Concept Note

Amateur Experimental Rocketry

(This project is a continuation of Summer Internship 2025 Synopsis titled)

Design and Simulation of a CanSat-Based Hobby Rocket
Using OpenRocket and EasyEDA

Project Title:

Design and Development of a Low-Powered

Solid Propellant Model Rocket with Thrust Vector Control
An Undergraduate Initiative in Model Rocketry and Propulsion Studies

Contributors:
Anirban Das [23EC009] – [Link] btech23@[Link]
Aman Chowdhary [23ME101] – [Link] btech23@[Link]

submitted to

Dr. V. Chintala
[ Registrar & Head ]
[ Airbus Center of Excellence ]

GATI SHAKTI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

(A Central University under Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India)
Vadodara, Gujarat
390004
 Statement of Purpose
For about a year now, I have been fascinated by the field of rocketry and propulsion systems. The idea of
designing, building, and launching rockets has always intrigued me, and I have spent a significant amount of
time researching and learning about the various aspects of rocketry. This project aims to provide hands-on
experience in the field of rocketry, allowing me to apply theoretical knowledge to practical applications. The
project will involve the design, development and testing of a low-powered solid propellant model rocket.

This project is significant because it will provide me with a deeper understanding of the principles of rock-
etry, propulsion systems, and aerodynamics. It will also help me develop skills in areas such as CAD design,
simulation, and testing. The project will be divided into several phases, each focusing on a specific aspect
of the rocket’s design and development. The phases will include baseline rocket validation, recovery system
integration, avionics and telemetry deployment, and thrust vector control implementation. Each phase will
involve a series of tests and evaluations to ensure that the rocket meets the required performance and is safe
to launch.

1
 Acknowledgements
In the completion of this project, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my professors for their
invaluable guidance and support. Their expertise and encouragement have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this work.

I am especially grateful to Dr. V. Chintala for his guidance in directing this project. his expertise on
fuel chemistry have shaped the overall outcome of this project in ways I cannot pen down into words. Their
insights have greatly contributed to my understanding and the direction of this project.

I am also grateful to Mr. Munnavar Pathan & Mr. Sachin for their continual support and for provid-
ing the resources needed to complete this project.

Thank you all for your patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. This project would not have been
possible without your support.

2
Contents

i. Statement of Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ii. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1. PHASE - I : Baseline Rocket Validation (Propellant + Stability Test) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2. PHASE - II : Recovery System Integration (Parachute + Ejection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3. PHASE - III : Avionics & Telemetry Deployment (GPS + Ground Station) . . . . . . . . 9

4. PHASE - IV : Thrust Vector Control Implementation (Nozzle Steering) . . . . . . . . . . 11

3
 PHASE - I
Baseline Rocket Validation (Propellant + Stability Test)

OBJECTIVE: body tube. This is economically viable, as-well as

lightweight – proving the best choice for rapid proto-
Verify aerodynamic stability and motor performance typing. The nosecone, motor casing and fin structures
using KNSu family propellant. will be 3D printed using PLA material. The motor
The main objective of this phase per-se is to validate casing will be custom designed to fit the KNSu propel-
the baseline design of the model rocket, ensuring that lant grains, ensuring optimal performance and safety
it meets the necessary performance and safety criteria. during the rocket’s flight. The fins will be designed
This phase will involve a series of tests and evaluations to provide the necessary stability during flight, with
to assess the rocket’s aerodynamic stability and mo- careful consideration given to their size, shape, and
tor performance. The primary focus will be on using placement on the rocket. The overall design of the
KNSu (Potassium Nitrate and Sugar) family propel- rocket will be optimized for aerodynamic efficiency,
lant, which is a common choice for amateur rocketry with a focus on achieving a stable flight trajectory
due to its ease of preparation and relatively safe han- and maximizing altitude.
dling characteristics.

We are not incorporating any electronics in this

phase, as the primary goal is to validate the basic TESTS:
design and performance of the rocket. By focusing
Static motor firing (bench), glide tests, Drop Test,
on the fundamental aspects of rocketry, I can ensure
CP/CG alignment - horizontal suspension.
that the rocket is stable and performs as expected
The static tests are important to validate the pro-
before adding more complex systems such as avionics
pellant grain density and homogenity of the grain
and thrust vector control. This approach allows for
structure. To achieve longer burn-time and slower
a more systematic development process, reducing the
burn rates, we are using Sorbitol as a replacement to
risk of complications arising from integrating multiple
Sucrose.
systems at once.
To ensure that is grain is safe and ignites safely,
special care must be taken to ensure that bub-
DESIGN: bles are not formed during propellant curing.
The air bubbles formed due to uneven setting of the
Airframe geometry, CP/CG targets, fins, mass-budget propellant, can form un-even combustion chambers
We have tried to incorporate the airfoil shape in the and result in explosion of the motor casing.
nosecone design to minimize drag and improve aerody-
namic efficiency. The nosecone will be designed using To avoid this, vacuum chambers are used to degas
CAD software, ensuring a smooth and streamlined the propellant mixture before pouring it into the mo-
shape that reduces air resistance during flight. The tor casing. But since we do not have such equipment,
center of pressure (CP) and center of gravity (CG) we shall just ensure that the sorbital-KNSU paste is
targets will be carefully calculated to ensure that the evenly settled into the casing.
rocket remains stable during flight. The CP will be
positioned behind the CG to provide a positive stabil-
ity margin, which is essential for maintaining a stable
flight trajectory. SUCCESS CRITERIA:
stable flight trajectory, recovery of motor casing, mea-
A more detailed design schematic has been at-
sured stability margin ≥ 1 cal, apogee ≥ 100m.
tached in the next pages.
This phase will be considered successful if the rocket
demonstrates a stable flight trajectory, with a mea-
sured stability margin of at least 1 caliber. The motor
MATERIALS & TOOLS: casing should be recovered intact after the flight, indi-
cating that the propellant performed as expected and
Body-Tube (UPVC), Nosecone (PLA 100% infill), cus- that the rocket’s design is robust enough to withstand
tom motor casing (PLA (100% infill)), static test the stresses of launch and recovery. Additionally, the
stand. rocket should reach an apogee of at least 100 me-
We have chosen to use a cheap PVC pipe as our ters, demonstrating that the motor provided sufficient

4
thrust to achieve a significant altitude. working in a well-ventilated area.

RISKS & MITIGATION:

• Fire Extinguisher: A fire extinguisher will be
propellant handling, fire extinguisher, blast shielding,
kept on hand during all testing activities to
remote igniter
quickly address any potential fires that may
The risks and mitigation strategies for this phase in-
arise.
clude:

• Blast Shielding: A blast shield will be used dur-

• Propellant Handling: Proper safety protocols ing static motor firing tests to protect against
will be followed when handling the KNSu pro- any potential explosions or debris.
pellant, including wearing protective gear and

IMPLEMENTATION FLOW:

1. Requirement Definition 2. Preliminary Design

▷ Mission goals: apogee ≥ 100 m, stability ≥ 1 cal ▷ Sketch geometry, CP/CG estimate, fin sizing

▷ Constraints: materials, safety ▷ Select propellant KNSu + Sorbitol

4. Propellant Preparation 3. CAD Modelling & Simulation

▷ Measure KNO3 :Sorbitol ratio ▷ CAD (Fusion/FreeCAD) → OpenRocket simulation
▷ Mix, de-gas (manual), cast into casing ▷ Iterate until stability margin ≥ 1

5. Static Motor Test 6. Airframe Fabrication

▷ Mount on static stand, record thrust-time ▷ 3D-print nosecone/fins/casing, assemble with PVC

▷ Validate burn time & thrust ▷ Dry-fit and balance tests

7. Stability & Glide Tests

8. Launch Readiness & Safety Check
▷ Horizontal suspension (CP–CG check)
▷ Inspect joints, set up remote igniter, fire-safety
▷ Glide / drop tests

10. Performance Evaluation

9. Launch & Data Recording
▷ Compare measured vs simulated altitude
▷ Conduct test launch, record telemetry/observations
▷ Verify success criteria, document lessons

5
PROPELLANT CHEMISTRY
”Combustion is the marriage of hydrocarbons
and oxygen”
Dr. V. Chintala

Combustion is the fusion of an oxidizer and a fuel. For

this project, we’re initially going with the most com-
mon type of fuel for amateur hobby rocketry – KNSu
(Potassium Nitrate + Sugar).

KN O3 + C12 H22 O11

| {z } | {z }
65% 35%

The balanced stoichiometric equation is below:

C12 H22 O11 +6KN O3 → 3K2 CO3 +3CO2 +11H2 O+6N2

potash

A few drawbacks of using sucrose here is as follows:

1. Among all the by-products of the above reaction,

one that stands out is K2 CO3 , commonly kn-
won as potash. Potash is a solid residue that
can accumulate inside the motor casing after
combustion. Over time, this buildup can affect
the performance of the rocket motor, potentially
leading to reduced thrust and efficiency in sub-
sequent launches.

2. Water is used to dissolve the powders, but re-

moving water later becomes an issue. Too much
water can lead to incomplete combustion, while
too little can make the mixture difficult to work
with.

We’re working with a pressure engine, and hence,

we would need to generate huge amounts of gase in a
short span of time. To achieve this, we need to ensure
that the burn rate of the propellant is sufficiently high.
One way to increase the burn rate is by modifying the
fuel component of the KNSu mixture.

One alternative to sucrose, is Sor-

bitol . Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol that
has a higher melting point and different
combustion characteristics compared to
sucrose. By using sorbitol in the KNSu
mixture, we can achieve a slower burn
rate, which can be beneficial for pressure
engines. A slower burn rate allows for a
more controlled release of gases, resulting
in a steadier thrust profile during the rocket’s ascent.

The next modification would be altering the com-

position of Oxidizer.

KN O3 + N H4 N O3
| {z } | {z }
61% 4%

6
 PHASE - II
Recovery System Integration (Parachute + Ejection)
OBJECTIVE: will involve a series of ground-based tests, including
Integrate dual-deployment recovery system with ejec- drop tests from a height to simulate the rocket’s de-
tion charge. scent and verify that the parachute opens fully and
The main objective of this phase is to design and provides adequate drag. Ejection charge tests will
integrate a reliable recovery system for the model also be performed to confirm that the charge ignites
rocket, ensuring a safe and controlled descent after reliably and generates sufficient force to deploy the
reaching apogee. The recovery system will consist of a parachute without damaging the rocket. These tests
parachute deployment mechanism triggered by an ejec- will help identify any potential issues with the recovery
tion charge, which will be activated at the appropriate system and allow for adjustments to be made before
altitude during the rocket’s flight. This phase will the rocket is launched.
involve careful consideration of the parachute sizing,
ejection charge design, and deployment mechanism to SUCCESS CRITERIA:
ensure that the rocket can be safely recovered without Successful deployment of parachute at apogee, safe
damage. landing of rocket.
Success in this phase will be determined by the suc-
DESIGN: cessful deployment of the parachute at apogee, re-
Parachute sizing, ejection charge design, deployment sulting in a controlled and safe descent of the rocket.
mechanism. The parachute should fully open and provide sufficient
The parachute will be sized based on the rocket’s drag to slow the rocket’s descent to a safe landing
weight and descent rate, ensuring that it provides speed, minimizing the risk of damage upon impact.
sufficient drag to slow the rocket’s descent to a safe The rocket should land intact, with all components,
landing speed. The ejection charge will be designed including the motor casing and recovery system, re-
to provide enough force to deploy the parachute ef- maining undamaged and functional. Additionally, the
fectively, without causing damage to the rocket or its deployment mechanism and ejection charge should op-
components. The deployment mechanism will be care- erate reliably, with no failures or malfunctions during
fully engineered to ensure reliable activation of the testing or actual flight. Meeting these criteria will
ejection charge at the desired altitude, using either a demonstrate that the recovery system is effective and
mechanical or electronic trigger system. reliable, ensuring the safety of both the rocket and its
surroundings during recovery operations.
MATERIALS & TOOLS:
Nylon parachute, black powder ejection charge, altime-
RISKS & MITIGATION:
Ejection charge safety, parachute tangling, fire extin-
ter (optional).
guisher.
We are using a nylon parachute due to its durability
We are taking the following risks and mitigation strate-
and lightweight properties, which are essential for ef-
gies into account for this phase:
fective deployment and descent. The parachute will be
n
custom-sized to match the rocket’s weight and descent
rate, ensuring optimal performance during recovery. • Ejection charge safety: Proper handling and
The ejection charge will be constructed using black storage of the black powder ejection charge will
powder, a common choice for model rocketry due to be ensured, following all safety protocols to pre-
its reliable ignition characteristics and sufficient thrust vent accidental ignition. The charge will be kept
for parachute deployment. An altimeter may be in- in a secure container and only handled in a con-
cluded in the rocket’s avionics package to provide trolled environment.
accurate altitude data, allowing for precise timing of
the ejection charge activation. This will help ensure
that the parachute is deployed at the correct altitude, • Parachute tangling: The parachute will be care-
maximizing the chances of a safe and controlled land- fully packed and secured to prevent tangling
ing. during deployment. A deployment bag may be
used to ensure that the parachute unfolds cor-
rectly when deployed.
TESTS:
Deployment tests, ejection charge tests, drop tests.
Tests will be conducted to validate the deployment • Fire extinguisher: A fire extinguisher will be
mechanism and ensure that the parachute deploys kept on hand during all testing and launch ac-
correctly when triggered by the ejection charge. This tivities to quickly address any potential fires that

7
 may arise from the ejection charge or other com-
ponents.

IMPLEMENTATION FLOW:
1. Design of Recovery System 2. CAD & Mounting Layout
▷ Decide parachute type, canopy area, and cord length ▷ Model coupler section for parachute bay in CAD
▷ Determine ejection charge requirements ▷ Provide separation joint and ejection housing

4. Ejection System Assembly 3. Parachute Fabrication

▷ Prepare black-powder or CO2 ejection module ▷ Cut ripstop nylon or lightweight fabric
▷ Wire ignition leads through bulkhead ▷ Attach shroud lines and swivel connector

6. Integration with Airframe

5. Ground Testing
▷ Mount parachute bay and ejection system
▷ Conduct bench test of ejection charge in static setup
to rocket body
▷ Verify safe separation and full chute deployment
▷ Perform continuity and fit checks

8. Launch Validation 7. Drop Tests

▷ Conduct low-altitude flight with recovery system active ▷ Perform drop tests from elevated height

▷ Evaluate deployment timing and system reliability ▷ Measure descent rate and stability under canopy

8
 PHASE - III
Avionics & Telemetry Deployment (GPS + Ground Station)
OBJECTIVE: TESTS:
Incorporate GPS-based telemetry system for real-time Bench tests, range tests, integration tests.
flight data monitoring. Tests will be conducted to validate the functionality
and reliability of the avionics and telemetry system.
The main objective of this phase is to design and Bench tests will be performed to verify that the GPS
integrate an avionics system into the model rocket that module is providing accurate position data and that
includes a GPS-based telemetry system for real-time the microcontroller is correctly processing and trans-
flight data monitoring. This system will provide valu- mitting this data. Range tests will be conducted to
able information about the rocket’s position, altitude, ensure that the RF transmitter/receiver pair can main-
speed, and other flight parameters during its ascent tain a reliable communication link over the expected
and descent. The telemetry data will be transmitted distance between the rocket and the ground station.
to a ground station, allowing for real-time monitor- Integration tests will be performed to confirm that
ing and analysis of the rocket’s performance. This all components of the avionics package are working
phase will involve selecting appropriate components, together seamlessly, with successful data transmis-
designing the avionics package, and ensuring reliable sion and reception during simulated flight conditions.
communication between the rocket and the ground These tests will help identify any potential issues with
station. the avionics system and allow for adjustments to be
made before the rocket is launched.
DESIGN:
GPS module, microcontroller, ground station setup. SUCCESS CRITERIA:
For the GPS module, we are using the u-blox NEO-6M, Accurate real-time telemetry data, successful ground
which is a popular choice for model rocketry due to station communication.
its compact size, low power consumption, and reliable This phase will be considered successful if the avionics
performance. The microcontroller will be an Arduino and telemetry system provides accurate real-time data
Nano, which provides sufficient processing power and during flight, including position, altitude, speed, and
I/O capabilities for handling the GPS data and man- other relevant parameters. The GPS module should
aging the telemetry transmission. The ground station demonstrate reliable performance, with minimal signal
setup will include a compatible RF receiver and soft- loss or inaccuracies in the position data. The micro-
ware for displaying and analyzing the telemetry data controller should effectively process and transmit the
in real-time. The overall design will focus on ensuring telemetry data to the ground station, with successful
that the avionics package is lightweight, compact, and communication established between the rocket and
securely mounted within the rocket to withstand the the ground station throughout the flight. The ground
stresses of launch and flight. station software should be able to display and analyze
the telemetry data in real-time, providing valuable
insights into the rocket’s performance. Meeting these
MATERIALS & TOOLS:
criteria will demonstrate that the avionics and teleme-
GPS module (e.g., u-blox NEO-6M), microcontroller
try system is effective and reliable, enhancing the
(e.g., Arduino Nano), RF transmitter/receiver, ground
overall capabilities of the model rocket.
station software (e.g., Mission Planner).
As mentioned earlier, the GPS module will be the
u-blox NEO-6M, which provides accurate positioning RISKS & MITIGATION:
data and is widely used in model rocketry applications. Signal interference, power management, secure mount-
The microcontroller will be an Arduino Nano, which is ing.
a compact and versatile platform for handling the GPS The risks and mitigation strategies for this phase in-
data and managing the telemetry transmission. The clude:
RF transmitter/receiver pair will be selected based on
the desired range and data rate, ensuring reliable com-
munication between the rocket and the ground station. • Signal interference: The RF communication link
The ground station software will be Mission Planner, may be subject to interference from other elec-
which is a popular choice for displaying and analyzing tronic devices or environmental factors. To mit-
telemetry data in real-time. This software provides a igate this risk, we will select a frequency band
user-friendly interface and supports various telemetry that is less congested and use shielding tech-
protocols, making it suitable for our application. niques to minimize interference.

9
 • Power management: The avionics system will • Secure mounting: The avionics components must
require a reliable power source to ensure con- be securely mounted within the rocket to with-
tinuous operation during flight. We will use a stand the stresses of launch and flight. We
high-capacity lithium polymer (LiPo) battery will use vibration-damping materials and se-
and implement power management strategies to cure mounting techniques to protect the compo-
optimize battery life and prevent power loss dur- nents from damage and ensure reliable operation
ing critical flight phases. throughout the flight.

IMPLEMENTATION FLOW:

1. System Architecture Design 2. Component Selection

▷ Define onboard modules: MCU, GPS, sensors, radio ▷ Choose microcontroller (ESP32/Arduino Nano), GPS module, IMU

▷ Plan power supply and data flow architecture ▷ Select transceiver (LoRa / NRF24L01) for telemetry link

4. Firmware Development
3. PCB & Circuit Design
▷ Write code for sensor data acquisition
▷ Design schematic and board layout in EasyEDA
& serial transmission
▷ Include voltage regulation, pin headers, and safety diodes
▷ Implement data packet formatting and error checking

5. Ground Station Setup 6. Integration & Calibration

▷ Build receiving station with same transceiver module ▷ Assemble avionics in rocket payload bay

▷ Develop GUI or Python script to visualize telemetry ▷ Calibrate sensors (accelerometer, barometer, GPS)

8. Flight Validation 7. Range Testing

▷ Conduct integrated flight test with telemetry logging ▷ Verify ground communication link up to 300–500 m

▷ Compare recorded and transmitted flight data ▷ Measure signal strength and data integrity

10
 PHASE - IV
Thrust Vector Control Implementation (Nozzle Steering)
OBJECTIVE: TESTS:
Implement thrust vector control (TVC) for enhanced Static tests, flight tests, control response tests.
flight stability and maneuverability. Tests will be conducted to validate the functional-
Objective of this phase is to design and implement ity and performance of the thrust vector control sys-
a thrust vector control (TVC) system for the model tem. Static tests will be performed to verify that the
rocket, which will enhance its flight stability and ma- servo motors can effectively adjust the nozzle posi-
neuverability. The TVC system will allow for active tion and that the control algorithms are functioning
control of the rocket’s trajectory by adjusting the di- as intended. These tests will involve simulating vari-
rection of the thrust produced by the motor. This will ous flight conditions and observing the response of the
enable the rocket to maintain a stable flight path, com- TVC system to ensure that it can maintain stability
pensate for external disturbances such as wind, and and control. Flight tests will be conducted to evaluate
perform controlled maneuvers during ascent. The im- the performance of the TVC system in real-world con-
plementation of TVC will involve selecting appropriate ditions, assessing its ability to compensate for external
actuators, designing control algorithms, and integrat- disturbances and maintain a stable trajectory during
ing the system with the existing avionics package. ascent. Control response tests will be performed to
measure the responsiveness of the TVC system, ensur-
DESIGN: ing that it can make rapid adjustments to the nozzle
TVC mechanism, servo motors, control algorithms. position as needed to maintain stability and control
The main component of the TVC system will be the throughout the flight.
nozzle steering mechanism, which will be designed to
allow for precise adjustments to the direction of the SUCCESS CRITERIA:
thrust vector. This will involve the use of servo mo- Improved flight stability, successful maneuvering dur-
tors, such as MG90S, which are capable of providing ing flight.
the necessary torque and speed for effective nozzle This will be considered successful if the thrust vector
movement. The servo motors will be controlled by a control system demonstrates improved flight stabil-
microcontroller, such as an Arduino Nano, which will ity and the ability to perform controlled maneuvers
execute control algorithms to determine the appro- during flight. The TVC system should effectively
priate nozzle position based on flight data from the compensate for external disturbances, such as wind or
avionics package. The control algorithms will be de- turbulence, maintaining a stable trajectory through-
signed to respond to changes in flight conditions, such out the ascent. The servo motors should respond
as deviations from the desired trajectory or external quickly and accurately to control inputs, allowing for
disturbances, and adjust the nozzle position accord- precise adjustments to the nozzle position as needed.
ingly to maintain stability and control. Additionally, the integration of the TVC system with
the existing avionics package should be seamless, with
reliable communication and coordination between the
MATERIALS & TOOLS:
components. Meeting these criteria will demonstrate
Servo motors (e.g., MG90S), microcontroller (e.g.,
that the thrust vector control system is effective and
Arduino Nano), IMU sensor (e.g., MPU6050).
enhances the overall performance of the model rocket.
To achieve thrust vector control, we will use MG90S
servo motors, which are known for their reliability and
performance in model rocketry applications. These RISKS & MITIGATION:
servo motors will be integrated into the nozzle steer- Mechanical failure, power consumption, secure mount-
ing mechanism, allowing for precise adjustments to the ing.
thrust vector during flight. The microcontroller will be Risks and mitigation strategies for this phase include:
an Arduino Nano, which will handle the control algo-
rithms and manage the servo motor movements based
on input from the avionics package. An IMU sensor, • Mechanical failure: The servo motors and nozzle
such as the MPU6050, will be included in the avion- steering mechanism may be subject to mechani-
ics package to provide real-time data on the rocket’s cal failure due to the stresses of launch and flight.
orientation and acceleration. This data will be used To mitigate this risk, we will use high-quality
by the control algorithms to determine the necessary components and implement robust mounting
adjustments to the nozzle position for maintaining sta- techniques to ensure that the system can with-
bility and control during flight. stand the forces experienced during flight.

11
 • Power consumption: The TVC system will re- • Secure mounting: The TVC components must
quire additional power to operate the servo mo- be securely mounted within the rocket to prevent
tors, which may impact the overall power bud- damage or dislodging during flight. We will use
get of the rocket. We will carefully manage vibration-damping materials and secure mount-
power consumption by optimizing the control ing techniques to protect the components and
algorithms and using efficient components to ensure reliable operation throughout the flight.
minimize the impact on battery life.

IMPLEMENTATION FLOW:

1. System Conceptualization 2. Mechanical Design

▷ Define TVC objective: attitude stabilization via servo control ▷ Model gimbal mount and servo linkage in CAD
▷ Select nozzle deflection range (e.g. ±5°) and actuation method ▷ Ensure nozzle alignment with thrust axis

4. Control Algorithm Development 3. Electronics Interface

▷ Implement PID-based stabilization in microcontroller ▷ Design control circuit linking servos to flight controller
▷ Tune parameters using simulated attitude data ▷ Provide PWM outputs, power isolation, and feedback lines

5. Simulation & Testing 6. Hardware Integration

▷ Run MATLAB/OpenRocket simulations with dynamic model ▷ Mount gimbal assembly with motor casing
▷ Validate control response and oscillation damping ▷ Connect servos, control board, and power lines

8. Flight Validation 7. Bench Testing

▷ Conduct controlled flight with TVC enabled ▷ Perform static thrust test with live servo actuation
▷ Compare flight stability vs. non-TVC configuration ▷ Measure response delay and deflection accuracy

12