PULSE
CODE MODULATION
INTRODUCTION
Definition: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) is a
method to convert analog signals into digital form.
Purpose: Enables reliable digital transmission and
storage of analog data.
Applications: Used in telecommunications, digital
audio, and data storage systems.
MODULATION
Modulation is the process of altering one or more
properties of a periodic waveform known as a
carrier signal with respect to the modulation signal,
which contains information to be transmitted.
TWO TYPES OF MODULATION
Analog Modulation
Digital modulation
Analog Modulation
In analog modulation, a continuously varying
sine wave is considered a carrier wave. This
wave modulates the data signal.
TYPES OF ANALOG MODULATION
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)
Digital Modulation
In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a
discrete signal. The process of encoding affects the bandwidth of the
transmitted signal and its robustness to channel impairments. In
digital modulation, a message or information is converted into the
amplitude, phase, or frequency of the transmitted signal. In the
encoding process, the signal is converted from analog to digital form
and then the modulated signal is carried by using a carrier wave.
TYPES OF DIGITAL MODULATION
Pulse Amplitude modulation (PAM)
Pulse width modulation (PWM)
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
THE PULSE CODE MODULATION
PULSE CODE MODULATION
Converts signal samples into binary form
(digital modulation).
Binary codes represent the amplitude of
the signal at a particular time.
THE TWO TYPES OF PULSE CODE
MODULATION
Differential Pulse Code
Modulation(DPCM)
Adaptive Differential Pulse
Code Modulation(ADPCM)
DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE
MODULATION (DPCM)
Encodes signals by predicting the
sample values and transmitting the
difference between the actual and
predicted values.
ADAPTIVE DIFFERENTIAL PULSE
CODE MODULATION (ADPCM)
Can dynamically change the
quantization step size
THE PULSE CODE MODULATION
PROCESS
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PULSE
CODE MODULATION PROCESS
LOW PASS FILTER
A low pass filter helps in removing the high-frequency
components included in the input of the analog signal. These
frequency components are higher than the highest frequency of
the message signal. Hence, a low pass filter is added in the pulse
code modulation technique to avoid aliasing of the message
signal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PULSE
CODE MODULATION PROCESS
SAMPLER
Sampler helps to collect the sample data at any time of
the message signal, in order to reform the original signal.
As per the sampling theorem, the sampling rate is
greater than the highest frequency component of the
message signal.
QUANTIZER
Quantizer helps to minimize the error through the
process known as quantizing. The sampled output
when passed through a quantizer, reduces the
unnecessary bits and also helps in compressing the
obtained values.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PULSE
CODE MODULATION PROCESS
ENCODER
The encoder is used for digitizing the analog signal. Encoder
helps to allot each quantized level through a binary code. The
sample-and-hold process is adopted in this. Low pass filter,
sampler, and quantizer aids to convert analog to digital forms.
Encoding also aids in minimizing the usage of bandwidth.
REGENERATIVE REPEATER
Regenerative repeater is used to compensate for the
signal loss and also reform the signal. It also helps to
increase signal strength. Hence, the output of the
channel is equipped with one regenerative repeater
circuit.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PULSE
CODE MODULATION PROCESS
DECODER
The decoder helps to form the original signal by
decoding the pulse coded waveform. Decoder acts as
the demodulator.
RECONSTRUCTION FILTER
The reconstruction filter helps to obtain the original
signal. In the pulse code modulator circuit, the given
analog signal is digitized, coded and sampled. The
resultant signal is transmitted in an analog form. In
order to obtain the original signal, the whole process is
repeated in a reverse pattern.
ADVANTAGES OF PULSE CODE
MODULATION
Pulse Code Modulation is used in long-distance
communication.
The efficiency of the transmitter in PCM is high.
Higher noise immunity is seen.
Efficient method.
DISADVANTAGES OF PULSE CODE
MODULATION
The bandwidth requirement is high.
PCM is a complex process, since it involves encoding,
decoding and quantization of the circuit.
APPLICATIONS OF PULSE CODE
MODULATION
used in the satellite transmission system
It is used in telephony
It is used in space communication
the compact disc (CD)
REFERENCE
Melnick, J. (2023, March 17). Top 10 free system
administrators tools. Netwrix Blog.
[Link]
administrators-tools/