Laboratory report

ML202 Electric Machines

National University of Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory Report No. 4
“Direct current motor”

Members
Escudero Cantu, Fernando Augusto 20154517H
Araujo Gamboa, Jaime Leonardo 20154057G
-Riveros Rodriguez, Luis Felipe 20152563B
Gonzales Escobar, Carloandre 20154518D
Gonzales Castillo, Salim Amyl 20151167F
Professor
Ing. Huaman Laneda, Flore Acel
Section/Group
Section H, Group 1

Fecha de entrega– 05/11/18

Academic Period - 2018-2
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CONTENT

1. Objectives 1
2. Theoretical Foundation 1
3. Equipment to be used 4
4. Development of the topic 5
5. Obtained data 9
6. Observations 10
7. Conclusions 11
8. Recommendations 12
9. Annexes 13
10. Bibliography 19
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1. OBJECTIVES

Make known the electromechanical constitution of the MCC.

Familiarize yourself with the symbolism and connection of the MCCs in our laboratory.
the tests according to IEC and NEMA standards.
Connection and commissioning of the MCC.
Reversal investment.
Determine its losses, efficiency as a function of the field current.
Based on the tests carried out, obtain the machine model.
Recording of characteristic values and characteristic performance curves
specific to the MCCs.
Assessment of the measurements made and recorded.
Presentation of the testing protocol according to IEC, NEMA, and IEEE standards.

2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
ThemotorDirect current is a machine that converts energy
electric inmechanics, mainly by means of themovementrotary. In
Currently, there are new applications withelectric motors that they do not produce

rotary movement, but with some modifications, exert traction on a rail.

Theseenginesthey are known as linear motors.
The main characteristic of the direct current motor is the ability to regulate
the speed from no load to full load. A direct current machine (generator or
The motor consists mainly of two parts, a stator that provides mechanical support.
to the device and has a hole in the center generally cylindrical in shape. In the stator
Additionally, there are the poles, which can be made of permanent magnets or wound with
thread ofcopperabout nucleus [Link] rotor is generally cylindrical in shape, also
wound and with a core, to which the current reaches through two brushes.

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CONSTITUTION OF A DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

Direct current motors are generally made up of the following
parts:
1) Inductor or stator (Excitation winding): It is an electromagnet formed by
an even number of poles. The coils that wind around them are responsible for producing the
inductor field by passing the excitation current through them.
2) Induced or rotor (Induced winding): It is a rotating piece formed
by a magnetic core around which the armature winding is placed, on which it acts
the magnetic field.
3) Collector of shims: It is a ring of sheets of copper called shims, arranged
about the rotor shaft that serves to connect the winding of the armature with the
external circuit through the brushes.
4) Brushes: They are graphite pieces placed on the commutator of the brushes.
allowing the electrical connection of the brushes with the terminals of the armature.
As the rotor spins, the brushes rub against the terminals, connecting the coil of
induced corresponding to each pair of blades with the external circuit.

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Figure 2.2: Components of a direct current motor

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OPERATION

A direct current motor bases its operation on thestrengthproduced in a

conductor due to the presence of amagnetic field B about an intensity of
Electric current I. The expression that governs it is:

It will be obtained thevaluemaximum force when the magnetic field is perpendicular

to the conductor and there will be no force when the field is parallel to the flow ofcurrent
electricwhere 'l' is the length of the conductor. The torque M that originates has a value.
This magnetic field source comes from the inductor winding. This is received by
the inductor winding, this inductor turns the rotor, which receives the electrical current from
the source through a collector andsystemof brushes.
The collector is basically a switch synchronized with the rotor, which switches its
coils causing the relative angle between the rotor field and the stator field to
keep, regardless of whether the rotor spins or not, thus allowing the torque to be
independent of the machine's rotational speed.
Upon receiving the electrical current and starting the rotation, a variation begins to occur.
in thetimeof the magnetic flux through the windings, producing an induced EMF EB
which goes in the opposite direction to the EMF introduced by the source, e.g., a battery.
This gives us a resulting intensity value:

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When the engine starts itswork, andit is initially stopped, with a value existing
from the null EB, and thus having a very high rhetorical intensity value that can affect
the rotor and produce electric arcs in the brushes. To do this, aresistanceen
series in the rotor during startup, except in small motors. This resistance is
Calculate for the engine of the rated torque at startup.

Under certain conditions ofworkamotordirect current can be dragged by the

load and then works as a generator. That is, the engine absorbs kinetic energy from
rotating mass, so that the current now flows in the opposite direction, since it does not
supplies the line, but it is returned to it by the greater electromotive force of the operating motor
as a generator. This reduces thespeedof the engine, thus having amethodbraking.
Regenerative braking can be used when energy returns to the line or dynamic braking.
when energy dissipates in aresistance.
According to theLawfrom Lorentz, when a conductor through which acurrent
electricimmerses in a magnetic field, the conductor undergoes astrengthperpendicular to
plan formed by themagnetic fieldand the current, following the right-hand rule,
with module.

F: Fuerza en newton
I: Intensity that runs through the conductor in amperes
Length of the conductor in linear meters
B: Inductionin teslas

3. EQUIPMENT TO BE USED

ACTIVE TEST BANK DC GENERATOR

Order number SO3636– No. 200 26

6U 984

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Nominal Voltage 230 Tension armature 220 Volts

Volts
Current 3 Armature current 1 Ampere
Nominal Amperes.
Current 9 Conexión Independence
Start Amperes you
Maximum Torque 10 N·m Connection Shunt.
Power 800 VA Connection Composed
Apparent
Regime of S1 Tension 220 Volts
service
RPM max. 4000 Field current 100 mA.
Degree of IP20 Service regime S1
protection
INTEGRATED AMPLIFIER RPM 2000
Peak tension 600 Degree of protection IP54
Volts
RMS Voltage 400 Norma VDE 0530
Volts
Peak current 10 Thermostat 120° C
Amperes
RMS current 7 GCC/MCC LUCAS NULL
Amperes

ITEM GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT CANT.

1 Coupling sleeve 01
2 Coupling cover 01
3 Universal charger for 300 watt machines 01
4 Starter for a 300 watt direct current machine 01
5 Field regulator for direct current machine 01
6 DC power supply 01
7 FLUKE digital multimeter 01
8 Safety connectors 04
9 4 mm² cable set 25
10 Analog/Digital Multimeter – Power and Power Factor Meter 02

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4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEME

1. MEASUREMENT OF THE STATOR RESISTANCE

This measurement is performed using the following methods:

Volt-ammeter in DC and AC.
Precision ohmmeter.
Measuring bridge for small resistances.

Measurement of the Rf and Lf of the field circuit. See GCC

Measurement of the RD and LD of the compensation circuit. See GCC

Measurement of Ra and La of the armature circuit. See GCC

2. MEASUREMENT OF NORMALIZED INSULATION RESISTANCE

(IEEE 112/1978–item 4.1) and (IEEE–43 / 1991)

3. MEASURE OF ROTATIONAL INDUCTANCE (Gaf)

Figure 3.1: Measurement of rotational inductance

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4. EMPTY TEST (IEEE 112 /1978 ITEM 4.6)

Only to control rotational losses.

5. LOAD TEST (IEEE 112 /1978 ITEM 4.2)

For the load test, the dynamic brake LN must be connected as BRAKE and
selected in TORQUE control. Follow the teacher's instructions.

P useful = T (N-m) x RPM (pi/30)

EF = Useful power / Income power

6. TEMPERATURE TEST (IEEE 112 / 1978 ITEM 5.3 MET. 3)

It consists of recording the temperature and time and having the Temperature Vs curve
Time. The minimum time is 04 hours when the temperature begins to decrease.
at 02 degrees Celsius during the next two hours.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

Shunt excitation motor.-The inductive circuit is connected in parallel with the
induced circuit (they share the same external source). Both circuits are
calculated to work with a common source.

Figure 7.1: Shunt Excitation Motor

ILIa + If
V = Ea + (Ra * Ia)
Ea = Gaf * If * Wm, Te = Gaf * If * Ia, V = Ea + V

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V = Vf = ( Radj + Rf ) * If
Fneta = Ffield - Farmadura

This machine has received this name because its inductive winding is
connected in derivation to its armature. This winding is made up of many
spirals and a thin conductor properly insulated.

Motor with independent excitation. - In order to obtain a current of

constant magnetic field independent of the sudden changes that occur in
the load and to improve the torque and keep the speed much more stable than the types
previously, we will power the field circuit through an external DC source and
independent (avoiding the existing variations in the armature circuit
interfere in the field circuit). The armature circuit will have its own source
so that the existing variations (due to the load) do not affect the circuit
inductor. Therefore, the currents Ia and If are independent. Next, we can
detail the following equations:
V = Ea + Ra * Ia
Ea = Gaf * If * Wm, Te = Gaf * If * Ia, V = Ea + V
Fneta = Fcampo - Farmadura
Vf = (Radj + Rf) * If

The field circuit has the same construction characteristics as the type GCC.
shunts and differs in the use of a completely independent source.

Compound excited motor.-The more stable operation of motors

hacen que la máquina sea de muy buena calidad. Para lograrlo los fabricantes de
DC machines have combined the characteristics of a series motor and a shunt.
they then create composite machines that bring together better characteristics than the
machines studied earlier.
Fneta = Fcampo + Fcompen - Farmadura
Fneta = Nf * If + Nd * Id - Na * Ia

Depending on the location of the inductor circuit connection, this machine can
to be called: Short and long pass.

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5. OBTAINED DATA

a) Vacuum test
V (V) I (A)
0.96 -0.3
1.02 -0.35
1.08 -0.45
1.14 -0.46
1.2 -1.5
1.26 -1.8
1.32 -2.8
1.44 -2.9
1.5 -3.4
1.56 -4.6

b) Short circuit test (Weight = 2.1888 x 2 kg)

V (v) I (v) N (RPM)

0.960 -0.37 0
1.680 -0.7 124
2.4 -0.75 254
3.36 -0.83 425
4.56 -0.9 642
5.520 -0.95 800
6.72 -1 1020
8.4 -1.1 1330
9.6 -1.11 1535
10.56 -1.12 1709
11.28 -1.13 1836
12 -1.13 1956

c) Load testing

W (kg) V (v) I (A) RPM

1.95 12 1.3 1965
2.118 12 1.36 1979
2.72 12 1.3 1971
5 12 1.29 1971
6. OBSERVATIONS

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The readings taken were the maximum values of the variations shown by

the instruments.

The weights are labeled with different values for the load test.

When operating the loads, start with a minimum load and gradually increase it.

until reaching the maximum permissible.

The absolute value of the obtained currents was used.

7. CONCLUSIONES

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The 3 tests performed: in vacuum, in short circuit, and with load are vital.
importance of knowing the weak points of your team's isolation,
stresses to which their motors are exposed daily, and when these failures occur
often occur.
In the vacuum experiment, as the voltage decreased, it increased.
the RPM.
In the short circuit test, a higher voltage generates a higher current.
in the rotor
In the load test, the greater the weights, the greater the torque.
applied.
For a brushed direct current motor, the direction of the
induced current reverses when the direction of rotation of its prime motor is reversed.
An increase in operating speed requires a greater torque applied to the
axis
The engine will work more efficiently when the RPMs are higher.

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

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The equipment for the installation of the motor must be handled with care and caution.
DC.

One should always check that they have the necessary and non-defective equipment.

Before the axle operates, verify that it is properly coupled to the motor to avoid
any type of failures.

Before energizing the circuits and equipment, check that the connections are secure.
carried out properly and without faulty connections.

The equipment must be activated under the supervision of the technician or teacher.

9. ANNEXES
9.1. QUESTIONNAIRE

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1. List and define the nominal operating characteristics of the MCC. Take
the engine plate data from Primo and the MC.C. Used in your tests.

DC GENERATOR

Armature tension 220 Volts

Armature current 1 Ampere
Connection Independent
Connection Shunt. /Comp.
Rated power 0.2 KW
Tension 220 Volts
Field current 100 mA.
Service regime S1
RPM 2000
Degree of protection IP54
Norma VDE 0530
PRIMO MOTOR
Nominal Tension 230-400 V
Current operation 3.1–1.8 A
Connection D/Y
Rated Power 0.55 kW

RPM 1655
Power factor 0.76
Frequency 60 Hz
LUCAS NULLER 50170

2. From the vacuum tests, graph the data on rotational losses. Make a
theoretical demonstration of its results.

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Go (v) If (v) N (RPM)

0.960 -0.37 0
1.680 -0.7 124
2.4 -0.75 254
3.36 -0.83 425
4.56 -0.9 642
5.520 -0.95 800
6.72 -1 1020
8.4 -1.1 1330
9.6 -1.11 1535
10.56 -1.12 1709
11.28 -1.13 1836
12 -1.13 1956

Va vs If
14

12

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

If (A)

3. From the essay with load, plot the following curves: V vs Ia, Pot vs Wm., EF vs
Wm, EF vs Pot., Pot. vs Ia, Ra Ia² vs Ia

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Power
Voltage Current Torque Power Efficiency
Weight (Kg) RPM Electric
(V) (A) (N.m) Util (W) %
(W)
1.95 12 1.3 1965 4.59 26.99 12.93 47.9
2.118 12 1.36 1979 4.99 28.23 14.15 50.1
2.72 12 1.36 1971 6.40 29.40 18.10 61.5
5 12 1.46 1971 11.77 30.31 23.23 76.6

Power vs Efficiency
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 30.50

Power (W)

RPM vs Efficiency
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976
RPM

Current vs Power
30.50
30.00
29.50 15
29.00
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4. What happens in the MCC when the polarity of the source is inverted: only the field
with constant armor and only armor keeping the field fixed. Demonstrate
analytically the changes found.

When only the field with constant armature is inverted in polarity, the motor of
the current continues to work as a direct current motor, and the speed starts
to decrease, on the contrary when only the armor is reversed, keeping fixed the
field, behaves like a generator and the speed starts to increase, just like the
rpm

5. How would you check if the brush system is calibrated correctly, make a
scheme. If it is not well calibrated, how would this effect impact the
normal work of the MCC? Explain your answer in detail.

First, you need to check that the brushes are perfectly seated, that is to say
that the surface of the coal rests completely on the motor commutator and
make sure there are no gaps, as this generates sparks, then you have to check.
that the brush springs apply pressure correctly to them.
To verify the neutral zone of the motor (angle of the brushes relative to the field
magnético), tienes que aplicar un voltaje de corriente alterna a las bobinas de campo,
and with a multimeter connected to the terminals of the armature and the scale set to voltage of

CA, you have to turn the support that holds the brushes (it is usually like a disc.
screwed to the back cover of the engine), for this first make a mark of

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the original position in which it was placed for reference should be

note that when rotating this support forward or backward the reading in the
The multimeter increases or decreases, you have to fix the support at the point where the voltage
sea minor.

The alternating voltage you apply to the field coils must be equal to or
less than the value indicated on the engine data plate, if the engine is field
permanent (magnets) you should use a multimeter, preferably analog, in the
Ohm scale and by rotating the brush holder you will fix it where the reading of the
the multimeter indicates greater resistance, preferably infinite resistance. (Since the
armor in its neutral zone behaves like a capacitor.
An engine that is not adjusted in its neutral zone consumes an excessive current.
and reduces the engine torque, so to verify that your engine is functioning correctly
adjusted, you have to test it under load and measure the current, this should not exceed
currents noted on the data plate must have enough strength to do their
work, as well as reaching the maximum plate revolutions when it is powered
also at the nominal armature voltage and should not generate visible sparks in the
switch of more than three millimeters.

9.2. IMAGES TAKEN IN THE LABORATORY

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Figure 8.1: Test machine Figure 8.2: Three-phase connector

Figure 8.4: Engine nameplate data

Figure 8.3: Weighs as a test load

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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a) Books and pamphlets

Laboratory Guide of Electric Machines
-M. Salvador G. Static Electric Machines, volume 2

b) Websites
[Link]
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