ecosystem, marine ecosystem, desert ecosystem, etc.
 All ecosystems has three different types of living organisms; i.e. producers,
consumers and decomposers.
• Producer includes mainly green plants and other photosynthetic
bacteria which produces organic food materials.
• Consumers rely on green plants or producer for their living.
• Decomposers are responsible to decompose dead plants and animals
for the running of the natural cycles.

(3) Cultural Components:

• Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements are
essentially manmade features, which make cultural milieu.
• This component is mainly consists of various groups of population with
different living beings like birds, animals, etc.

11

NATURAL BLESSINGS

12

6
 PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT

13

UP ABOVE THE MOUNTAINS

14

7
 RUSH INTO ADVENTURE

15

EMBRACE HEART WITH CALM

OCEAN

16

8
 LOST IN GREEN

17

Where Blue Touches Green

18

9
 SAD REALITY

19

WATER POLLUTION

20

10
 TOXIC SEA WATER

21

NOISY SURROUNDINGS

22

11
 INDUSTRIALIZATION- CURSE/BLESSING???

23

Pollution and Types

Pollution may be defined as an undesirable change in the physical,
chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and land which affects
the human life and other animals, living conditions, industrial
processes and cultural assets. Pollution can be natural or manmade.
Types of Pollution:
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Noise Pollution
4. Soil Pollution
5. Marine Pollution
6. Thermal Pollution
7. Nuclear Pollution/radioactive pollution
8. Plastic pollution
9. Light pollution

24

12
 Pollutant and Types
Pollutant is a substance which causes the pollution such as CO2,
CO, dust particle, NO2,CFC gas etc.
comes from a single
Point source source. easy to identify
and easy to address

comes from many places

Non point all at once. Harder to
source identify and harder to
address.

Bio-
degradable

Non-
Pollutants
biodegradable

Toxic
pollutants

Hazardous
pollutants

Carcinogenic
pollutants

25

Classification of Pollutants:
On the basis of natural disposal, pollutants are of two types:
(i)Non-biodegradable pollutants: Non degradable pollutant do
not degrade or may degrade at a very slow rate in
environment. These are inorganic compounds such as salts
(chlorides), polyethene, synthetic fiber, metallic oxides waste
producing materials like aluminum cans, mercuric salts etc.
More dangerous because it is more difficult to remove.
(ii)Biodegradable pollutants: These include domestic sewage
that easily decomposes under natural processes and can be
rapidly decomposed by natural/ artificial methods. These are
natural fiber, natural polymer, garbage, sewage, livestock etc.
These cause serious problems when accumulated in large
amounts as the pace of deposition exceeds the pace of
decomposition of disposal.

26

13
 Important Problems(Lecture-01)
1. Define environment and discuss about its components.[6].{2016}.
2. Briefly describe the components of environment and
pollutants.[4]. {2019}
3. Define pollution and pollutant.[2]
4. Explain in brief about some common forms of
pollution.[4].{2015}.
5. Differentiate between degradable and non degradable
pollutants.[2].{2016}.

27

Lecture – 02
Topics to be covered

• Kind of pollutions are observed in spinning/knitting/dyeing mill.

• Few examples of environmental pollution from textile processing.
• Major impact area of textile processing on environmental
pollutions.
• Benefits of pollution prevention for an industry.
• Guideline of production and control practices to compliance with
pollution.
• Important Questions of Lecture- 02.

28

14
 Kind Of Pollutions Are Observed In
Spinning/Knitting/Dyeing Mill.
Spinning and weaving/knitting industry generates air pollution and sound
pollution but wet processing industry creates air pollution and water pollution.
Air pollution:
I. In spinning, knitting and weaving
section high level of dust particle, fine
solid particle, projecting fibers fly on air
and may inhale in lung.
II. During spinning process, Sulfur di-
oxide, metal sulfate, exhaust gases
emitting from poly-condensation, melt
spinning and fluff generation which
creates air pollution.
III. In Boiler, During steam generation
sulfur di oxide, nitrous oxide are
produced which causes air pollution.
IV. In dyeing and bleaching stage
chlorine, chlorine di oxide, carrier,
aniline vapors, hydrogen sulfide are
produced.

29

Noise Pollution:
I. In Spinning m/c from blowroom
to ring frame causes noise
pollution (range 80-94db).
II. In weaving section, loom shed
occurs noise pollution due to
shuttle movement, sley
movement.(range 94-99db)
III. In knitting section high speed
automated m/c creates excess
noise.(range85-90db).

30

15
 3. Water Pollution:
I. After dyeing process wastewater(effluent) which contains strong
chemical and intensive color with high load of BOD, COD, Suspended
solid(SS), TDS(total dissolve solid) all these causes water pollution.
II. Below process and chemical are liable for water pollution in textile
industry:
a) De-sizing: starch, glucose, PVA, CMC, fat& wax, Resin.
b) Scouring: Caustic soda, soda ash, waxes & greases.
c) Bleaching: Hydrogen peroxide, acid, hypochlorite, chlorine, caustic
soda.
d) Mercerization: caustic soda.
e) Dyeing: Dyestuff, soda ash, mordant, reducing agent, acetic acid.
f) Printing: Dyestuff, thickener (starch, gum oils), mordant, acid,
metallic salt.
g) Finishing: special finishes, Traces of starch, Tallow etc.

31

Pollutions from Garments Manufacturing Process.

1. Visible Solid waste such as cutting waste and sewing waste coming from
garment manufacturing stage are disposed in nearby area which causes
land pollution and air pollution by spreading bad odor.
2. Every year at least 30kg of used clothes thrown by a family, this waste is
a huge burden on our landfills especially synthetic cloths takes 200 years
to decompose.
3. Everytime we wash a synthetic garment , about 1900 microfibers are
released into water which make pollution. Almost 200,000 tons of these
plastic microfibers accumulate in oceans every year , these are ingested
to aquatic life and thereby introducing plastic into our food chain.

32

16
 Few Example of Environmental pollution from
textile processing are:
1. Textile industry release hazardous waste material into the nearby
land.
2. Cotton consumes highest amount of harmful pesticides and
fertilizers. Majority of them fall on land thus pollutes land and make
them useless.
3. Cotton is highly water intensive crop and requires lots of toxic
pesticides to grow. About 16% of global pesticides used here. These
pesticides run off and pollute local ground water.
4. Textile dyes contains highly toxic chemicals including arsenic,
mercury, lead and other heavy metals which can not removed from
wastewater.
5. Finishing agent and dyes are next problem. Billion of gallon of water
is used annually to infuse and rinse finishing agent and dye into
fabric.
6. Water purification hampered due to mixing of hazardous chemical to
ground water that changes color, smell and PH of water.

33

7. Main sources of air pollution are boilers, thermo-pack, diesel

generators which generates gaseous pollutants such as
suspended particulate matter(SPM), sulfur di-oxide gas, nitrogen
di-oxide gas etc.
8. Major air pollution occurs during finishing stages where fabric are
coated by various plasticizers, water repellent, waxes, solvents
etc.
9. Again boilers, thermopack, diesel generators, compressor which
generates more 90db noise exceeding tolerable 75db and creates
noise pollution.
10. In spinning, weaving, knitting stage creates 80-99db sound.

34

17
 Major impact area of textile processing on environmental pollutions

1. Raw materials: Use of pesticides in cotton fields has an enormous

negative environmental impact, cotton seed fly in air. Sulfur di-oxide,
metal sulfate, exhaust gases emitting from poly-condensation, melt
spinning which creates air pollution. Dust storms are caused by
cashmere goat over-grazing.
2. Manufacturing: Spinning and weaving/knitting industry generates air
and sound pollution again Textile dyeing and finishing is a particularly
high volume, high impact source of water pollution and air pollution.
Garments manufacturing industry creates solid waste.
3. Goods movement: Shipping long distance emits CO2 to pollute air. By
air shipment emits CO2 more than 40 times in using a container ship.
4. Consumer care: Washing clothes in hot water(with detergent) has
large environmental costs and dry cleaning requires a toxic persistent
solvent.

35

Guideline of Production and Control Practices to Compliance

with Pollution in a Dyeing Industry.
1. Do not use of less degradable or non degradable washing and scouring
chemicals and spinning oils.
2. Consider the use of transfer printing for synthetics, use water based printing
pastes where feasible.
3. Consider the use of cold pad batch dyeing. This saves 80% of energy and 90%
of water consumption.
4. Use jet dyers instead of winch dyers where feasible.
5. Avoid the use of benzidine based azo dyes and dyes containing cadmium and
other heavy metals, chlorine based dyes should not be used.
6. Do not use mercury, arsenic, banned pesticides in the process.
7. Recover and reuse process chemicals and dye solutions from dye bath.
8. Use fewer toxic dye carriers and finishing agents. Avoid carriers containing
chlorine such chlorinated aromatics.
9. Use peroxide based bleaches instead of sulfur and chlorine based where
feasible.
10. Establishing and maintaining appropriate proportion of dye from lab to bulk
recipes to reduce redyeing, re shading and wasting of dyes into environment.
11. Use counter current rinsing and improved clearing and housekeeping.

36

18
 Benefits of Pollution Prevention for an Industry.

Pollution prevention may result in several benefits for the textile

industry such as:
1. Various Loss reduction (process loss, productivity loss).
2. Reduction of chemical, water and energy consumption resulting in
increased production.
3. Reduced cost and increased profit margin.
4. Reduced liability for waste produced.
5. Improved compliance with regulations.
6. Cleaner and healthy working environment.
7. Increases in Machine lifetime and efficiency.
8. Better brand value of the industry.
9. More order from buyer by earning their trust.
10. Effective impact on the sustainability.

37

Important Problems(Lecture-02)
1. What kind of pollutions are observed in spinning/knitting/dyeing
mill? Explain with example[5].{2015}.
2. What are the causes of environmental issues in textile
industry?[4].{2015}.{2015}
3. what are the major challenges we are facing today for
environmental issue?[7].{2015}.
4. describe the major impact area of textile processing on
environmental pollutions.[5].{2016}.
5. What ae the benefits of pollution prevention for an
industry?[4].{2016}{2017}.
6. Suggest some guideline of production and control practices to
compliance with pollution for dyeing industry.[4].[7]{2015}{2015}.

38

19
 Lecture – 03
Topics to be covered
1. Green house and how it works?
2. Green house effect.
3. Similarities of Greenhouse with Our Earth.
4. Basic mechanism of green house effect.
5. Major greenhouse gases and their sources.
6. Impact of Green house effect.
7. Way of reducing green house gases.
8. Role of urbanization in climate change in Bangladesh.

39

What is Greenhouse? And How it is worked?

Greenhouse:
A greenhouse is also called a forcing
structure, an artificial environment in
which plants are “forced” to grow,
despite the harsh outside climate.

How it works?
Every greenhouse operates on a simple
physical principle called “the
greenhouse effect”. Sunlight (short
waves) passes through transparent or
translucent materials such as glass or
plastic. When it strikes an opaque
surface inside (plant leaves,
greenhouse floor, planters) some of the
light energy is changed into heat (in
forms of infrared radiation).
The darker the surface, the more heat is generated. Therefore, Smaller wavelength of sunlight
converted into longer wavelength of IR heat. The greenhouse glass are good at transmitting light,
but not heat. Most of the heat stays inside. This entrapping heat causes rise of the temperature
inside greenhouse. Only a smaller amount of long wavelength radiates to atmosphere.

40

20
  What is green house effect?
It is a natural process that has been happening for millions of years. Gases and
clouds absorb infrared radiation emitted from Earth’s surface and re-radiate it to
earth, heating the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.

 Why it is called the Greenhouse effect or What are the similarities

of Greenhouse with our Earth?
 The process is called the greenhouse effect because the exchange of incoming
and outgoing radiation that warms the planet works in a similar way to a
greenhouse.
 The Earth and the Sun work in a similar fashion (on a much more massive
scale and a different physical process). The sun shines passes through the
Earth’s atmosphere and the earth’s surface warms up. Some of the Sun’s
energy is reflected directly back to space, the rest is absorbed by land, ocean,
and the atmosphere. Then sunlight converted into longer wavelength heat. The
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap these heat radiating from Earth
toward space and causes rise of the temperature of earth.

41

Greenhouse Cycle/Mechanism
The 6 Steps:
1. Sunlight(solar-radiation)
reaches Earth.
2. Sunlight energy absorbed by
Earth’s Surface; transformed
into heat and Radiated it out.
3. Radiation warms Air.
4. Radiation blocked by
Greenhouse gases and
Clouds and return heat to
Earth’s surface.
5. This is the trapping extra
heat and causing the earth’s
temperature to rise.
6. Some long wave length
Radiation exits into Space.

42

21
 What are Greenhouse gases?
Greenhouse gases are gases
 that allow visible light and UV radiation (short-wavelength/high
frequency) to pass through them (because of the nature of their covalent
bonds in their molecules)
 but absorb the infrared radiation (longer-wavelength radiation) from the
Earth converting sunlight into infrared heat
 and re-radiates this infrared radiation back to the Earth.

Major
Greenhouse Percentage%
gases
Carbon
76%
dioxide(CO2)
Methane(CH4) 16%
Nitrous
Oxide(N2O) 6%

Fluorinated
2%
Gases

43

Green House Gases and their sources

1. CO2 Sources:
Human: Burning fossil fuels(coal, crude oil, natural gas) and wood, forest fires, burning
waste etc.
Natural: Respiration, decay of organic matter, natural forest fires.
2. CH4 Sources:
Human: Cattle farming, rice paddies (wet soil means any organic matter in it is
decomposed without oxygen), petroleum and natural gas production.
Natural: digestive tracts of ruminants, cattle, bogs or marshes, bacterial fermentation:
when organic matter is decomposed anaerobically, methane gas is produced.
3. N2O Sources:
Human: use of nitrogen-based fertilizers.
Natural: bacterial action.
4. CFCs:
Human: refrigerators, air- conditioning, aerosols in spraying cans, foaming agents.
5. SF6:
Human: electrical insulators
Some greenhouse gases are not naturally occurring – they are manmade
i. Chlorofluoro Carbon (CFC)
ii. Sulfur Hexafluoride
iii. Hexafluoroethane
iv. Carbon tetrafluoride
44

22
 What Would Happen If Green House Effect Does Not Exist?

• This equilibrium of incoming and outgoing radiation that makes the Earth
habitable, with an average temperature of about 13.8-15.2 degrees
Celsius, according to NASA.

• Without this atmospheric equilibrium, Earth would be as cold and lifeless

as its moon, or as blazing hot as Venus. The moon, which is the same
distance from the sun as we are, but it has no atmosphere or greenhouse
gases, there temp. is about minus 2430F (minus 1530C). Venus, on the
other hand, has a very dense atmosphere that traps solar radiation; the
average temperature on Venus is about 8640 F (4620C).

45

Impacts of Greenhouse Effect?

1. Direct affects on temperature rise due to increase on amount of greenhouse

gases .
2. Global warming due to increase in the average temperature of Earth.
3. Rise of Sea Level due to melting glaciers/icecap.
4. Depletion of Ozone Layer.
5. Worsening of health effects and spreading of disease (malaria, cholera or
dengue).
6. Disruption of the water cycle.
7. Challenges to agriculture and the food supply.
8. Etc.

46

23
 Way to reduce green house gases or effect?
1. Use of less Energy:- Electricity (replacing incandescent light bulbs with
LED bulbs, adding insulation to your home wall, smart thermostat, green
roof top)
2. Generate Electricity without emissions (solar energy, geothermal, wind
turbines, tidal energy, ocean wave).
3. Travel without greenhouse gases- responsible for 14% gas
emission.(bicycle, electric car, hybrid car, biking, public transportation).
4. Reduce emission from Industry- responsible for 20% gas emission.
5. Take carbon dioxide out of the air by carbon sink.(planting trees,
bamboo, conserving forest, grasslands etc.)
6. Reduce, recycle and reuse (reducing waste by purchasing reusable
products like getting a reusable water bottle, by recycling house hold waste
you can save 2400 pound CO2 emission annually)
7. Don’t Buy Fast Fashion.

47

Important Problems(Lecture-03)
1. What is green house effect? Illustrate the ways to reduce
green house gases and its effect.[2+5.5].{2017}
2. Explain the basic mechanism of green house
effect.[2.5].{2015}.
3. Write down about five major greenhouse gases and their
sources.[3.5].{2016}.
4. What Would Happen If Green House Does Not Exist?
5. Impacts of Green house effect.

48

24
 Lecture – 04
Topics to be covered
1. Climate Change.

2. Global warming and climate change.

3. Impacts of climate changes on the Environment and Human

Health.

49

CLIMATE CHANGES
• Climate system is the connected system of sun, earth and oceans, wind, rain and
snow, forests, deserts and savannas.
• Climate change of a place refers to significant tangible long term changes- which
can be described by temperature change, rainfall, rise sea level, droughts and so
on during a several decades or even a century.

50

25
  What is Global Warming?
• Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of
the earth’s surface & atmosphere because an increased amount of
the solar energy (heat) striking the earth from the sun is being
trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated out into space.

 How global warming instigates climate changing?

• Much of the world is covered with ocean (>70%) which when heats up
by solar radiation more water evaporates into clouds resulting in heavy
rainfall.

• A warmer atmosphere makes melting of glaciers and mountain snows,

polar ice cap, and the great ice shield of Antarctica etc. raising the
sea levels.

• Changes in temperature change the great patterns of wind that bring

the monsoons in Asia and rain and snow around the world, also
making drought and unpredictable weather more common.

51

Impacts of Climate Changes on Environment and

Human Health
(Ref# Environmental Studies by Erach Bharucha; Page-182)

1. The average temperature in many

regions has been increasing in
recent decades. The global
average surface temperature has
increased by 0.8° C over the last
century. In the near future, the
global mean surface temperature
will rise by 1.4° to 5.8°C. Warming
will be greatest over land areas,
and at low latitudes.

2. Many countries have experienced

increases in rainfall, particularly in
the countries situated in the mid to
high latitudes.

52

26
 3. Human societies will be
seriously affected by
extremes of climate
such as droughts and
floods.

4. Global mean sea level is projected to rise

by 9 to 88cm (0.30 ft to 2.88 ft) by the year
2100. More than half of the world’s
population now lives within 60km of the
sea. They are likely to be seriously
impacted by an ingress of salt water and
by the rising sea. Some of the most
vulnerable regions are the Nile delta in
Egypt, the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in
Bangladesh, and many small islands
including the Marshall Islands and the
Maldives

5. Storms, have been more frequent,

persistent and intense since mid-1970s
compared with the previous 100 years.

53

6. Changes in climate may affect the distribution of vector species (e.g.

mosquitoes) which in turn will increase the spread of disease, such as malaria
and filariasis, to new areas which lack a strong public health infrastructure. The
seasonal transmission and distribution of many diseases that are transmitted by
mosquitoes (dengue, yellow fever) and by ticks (Lyme disease, tickborne
encephalitis) may spread due to climate change.

54

27
 7. To a large extent, public health depends on safe drinking water,
sufficient food, secure shelter, and good social conditions. All these
factors are affected by climate change. Fresh water supplies may be
seriously affected, reducing the availability of clean water for drinking
and washing during drought as well as floods.

8. Water can be contaminated and sewage systems may be damaged. The

risk of spread of infectious diseases such as diarrhea diseases will
increase.

55

Important Problems(Lecture-04)
1. What do you mean by Climate Change? Write down the Impacts
of climate changes on the Environment and Human Health.
2. What is called global warming?
3. How Global warming leads to climate changes?

56

28