Syllabus

Histosical backaround af Indian Cncttttin

I.
2Making ot Indian Contitutin.
3- art Sehedules/Avtcles
4-Fundamental Righls
S. Direct Prtnc'plesFundamental Duties
[Link] Govenment
4) Psesident
3) Vice prestdent
c) Prime Mnistex
D) Parlament
Suprema Conrt
7
Stata Governmont
8. Stattoxy/Non stotutory bodies
be
1. 73,74 Comstitutional amendmentt
(o. Lmpostance of Conotitutianal Amendment

HtstorsCal BocEgraund of Indan Concttutjon

chopier i:
was moncpol'am systim
Befere Lncepenene in Lndiathere
was Convertzd as Re
publican
Fsom Mnopolm, Tndia
Coury after Tndependene.
a ttme
suled India tor lg
Porchuges
2. Duteh
3. Sritish
h Danish
S. french

Poxchngees
pprchugees oigjon Vascodigama
Jfon
(Kalicnt ,Keral)
 Cane t Intia fron lorchga ovigin was
M. franci's - D- Albido(1ses). Kocehin was
the major tade
Cenler.
francir- D- Albido irtyoduced . Asper poiey
cther are net
Blue Mater tis
or trade
loued to he sea suta that they

governor qeneral Albu kerk Suspenled the

vicesog
te oas the raezd founder ef portiga

empie in Ina.
establiihed Portupal empire ermanenty
Nicola-D-Kante
in India.
(EIe)
Ln lbl2, Gattle of Salvey bo Brítish and fortga.
Brítichers sn th battle and settled in Lndia
ith the helo ot Jahongir
Yortugalpeople aJert to Goa.
Sy ogeratim Vijagi in 1961, Portugad people left
Sndia Rermanently

Dutch Md. kub Qutub shah

Dutch people took permisci frn nda
ts establuth tade center in Misoa(Mactu patriam

Baitish
lo
Lnda t qet permission to
eiblsl
killiam Hakins Came
Sir

tFade center of Bitish rom ahanirs Court.

people has comintion in Jahangirs Coust, So they
Portgal pex mission.
Brštsh) did not 9et
Siy. Thomas Ro
Came
permissin for
l5 2ndia ts get

esta bishment cf trade centir in India. Lnstead ef

went to Micolia (SoutAI
Jáng ts Jahangir's Court ( Nooth), he
ond teok permission tom Md. Kuli Qutubshah. Startdtherr Fadetom
f

eupanded t North
Sath ant
s
fn l7s7, de to the Battle q Plassy bls Bittsh an
rench, tthers sette bemaently in Inlia
torneh eople went fm Iocsa to
Indonecia ermant
Danish
wtmate gol f Donish prople in India
ertablishmint ond tupansien ot Christioni In India.

french
- Major tsada center cf ftnch people was Valkondaurarn

(Puduccher)
french people went to ndone sia emontntly aftr
1757. lias Indgo
o Major ade ot french people in Indonesia

Eastmpany Eoittch gernmant giuen

To vegulata
2oyears permiscion for maring ttado in India.
Aet
|773 Regulatig Act!
position Converted as
gverner
gmerner
Was
Accorcng to
this act,
t,
General
Bengal Governer ularen thastig
Governer General
war alilliam Sentfk
Governer Geneval of Inda
frret was Lovcd Canning
frst Viceroa
Lndia was Éten Mautt

- lastt Governer General

of

Drdependet Lrdia
was MDunt Sate

firr t
neval was CRaje gealarhag
and last ndéan Governer ge
first in India bonound b

Htahest ciilian award

*
in (9s4{first Bharata Rotr)
c. faje goplacharg
Qenerals Caunei)
Were ot þointad in SenAl
FoUY members Warntattinge.
ints odu ced in I772: by
Collector systm C)
Colle ctor Syste lwas Conve ted inb
NoTE! Ln 1653,
was intto duced bh
Sersces Sgstem. Tt
Caren Valis. Sesices.
Caren Valis ts the father
of
iI
 was
-A0 Tan Seyicer intoducel by Sardar
Vallabhai Patal.
fedeval Court oas estabLs hed in (774 at Kol
kata
Court was' swfted
In l93S, heod quaters of Federl
to Delh from kolkata
as
coerteddas Supreme Couyrt

ef Lhdia.
Caurt (l+3) members were -there
Lo first federal
CouYt Was Sir Eija inphe
*
trt chie Justice of federal

I784 Pits Lndia Act

came to India
príne miniclav ot England
Sr alilliam Pi,
I6 decrease dsputes of bribes.
was dividod inb
Functionx of East Indian Comy
a types. of- Cato)
1. Poittcal Affos (Boacd
(Board ef Directorr)
a. 1vade ttiities
was Called as Dual Government Sntem
were otpointed for
Sub ordnate qvernor generals
Madras and Bombay
in Gweyner
slvength ef Adminisotiue supfeye
s Counci] war decreased fram t lo S
membevs.
General

(793 Charler Act

means Agreement.
charter Ihdia ond Britsh
agreemant Eart
the
20
Qovernment for
to this
According tr act, Municipoli Regnotion was starteo (
-
sT municipoi in Inia Madra ((6&1)
muntcipal orperatinin Inoia -Madras ((686)
 were
ln 72 &, Bombay and Kolkoa
Munictpal Covporains.
Bimil munpy
On'y mnicipait ee loped by Dutch people is

1SI3 charte Act

Enalish Educatin
as
stored for the firsttime in Lndia.
- Enash Educotian in India was introduced by
WilliamBertik'

Raja Rammohon Kkoy sutporte d tor the intoduetsm t

Engh Educotton in India.
J CArGttan Macineries Came
o
lnda to teoch Eneih.
Lndia.
They eponced christianit in
Lndioo trode
was tevminated
orer Indion
Company monopoly over trode
Opened for all wac
1racde with Lndia

Ik 33 chartar Act pott ws

act,
act, Bengal Garner General
>According to Governer General of India.
this
Converted as
Bentik"
Fist
Lndia ic iliam
Governor General of
was started.
Cestraised administation sy: lam
was starte d.
Coun cil
Centtal legislative os pure ly administste
was Convested
Compon
>
East India
mpany skiftedfa (expanded to china.
rade of Eastt Indra was Coffe, Tea
India Conpany in china
Major tade of East

1853 Chater Act:

- (h:
was the last Charer oct.
Cuil Sex ices Eaminations held by
A ccoring his
act. ommissiom (FPsc) in Lon
den.
Fectarl Publie Serue
weye introduced by Carenval's.
ail Ser vices in Lnia
KoyalErfeld Riffes intFoduced by Eaitshers,
G
members were appointed
o
Cental legslotiue cGunCil.
Out cf 6
nembers, Indians( fsassional Gts of
 Madras, Bengal, BombU and Aga)

Solevs eVDlt staxted forn Meerut

la 1857 Man se volt, so the
t Contio Solaer's
-) East India ComPany Filed
y Got. Brtich
was sutpended b

tared dect ulingy by Queon, is oularly knan ar Monarchy

ule!

GOL Act
>
Directtn rutng of Bítish neen startad acordinat
a
this ct.
disded ar follaws
>Adminislftin l0as
i) Bittsh veen
it) Pime MinisterPasiament
t:) Extmal minister

in India Vrcesoy
ighest poctin
was Lord Canning
first Vicesoyot India
(Cul PRroedure Code) Amendment for
Code o
these lawc wee
1860 (LPC) Indian Penl nade in 203.
Grimínal Procedure Code)
Cpc
f
to
ths at board of Cntro and (CSoard
-Acording our t)
directoYE were abots hed
vested wth tthe
Minikter)
Seceary of statas (Eternal
Sitish orginattd places. 4e war assiste
Pouere to Tule
wth 1S mem beYs.
by the Counc of Lnda

1861Indian Ceninci) Aet

-) ounil means
rebresentatin was startd in VrceroA coune)
Indrans
unofrcial menmbers
C

lochans eneved inb th Cential hegslate Cauncil, bohreh waj

estabs he byh Center and Pscinces.

t accbvded stotutory ecognisotin for ortfolios sysim.

- Starte
and omby
De-centalisstion
e
provin s.
of leqrrlate powers tE Maolras
-first ighcourt in India thrghcourt of kol Kala ((S62)
were estabished in Indra in I866.
I: Allahabad
2 Bomby
3- Madvos
- Poesent numbev of hrghcourla in India ae 25.

Lnian Counal Act!

election Htem)
->
Lntoduced election System (Indrect o

Enlarged +he siae ot legiclative Ceunci) from

G
membeve l6
members.
DisCussin on budgot was started.
NoTE! was efoms
Agwarth committee
fn Budget C1921)

ARwath eCommended the budet

Railuy Budget
2. Unian Budget
was introdueed
Sefarate budget
Porliament in 1924.
wene
Ie, on 20l6 the io budoe
meged into one
Cauneil Act (Minto -Movley Reforms)
1909 Indian
started.
- Drre ct electin
o
the cenial teglatute
was

the size of centad legislatire bedg

offcral membexs In Vee
Indians were appoinzd
Ececutve Caunesl
Sinha
oan member is Satyndva Rrasd
forsaw Sotyenda Prosanna Ssnha
Sinha
Satenara nth
memer in Lord Macalog
Fgt lau Insa
Styendranath agore.
-J fxct Gusl Sevant in Lrdia
first Wonan IAS ofkeer 'Anna RajnMalhatra
SepAratt electoratts for Muclims Loas awayded Lord Minto.
based n communit. So hord Minto Loas callad as fother of
Communal Constftuenies.

|419 GoT Act

>It is also Knoun as Montek and Chemford's reform
wlomens for the fct tie partidpatzd in electins.
frst wamnen ele cted in election is Mutthu Laum; Roday
were seporotzd from Proineial Subject.
Cental subjecti
»
In Poincial subjects Diorchiy Systam was ?ntoduced.
were disdecl int 2parls
DiarchyH Systzn, proincial subjecz
Under
ITyantfeist
[Link] Ust
bA he Lndians
nDt ocepted
certey.
&ica is
m
iotroduced attthe membey
was
ŠRinrease 6o
Strergth of legilative cunei)
was (0 members
stvength t legtlatie accemby
(Psca) in troducecd in 1926.
s Publie Sexvie commis Sins
viceoy's cauncl
s members etre Ian.
cd 6membevs ín
sOut
1435 GoI At mac by the Šitfchevc
greatast and largest act
Tt fs the weye adepted
Constitutin
NoTE! Major Subjecs in Lndian
of ndia is
(935GOI At. So canstitutin
frn as f 193S GoL Act.
Called
fron Provin Cial lirt.
Diarcty syilem abolshed
was Introducec
Cental, Stae,
Con Curret ist
Central -S9 Subjects
State -34 subjees
Concurent -36 Subjecs
and Cancument list
At present in Centrd, Stt
- incucing sub bsy
Cental 47 subje cts (oo
Stte 6) Subjecta
-
Concurert 52 SubjecG
 [Link] cato) meneasy poies.
was

Soverner ystem Wac introd ced.

was shifted fron kolkaa b Delh.
Fedaral caurt
ave able o partcialz in elechiens eho o

DAM þeople in India

haue 2years .

NOTE: Vettng age in Tndia, accord'a to 6lconstíttional

a o
amendment is decreased from lSyeos.

(447 Lndian Independence Act

war Lin Gth go
Second woxld waY stasttd.
In 939
Crips missior Came to
India to euest
Ln l442 tMareh 22, ar.
parterpate fn Second wetd
Lndians ts Micsion a
compored Cipe
NOTE: Mahatma Gandli
Post dotrd chequei hond on Atlee
elechiome In kta, Lord clannt
Ln 1946, aeneral
PotmeMinisar candlidala.
Participatd as came o
Lndia
Yd Cabinet Mision
n l946, march 23
hey are |. hor Petik Laore
nce
wsth membeve.
2. Str Stansford Cops
3
Aleonder
miscion submitted therr eport to Gabinet.
Cabinet
was the chaman,
Maunt ßtten Was pacred
Juy 8,
Independence bill of Ira
becae Ince pendent cou
-on (947 Aug IS Lndia
diicded inb
to m
ount Baten Plan Tndia oas
hctosing
Aeountrses -Lndia and lanistan these cauntnes.
princes didnot mee
4
in f
ar Junaghad frouince
Poonee
2. Tsoenkore and Kocchi
[Link] Piovince Psovince.
4. Jammu Kas hnir
 Poonce merged
Cn'y povince. in Indian unin hy tating Plabritz
is Junaghad oravince.
tty lerabad foince merged in înian unien by operttion
Polo.
- Vammu Kashir has special reuilloges 370.
accordu Asticle

Atrcle 370 was Suspended in 20l9 and Jammudkachmir

stata was ided into ts UTs on Qo19 cct3
1·Jammu kachmr
2. hadakh.
Chapter 2. Making of Indion Consttution

In 1919 marttK chemeford seforms tntoduced.

Diarchy systn Lwas erforceol in Ln dia.

cammSS fon Cane to Lodia head

Lordriten
J 9
&7, Ginon Commi sfon Cane b
Tndia.
In 192, Secretary f statit (extavnal minicte) sasd itIndions
are
eally elgible ts Indians muet speak
ndependen e Hen he

ab nt Lndependence. Lndians tock as challenae and

conductrd
it
A\ farties meeting in Delki Motulal Nehu Was chairan,
members ) Sir Te Bahadur Nafru

b ose
1) Netaji Subhach Chandra
Submitted
document wth in 3mntand
They prepared a

Qlahore, charman
LNC held
celebratad
Jas Nawahar
lal Neru
Declaratin. Van Purha Snayaj Dvas

held in Londn (93o, 43] <I32

conferences
-3 ssund table
3 sessians ae Balue. leodav)
-Cammunst
(thanavendranath Roy-
poo pose d aboutIndian Gnstttat,
pDposed
n
dian Constituti.
In 935, INC
Nehu
1437, TNC sessin held at Faizapr wth awaharal
In
as cnarnan. Se ssian held in
a
LNC
No7E Tt is the
Making Indran Camsttutian.
Declaratims:
kl Nehru Said about imþos tanoe f
Io 936, Taahar
Lndian Consttution
Ln 1939, Mahtma Gandh Sard alout Ihcran Canststutiag
in his paper tHarigen.
 leased Auqut offer.
Io I940, Lin
th go
Lo (942, March 2hd Crips macine came to India
was ge eased.
144s, Kasaji Plan ma king cf Indian Cnstitution
In (94S, Lord Veve)
Sad about
This is Called as Vevel Plan.
Cane
o
India ith
In 19e. Marh 23d Cabinet Machine
S
members. Paris hod
- Cabnet machine held elections for' Raigonga
membes attonded for ele cions
ae 3 Sq
Total
Sstth Lhdia -246
fsincely stat 43

out of BrttshInia -246

LNC -208
Musimleagne~ 73
others
not parteipato in the fvet meetng f
Princely Stazs
farikkadl held in 1546 Dec q at PasCiament
Rajyanga
Central hall Deli sth the permission of Vevel.
211 (muslim league not ttonded)
Total membes otende
Sinha
As per the french tradition, Sacidananda
farshad.
afpointc as Temporay restent of Kaiga
Dec 1946,
sesson f Rajyanga farishod held in
Babu Raendra Prasad was fresidet and
of fasgangafarhod.
H•[Link] as depuj choman
Gelagda Narasinka Rao
(s-N. Rao) Loas a poited
aduser tt Rasyonga Paribed.
3 ce ssion Dec, (14
G
objectve resoutM.

22h Jas l947 obje ctiveesolutin was ndop t.

Juy 22 (947 Natinal w adoptad.
Mayn44 Lrdia jsned in Cmmm leatth' Naint.
ave 22
Total no, of Committees
woYKOd for Cmstitutns
Minor coonmíttees 15

Largest comnittee in constitutan is Dratting Committee.

Drafting Cmnitee was atpointd in Aug*h 1947.
chairman of Drafting cmmitt
Comttee was

Dr: BRAmbedkar.
(+6))
Members: lt6
) ANadt Krkhna Swamy yg

ii) kM. Munch

iv) Sir Sayed Sadulla
V) &-L Mittal (Madhava Rao)
vi) D·P. Kathan (11. Krshnalacha)

Major Commíttees
Cmtitutin Committee Nehru
Powers Union
Unim Powers
Righh Can mittee Sar dar
PsovincialCmmittee, fundamental Vallobhoai fatel.

Sub committee an Fundamental Riqht T8Krufalani

Sub committee
on
Minorities H.C Mukhariee
Rules comt ttee, Connittee Baba Rajendra rasod.
Stean
Adhoc committee on Supre me Courk -Vayadacha ygrja
Constitutiona committee G:v-Meualnkar.
ouse Committee 6Patta hi Seetharamai ah.
Committee Natinal Rajendra Prasad.
lem.
committee
- Rajendra Psasad
Finance and staff
Shya Prasod Makhexjee
tihdus Committee
Sk Statas and Unin Cmmittee Jawaharlal Nehru
Mlonans Conmittee tanka Mehattha
- JamindaYs Cmmittee -Dharhanga Maharaj
AnaloIncian Committese Frank
North East Conncil Commíttee
Comnitiee) opinadh Bardouti
(ARsam fetier
-
INc Nehru, Nethaii Subhach Chodra bose,Sordar Vallabhai
Patel

the Commttees subnitte) theiY eor on 194a No 2c

Al
Constttutimal Day erd
So Nov 2h is absobe
Low Dot
Parishad was hetcl in J95o Ton25
Last meeting tor Reiyg
Declarations
un ced
-Natinal Athem ann
a nnaunceo
National
Rajendro Prasad as
Presfdent ef ndia.
Babu
NoTE.
in the middle t Nation al is
Ashoka Chakra
Dr. &RAmbedkar.
.recom mended by

from 1950, Jan 26h Lndia became Refublican

Conctitutin of Lndia Contained
345 Asttcles
22 paK
Schedules
At present Constitutin cf Inda contans
470 (A4&) Aoti cles

2S Parts
|2 Schedules

Constitutim cf India stats witth eomble

Charactesistics of Lnian Constitutian:

Lar aest written cnstitution
becaue
Conctitution is a
larqect wrtten cnsiutian
*Lndian
1Seys
mn
a peviod of 2yeers ll osthe
wnte cnctitution for
Aorld usA
Frrst wstten cnsituti in the n

England
*
fisst cnstitution in the world-
has no constitutim Engand
Country Loch Contitutian
constutin fene6
times Scperded
* Hiahest nof
SulKiest constitutions ane boyred
Many subjeels in
Tndan cnstrtution
fes and added into our Cnstution,
Aifferent caunt

Riqid Cmctitutin
Fleible
&
o amend constutta enity
are able
* Some times we o amEnd.
Pt is difkeutt
ond fot Sometimes

fundamental Kig-G
35
cmstitution from Artele Ja
6
part ot the
about fundamental Righls
Sg'
ect fosinerples and State Poties
btimaz

Secular
Constitutton of Lndia neveY encoaurages me pateulr
equal itrnt ef
qeligin AA vekgims or Cmstituta,
 Judciny sytem in India is ceforotd foy tecutive
Single
Cttenship
India
Consttutin one citienihit Tkis Camcept

i: boraed from Engand.

>fedaral form of Government
*
In lndia cente governmeng arerthere
and state
Itgheit towes vest with Centrad gevnnent
transter from Cat
Pover t stata
NoTE: The wrd federal not nentoned in
of
Indian Coanstitutien,bt in Teatime Irdia
a
is Fedarad forn et Gevernment.

it

Lofluence on
Iodian Consttttion
()England
*Pariomentay syeten
Single Cieneip
* Cabinet
Rule ot Law
* Bicameralism
* Cegislotue procecdure

(2) U.S -A.

f Fundamentad Righs
* 2ndependent Judieiay
* Vi ce
Prestdnt fosition
President
* 2mpeachment ef onc tHqk court Judges.
* Removol of Supreme Cout

(3) Canada
x Gavt
fedaral form of
Ctot governere by Cantil
Appoirtrnent ef stot
*
Adisoy the judiciarg Suprene Court
()Treland

Nninatin of members is6 the

the Rajya Sabka

Method of election of the Presicent

(5) U.S.S.R
*
fundamental Duties
Ldea cf economic eqmaly

(e) Gexmeny (Aeimar Cmsttation)

t tha time emergereGes.
Sucpension of fndamntal ighti

(1) Soth Aica ansstrtian.

* Procedure t amendment of Lncan
of Rajya Sabha member.
Electin
(8) France ond Fretonilg
*Repuolic, CGberty, Emaltg
 mte (1961)
irst Case on Preamble is Besu Bari Case

*Ln this Case Supeme Court Said we are unable to

amend the Preanble. Tf we anend the reamble, the

stFucte f Constitutin is gring to cbange.

ase.
In 1473, Keshavananda Bharthi
we can anend tthe
nthis Case Sugreme Court Said,
pramble but it shad mot impet the stucture
of

-he Tnian Conststution.

According o
42h Amendment ef Constitutson In l476
(ndiya Gand) aended our Preanble. Three wDrds
were
added ney to the Pream ble ane
Se cular nd
Sotast,

Sovereiqn Suprame
word Soveeign eprecen people
people has
The a well as
e ternal

o make decisions internal

Power can dctate the GI.
íght
matters. No extaxnal

Socialst shauld be shared

wealth is generatzd Socially
Govt chald rgalat the ownerslsp
equally by soiey.
Seefe Soco ecoomic
of land and industry to educe
inequaUties.
ies under Puble rivato
E stabl'shment of industr
Partnerslep

Seccular
ang vebgion. Govt.
Cit12ens have freedom to
reliion
folla
Govt. trecat .
Should met have oy
any offeial
egual espeet.
oll eigin belefs and practcos wth
- Democtic A
form f Govt: ohere people enjy eguolly potit cal

ighs leople
For 4he Pe ople By the People of the
Republie on ele cted persm
The head of the Stat is

Sequence
Democratic, Re publle
Sovereian, Seciaict, Secular,
Aticles
Part
|Stato Bonday -S-|)

2 |2-35
Fundamental Rigut
36-5)
DPSP
SIA
A Fundamestal Duttes
52-15)
Unin Govesnment
1S2 237
State Government
-236
Psovinces
239-242
Unin Territories 243A-2440

4 Ponchagos
243P-243Z6
Municipaltres
243ZH-243 ZT
lGoperatie Socrettes
244-2yA
Tsibal Area
Relation s
ys-263
Stata and Centro

Trade,Commeee and Site 264-3O0A

l2
racle and CommeKe with in Indan Baundar -30|-307
13
Serices 30s-323
A) 2nia 323A -393B
Teibunal
E
lecion Commtssion 324 -329
IS
Special Iroistons 330-3Y2.
17 ofhciat hangue 343-35I
352-3G0
Emergen 36|-367
14 Miscelaneous 36
20 Amendment
SpecialTransitlans 369-392
Hindi 393-395
 Schedules
|. stata and it baundaríes
2. Salaries
3 Qath cnd tffmatio
4: Raina Sabha Seats
S. Admfoistration în Toibal Areas
n
6. Administratien Nosth Eatan Stales ToibalAreas
stat and
Central, Cnckorent Cists
8
olrcial langage
9. Land Reforms
lo. Antf defecttn
Panchayats
(2 Muntcipat'ttes
Past -1
Axticle -1

a
Inda is unin of staes
means Bharath.
Lnia
s
ndia a
unin of AS stats and
Aceording GoI Act, tormatin ef staes
1435 ias

started. () Sindh(s) (2)Odsha were

(1936)
>
Atthe time ot Inependent, there l4 statis
29-Telangana (ol
2-& -
Jharkhand (200)
Chattisgoadh Ceoot)
27
26- Uttaralkand (200)
2s- Qoa Ci9s7)
(1967)
24- mioran Pradesh 19e7)
23- Aunachal
22
SiKKim (475)
meglalay ((172)
2]
20 Toipura (972)
C1972)
?1- Manipr
49imacta Pradesh Ci9)
((9)
ayona (1166)
l7- Nagolond (1965)
l6
Sujavath (inco)
Is-
 Jammu Kashmir tas disced tnto a
Unin Tevsítover

|: Jamme Kashmir 2. Ladakh

28 states 9UTs.
Nagar tevei and Danan du mevged
Cn 200 Jan 26 Dadra
togetheY:
UTs.
28 statas and
&

So formed

Article 2
:ormation of New States.

SiKri was mot part of India, it

Before 1975
was under the gule of Cho31al Tulers -Tibet.
constitutional aendment, speeral privilages
As per 3&th
proved tor SiKKim stata.
ment in 197S Skkin
Constitutional aninde
Aster 22hd stata in Lndia.
was conver ted as a

Goa
under the rule of Portuguese peole.
Goa Was
Before 196l, Goa was Uberall'sed
in 194
By operatim výy-l,
from Povtugnese eople. Goa,be cane
6 con stitutional amendment
a
Goa was UT.

State of Lndia, Frm l46|-14&7

In [Link] is
converted os stat.

Asticle 3! Bifurcation of
stoe
want to
o the of Inca,
stae belongs
accovding to

he Statz then it is possible

bifucarat
Aticle'3
Poocedure
Bifureatin bill be preþared by Moristy off ttome Arffaits.
Bil has to
set to esrelent tor Irtimotion ef Burcotia
- Presiclenta sends the the cncerned stata
bil) to

he bill frn Concerned ctate ascemply wll cae to fasliament

he bill has ls pacs in both Lorsabha and RaiyaSalha
The passed b7l wiW be send 6 Poecident for apprvol
Once the resident appyoves, the bin ef biurcation ) be enactd.

Atcle
370 Specral Prvision for JLK
Bonbag trts Moharasktra ond usorotth s" she)
311A Nagalsd (Nagakils -tNeg tibe region)
(Bodos -tribe -8odo land
egion)
Asramn
371c MonipuY
S71D A:P.
Central Uniersities or Af
371E
371 SiKEim
3714 1 Miz0ram
Arunachal Pradesh
1 Goa
3711 be
daloped
Karnatoha (Cernnonfontiey shauld

short cut
37A-37|H K
AP APCU SMAG
NAM

Rajy Sabha
oa Seat
Artice 4: Attcle 243
Allpcaton cf Rajua
Sabha Seat accordrgu
Seots
combined in Rajyo Sabha AP
In Population 58: 42
A6ter biturcatin
onthe bast of
Sa bha Seats
)

TS
fart- Gti2enthip
Articles 54) say abat ctiencip of India.

*Article -5 India
in before
People oho are bo 450 Jan 26
are oll Lnans.
bifureatz
NoTE! Tt eemptian tothe people
is tho ae
fron the teritory f Lod'a.
Paktstan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and yonar
myenm
Eg:
people

* Aticle-6 of feople oho

cttenibp
It describes abut the fakistan.
migrated intLndia from
Manmohan Singh,
[Link]
E:

*Article-7 citiensip f the eople

sho
Lt is about the
migrated to Pakistan frm Lndia.
Muskasaf
Pare
Aticle -s beople oho a re
the cittenslip ofthe
It is abat
Resident Indans)
out of India (Non

* Aoticleq peo le
who lost lherr
It is abont the righa ct the
cititenship In India

* Asticle-lo
4 is abot the continuan ce of Cititenshi

Arttcle-)
o
Pasiament of Lndia has ight make amendments af
Qtizenship.
,Lndan ts always In dian.
Cittenchiþ Amendments
Amenment for tiencip in India ís dme foY 7
tmes.
in (95S
I986
1493
22003
200S
2015-20|4
2019
Amnendment act a person in
19sS itttensip
are
atizensip in S way. They
India Can get Lndan
A) Sixth
B) Sy Regit ation

) B Decent
Natiralim Union.
othex territories
n
Indan

Birth
to Indran oMain then
the parenls are
is a Citten° of Lnda
born in
their child Lndians Lna
E: A)
(6) By Reejstation:
person and
a foreigrermared to Indian
2f for 7 years cmtinuns
period în Inaian
stayed Citenchip egtit
then the fovesgner Can

in Lnda. Sonia Gandki

Decerti outs de to Lnoia fax
persm who bom Indea
who has fore
domily ingin
t6 therr
porentz
tor Indian
ne born perSon Can
then the helshe stayed In India"for atleast 24pas
Citt2en if
a Continuous Peofod. G9' Anala, Katrina
In
get the cihtenslp f
want to
they must have to sodttythe to llang
[Link]
must fn India for l years
i) They Ste
at(east one language menti oned fn
i) te(she must Khw
Mether.
8 sehedule ef the InolanCu [Link],
Theresra (ht) eshe must respect Lnan ttue and
(t) &y In corparating othe
other territories to
Iraan Union

other teritoy merged Pnto Indian Unim, then

people af that trítory can get Ihalian Citiensip.

E9 SiKKim, Goa

1986 Cit2enshp Amendment

one amamg the pon i's a

wsho has tleast

-Aperton e can get Indtan Gienshp.
Ctit Lrdia

Crts2encip tmendment
2003 ant illegal nigront
Tt- is abut
other tertoies to
14 any persn migratid frmfrn one prof of hsy ker identity
must roduee [Link]
Ind'a
Ctizenctip Amendment
2005 provides
to the
Aceording
ndian Cmsitutin,, Inda
Csingle but in 200S
one
provioed to NRIs (overseas
"Dual Ctitensip
Citfen of India).

2015-l6
povisins þertainin, thea ocI
õ
Modiied the
Coverseas Citten of Lndia) pm
crple et:
rsi,chnsttans stho
Pa
tindu, Sikh, Buddh, Jain,
migratid t5 ndia from Paristan, Afghanstan,
or before Qol4
Bangladesh, Myanmar
get Ct2enšw cf India.

2019 Ctftensi Amencent

CAA Gitensltp Anencmant Act)
G#tensesp)
NRe National Registratsan of
 Texmination of Indian Gt1eshp
A
person ws) (6ose înalian Citiensutp in 3

(i) Terminatian
(iT) Renunciation

() DepUation

Part Fundamental RiAkt (Articles 12-3S)

trom wsA
Fundanental Riahts arl bored
- fo UsA. Fundamerrtal Krghi ae Calkd as Bi)l of Kights.
carta (Ape)
Magnaca
are recommerded
fundanental Righa in Lndia
Gala Gngadhar Tilak!
f-Rs are classsed ino 7
the beginning
[Link]
At

Fqualg (A-8)
> Right tt Foeedon ( t9-22)
23-24)
9kigut ogaint Exploitatin (
Relieion (25-s)
4) fight tbfoeedn tran
5) Cultual and Educatiorl
Right( 29-30)
) Rigat
Poopeoty ( s)
Remicl'ance (32)
) Constitutional
Righa
inttoducon cf Fundamental
) Axticle (2&I3
Arttcle 33,34 <35 Sey
Fundamental Riaht
was ge moved frn
Consttutinal Amendment; 1978 and
H4
accOrdna to leg igt
Arttcle
added in 30oA not Fundamentol Riqht but t
Nas Rigtt is opn is

a is
Axtrcle 2:
*Itoduction of Fundamental ights
Fundamental sights the rghti for ae indiidual Pespk
fRs 'have egai &yusis diction.
 Artc te 13!
doesnot Gare
Supreme Curt of India and larianent RigAte.
ighls G make laws againtt Fundlamertal
Asticlel4
An are e,ual before law
Arttcle-|S
of Gendar, Case, Reliaion,
NoD iscimination in qrand
ace
ra ce Clocati)
Place cf birh and

Asticle -l6
for Backward classes
ResaN vatios
constitutinal amendment,
rOLervations
Accerding eh
b
prmotions in job.
previcled even in

Artiele-17 Untouehabily.
Abotion of

Astiele -18
- Aboutin ef
Exemption!
Specral Titles
itles honouved by the geveTnment based
an

educotion, psofeion. Padaaibuchan

admasri, Padra Rluskan,
Eg: Dotorala,

freedom (Arti cle l9-22)

F.Rl2)
Rigkt ts

Article9 freedoms
type of
6 y Press frcedm
Right Spoch
19) without arms
- rosmation of assemblies
192) (meetng) can Carry tollar
Fremption For Sikh communitGthey

formatian of unions
(9(3)- Exemptton: for armed forces
124) reedom o move
ang ohere Inia n

196) faeedom to recide angohere in India

(96) reedom b
follaw any profession
 -
Atice 20
- PootE ction in gesfect of cmviehn of affences.
One Cime one funishment

Axticle -)
Rigft ts ing
-Proriding fresh aY watar
)
Sate drinking
- freidrg Roads
) Praiding Qualtt
parkS in esidential areas.
Estab chment of
4) prismers in jals
frouiding basic facitties b
s)- 2

Comsituti
Constutianal amendent in 20
a1 (A)-Accovding
s
ch
has to be pravíded
tor
educotion
ftee and connpulko implementzol from
is
years of child. It
6-l4
Api ,2010
Asticle-22 arrest must be
Prote
-> chion agošntis arrested then the persm
ony pevsm coust)judge
Tf
produced Pnfront of the

time of
NOTE!
ne ver
Sutpended at the
<
21 weYe cuspe-ded.
Article 20
al fundamental tgut are
emergences. Remaining
Eploitatim(riea 23-zy)
tK\) Rightaganst
Asttcle-23
ttuman tTofficing
of
A botion Humans is prohibited.
transporathon of ..
Illegal selling of minors,
E9: Selling of kids,
Article ->4 of child labour
Aboion of are Rrohibited t do
aqe G-14 years
Children
educaten duoingthis age.
work. Theymust be prviced
cmmittee aft pointzd on Chil
In 14T, Guru Paclasoamy
tab our issues
 >In 984, child Labur act was enacted,
Chid albaur act -2ol6 : fsohibitin of employment for belw
14 yeavs children.

6radfram Work jaintt chtlabor.

Chil labut2017
observed as
Child Labur
is
* Jene 2,

to recdan from Religin (Aticle 2s- 2e)

FR(4) Right

Article-25
Freedom to dollnd any eigin.
tree professrfen pra ctice and
and
freedom ef cmsign
Prepogtsm f oeigien. in Sikh CommunilG is Sncdet
Eg: weaina of Kirpan
Srh eigin.
tn the professin

Astice-26
manase re gins atfai.
to
foeedm and maintain institutins for
3 The ight b form
Tegims and pu blie oder. mattar in the
affais
- fhe iqht to
manage

immovabe and movable

to acuie the
The
Poperties

Asticle-27 taxes iD the name of

5AboUtion of cotlecion of
o nisatins I'n Ind'a, colleet
No such reigiaus
taes
d eduCoton tn
au
Axtcle-28 base
be
Prohibltion oft eiqims
educational fnšttutins.
the Madarassas, Veda Patashala
for
s eemptzd
ft is
FRO Cultura an Educahn Rigut (rkees4-30)

Asticle-24 minorites.
languages
(anghages of
af
Piotection of Sesít ond
councils, separatt eigim Councils
Separaz language to protect miner
tangages and
establisheal in Inia
*minory ceripa.

minori ties.
Asticle -30
Development of
educational facilttes for
ecmmicaly and socialy
cdevelopment ef tt ibale
ibals
for Ageney)
ITDA (Lndian Tribal Development
In 1476, education to tríbes,
estabLehed. Tt pravides
pment, self employnent to hibes.
SKil deelo

(Astcle 3))
FR (6) Right o Prope
from furdal ighs
Right t psopet ís semoved acoveing
to Popery igut
frticleB1: Right n SoDA as a
l47S
and added amenament in
44cnstitutsonal
th
Remid'ance(Article-32)
Constituttona
F-R(6)- Artice-32 of
fundamental
kKnn as lotectian
also
Lt is as
cmsicered Arcle-32
Dr
[Link] Constitution.
soul of
Lndian
heart and preme Curt and
6 Article-32 Su
Can
Accorong Wighcourt
According
writs.

of [Link] are:
tGes of
heve ae Wik
S
Typesf
1.
Habeas Corus
2-Mandamus
3. Prohibi tion
4.s.
Cevttorari
uo Warans
) Habeas Covpus

tabeaus Corpus Tohave the bed of

Latin meanlnA
asrested then he lshe must be froduceo
heuYs.
infrontef Court/judge wth in 24
Fundomental Righa ofiberg people gatnst
ît proteeG the
unlbwtul detentian bythe stote or pivatz author9
stala or privalz cuthony
Court can rsrue it aganst the
* The
* Tt Cannot be issued Lshen
court tself.
Dete ion is ordered bythe contempt
- Detetian is loawtul, an is focnampt of court
or

ct the legisloture
2) Mandamus
Meaning - wle Commond (enecutiue auttoite)
per puble serUant
used ts tntorce the performanceof
indiduals or organisthon
Cannot be issued aganst priValz that are
1t ensuve dePartmental instuchiorns
*
o

not backed Statutoily.

aganst. the consitutina
o ce
ofthe
* *tcennot be usedsovexnor
President er the
(3) Pohibitin:
a fsohibitson
o&itm ksue
highar in
A caurt thot is Pos ttn o
a court that is lawer in
Lot agoirst
enceed ik juriiciction
Prevent the latter fam
a jurisdiesan that it dotsnot poses
us urping

t reca tnactsil:
be fisued ain
Jrit of Pohibitin tan
autwries.
jurcal and 9uasi- judcal adminfstrotve autloriiea
ft Cant be icsued againt bodies.
leralote bo dies and prvàl fndrduai
(4) Cestiorari
meaning be cerified o) To be informed.
Ts
to loyer couvg to tribunals
transfer &

aourt issues this corit

b suash ordeYs ssu ed
The by them
cases peninq before th em
or
cetain
n
cetain [Link] feels th athe lawerCrt
S.c. r
the C.
or

This (s dme gone the

tribunal has beyond ibjursdi ction
In nature Pn etontrast t Psohibiton writ,sich
Tt ts emedal are cre ale d by
I Can be iss ued nly taen pubuc ofhces
sttutorily br under tthe Constitution.
ag ministata ofHce
Tt Cannot be is sued atnst
he
(5) Quo- WarYenb
what authoiy or WaYYant

ileathe sntation
u
t prevent
Supreme/ high Caurt issuehis coit caust
a persm Throgh this writ,
of hce by
ta puble
enquires int the legalig of
o
aclaim of a persen to pube
ofkce Subs tartive
dhenthe
Quor alasrans can be issued
puble eAkee a
of ermanet chrocter Creatd
fnvolved.
Stoute bn the Const%m is in
or
minísterial
Dt cont be issued agn st prvalz
ony
ofice edressal tb
This ont +he iqht toseek ersom.
per
fndiidual other than aRRIed

Axticle-3 fghti for Some

Some armed
3 Enemptton fundamental
ot
forces and uniform postt.
cevtain areas.
Artice- 34 appiCable for
ae ot
Fundamenal ight
Eg: Contonment 2ones

Arttee -35 are atpable to unions.

funclamental righa
 Cales on fundamenta
24-2-29
Yorta nt ioh t Jm
VAk goPa lan V
tnion of fndia, Cae o
there Was
Tn hts case [Link] said
13 tq222
vtolgton Of ehriched inarticle
FR
provsion of preventon o t o) pvevenve
4nder the
detenton Act9so)
vs upeme Court of fndia Cae
tholak Narth aYe
No t
DInthis Case Supiere Cort sad fR Sald
yesviction has
Amerdable tothe porlimenty
12
SnArtšcle
Union Ofindia Calc
3) Ma Mena ka qandlht V pevsona
Court Saic vlghtto
Ih this Case Supreme
Liberty under Artcle al
Responisble
Must alšo be JAtBYfNFaiv and
law
y)dva Sa hanf Vs union of Sndia (t99a)
Couvt que toned Anlke {6()
Case Supreme
In this
Qelenva ton for backkoavd clatles Cperghas of Chexi
Resevabon 'for OD C a,
(eayer
horn So
MalíMun Reserva
)ihaka Ve Untonof india (ase
women at hor
>This Cate doals SeUal haasment of
king pla ces

)Shabano Ur wnion of îndia

s Mine stone Cale for Musilm o0mem
This the
forRlght
Vy unon of tndia
lythonas Sa d aboutthe +8ndu
Case Soprlme Court
In this
Moriage
Partlv polticies)
PPSp(Direct princple
otstote
)reland onshmously
Dpsp bariolwed fon
)Ivelavd borowecd fom. Spaßn Sfate
Dpsp is
we-fare, of
Utmate goa
goal of
fundamental Rehts
PPsp onsbtub
partofonstctbn T+(s artof
Tt is v rom re and
borrowd
of
of Mate (oP3la9Tnchvidual Rights
9eHare Judhcatbn
.
No lega
y q do jud uchon pkgly9
Aitcle 36
Sntoducton ot Dpsp

Article 39l c
SDpsp aJ No ligalty INo jurdictcn to go tothe (ort
are.
Uhabk
v)o lated we
ywhen Dpsp
Artcle 3r public
i Ald to +he
Social, CConmìc

welfare schem
tate govt
Muwt be provide
Cen tra
es to the public
Aid to the public
34()-legal Natuiaj Resoúvces
34(2) protection of
> cwealth
3q )
DeCenta liSakon of
equawage lOork.
3(o) équal tòr.
provice Mtnimum ooing day to the ehmplo
34 (e)
yge@r) people

protec tion Of puth & Chfldren by evadica

39C) drugs Alocho)
ting

AYhcle yol
o pavcha yats
porchayat
)establish ment
s
ACcordfnq to
+CA Prom Aricle auzb 2u20
H!
bohch about panchayat Raj qetem
 AYticle enl
Sthvelywood
people
SProvoding conomic benift to the
agen pensions
ad
Sphnygcaty chaltangd
penition
Une mploys >
india Sturted
pehJion for
ist State în Uttar prade h

india tarted peh tionor Ht]ralTa)

Nady
SArst state In

I for Houtebifes -a
Article y2l
wo Men
benitte tor
Ex pla fn chfld developrent)
(Tntegrated
*under c
D! Scheme

and Medical
SpechBesprovide
women
br
Nutitet
reqnsted Company govt sector Meternfta
#fom
#

benifee br 6Months
6

* for Cental govt empoe oen

(eave andt ioned.
or nale pavent
partern Pty (eave ancthionecd
 LJefare of (abou
SMinimum worting
or empouees fhours
provded Mevtal& Physice
Evevy Corn pany shoud
develo pment actites k0omen ueltate
Some om panysfn ihdia : providng
Measurel or womeh
MChstve hon eaves or. Women
ixl-
AYscle
uul
Civfl Code .
uniform men ted
only State in fndia unrform Cvi)code mple

G jovath pattecd i oniton

Recently uttarchand
(ode bfl)
(Pv?| Code [Link] one Act
y uniform
Arhe le us
& year
Nlutvifiovn G educa fon development bro-
chr laven
developrent oF educa toh inthldren in aoo)
-for
so kha Abiyan(tA) proam started.
farva
yeavs chsldren for
48+5 plau school
Q
for o-6
provding Mat
ca
trihbn for Cheldreh
Aticle -Ab
+Econamicaland educational deelop rnent ee Sackavdl lelaua
- for economic and educotinal derelop ment Sovt e
CYcles for bactward classes (s,sT,
Se) In these stady
cisces educatin is praví ded at free of cast
schotors ip, sieilldeloment,ete, tthy pratde

Artcle-H1
Rotection of beath the f eredicating
alcoho), toicatdl pro duea, ety
- Stetes shch banned al eohol in LndJa are Rajastan,
Madhy Pradesh, Gujarat, Biharwttor fradesh.
-Arttele- 46
suert{fe manner and abo'tion
sDeretopment ef agriculture in
slaugti Reislution
for deve topment ot agriculture fn (96b, Sreen
Was started. was
Second Green
Re volutionOperation Rainb
In20o6,
started. caw elaughter is Uttorbradeeh
Lshieh banned
irst stat aadhar cad or onímal in kasastan,
which prared
>frst state
Axttcle44
monumens.
Psotection of istorcal ouY ance nt
must be þroited to secure
7 istorical mnu menß

Cultue.
monumens are protected by
Archeological Suvy
hese
Lndra in Museums.
The Ancênt Monnments PeserVation ct, 19ol was passed
A

gth Marth I9oly by Sítish

n a
cusng the times f hord Curtn.
This et preserves and
A
e
Stores aneient monument by A SI.

The An dent Monum ent and Archaeolo lca Sia

ÅMmASR Aet95&:-
f ancent and historsceal
onl Remauns Act rides forthe reservahon n
mpostan
nmunents and archaeologrcal Sites and emeins f. attond
forthe yeguletn f r
chaedlo grcal @u cavat'ons and
of Scuptures, carvsngs and other lrke objecg.
 Aotiele-Go
- Separatin ef Judietary frm Executie.
>
I. IL,dian demoratie cHste here ae are
-
) Legislaive nakes laur
2) Executfve Lnplement laws
3)Judict y
ohen las are violakd.

Astce -5)
Development ef Intenatianal Peace
Part -SA
fundaertal Dtses
(Axttcle-514)
Acce tording to Susaram Singh Recmmendatiom Fundamental
Dtes are inkoduced, There are lo Fundamenta Duties.
Consitutional mendnert one more Fndamet
Duty oas
war
aalde.
*
Therefre, thee are | fundamental Dutses.
fundanental Dutes
1) To
abide costitutien, gespect its ideals incitutians,
by the
natimal flag and natiomal anthem.
2) To cherish and follao the noble ideats,
dich fn spire
hotinal strggle for treedam.
Soveveignity
) o
uphold and protect Uniand Intzgig
f Incia.

4y To defend the andd ender natlanal Serce shen

called upn to do so.
) To promote hormonj ond sprrit of cSmmon brotheyhoodner
amongst al the plople of India.
) To Value and pre serve the ich heitage of our Com posile
CultuYe.
lo pro tzct imprae the natural fr eniTonnent
andl
per, haimani inthe spirit
8) To pro teet the suentihe tem
ot inguir and veform,
4) Tosafequard of Publie and PriVate properties.
t9 le Stre fowards excellence in al
speas of indidual
 and cellecte atiiay b
send hetr children!
1) Evy eve nt ond rolian has gespnsibii
guaral

NOTE; (F-u) odded t Cnsttution acorc"

is
fr on April
T
2610.
amendpent in 20> implemeni

Part Union Gbvernment (Artrcle 52-15)

President (52-62)
Vice President (6s- 73)
Rsime Minisler (74-76)
Parliament (79-123)
Supreme Court ((24 -1si)

resident (Arttcle 52-b2)

Axticle-52 President b
s He)she is egal
Inda has ane
England.
of Lndia
Poestent isthe Aat ctt2en ts ctmilar portentary
NoTE; Indian Pasiamentar gm
System ef Btia England.

Asticle -53
-
Pouwes ofthe Preside nt goernment
nomin a! head ofthe
* Pre sretent isthe
but head of he natian. Government
de fa cto head of
* osime is
minisler the
nomina nation.
head f the and
Prime'mmiser
Accorcing to AArtce 74(0 Aolministrod
* goremment cuppert
pre srent in
ministry et
Attele- 54)
tlectin of the re sident
o
the resiont is held Elecion mmissin,
mElection
*
members oho are jn elect the pre sidernt
D are Callad
ac 'Ele Ctoral College tmembers.
Members in Electoval College
fAnglo Irdians
D Total sttenatt in LokSabha other than
Landioni)
(Totel srength545 Arglo
ie, 543 SHS-2 543
2) lotal Strengthof gk Sabha eceþt the membes
ohe ae nomin atcd by Rresilent ie, 233

otl Kaja Sabbha member= 245

frm stotes
Noinotd (2

3) members from state

ascecsmblies ineludn
ol
Delki and Puduccheri Tt doesnot ineudde the mem bers
f
stat Leglatfve council.
Total Elecoral college hembers

543 fam Paslsament

233
A 12o from stale assembles
A896

Vote vaue
Total no. df MLA
M.P. Voe Valie [Link]
Total [Link]

Vote Value Total po}ulotio stat

of the
thA
stata fsemby )xtboo

-) 4}tghest Vote value stala e Uttaro Pradesk

 Total no [Link] Polled votes
Querum
2

Arttcle 55! Precselent

Roocecue for Elecion ef
is Condueted by Retoning ofkces undor
Elele ctier
c
Presrent
c
Electon Camis ston Lnia.
The Retuxtng oficer is selected fs the Secnetay t
Sabha in altRSnatie
LokSabha (or) Cecetany
of fcer is
for 2022, Prectdent ele hons, the Retusning
Sabha

for M.P.s
Pink Colour Bolet Paper
for MiL As
Seen
[Link] Cest thetr vote in Pasianent
from Ttheir especfe staz
follawed s Secret Babt sytem and
Ele etin yten
vote transfer method and order f preference
Single
methoc.
List f Psesidents - 19%2) -BihaY
Rajendra rasad (95o
Babu (2termi)
|.
President of India, he is the longert tm
Fiyst hetook
no. of times
advices from
presflent. highest
AccoYcing
arttcle 43,
Suprene Cuit
1962-1967) Tami]nadu
Kadhakrishnan (
2. Sarvepalu vcepre cfcle nt of Lnia
1st 8harata ratna.
+e isthe
wasthe st
presicunt oho
e ceived
emevgencyy
He posecd notinal
China war he im
t Indo- emevaene y
Due1962. Tt -the frst
was natton al
in
ttuss oin (967-169) Telangana, -
3 Zakir
was the
He
frst musin Presrdeted with in his tenure.
He was the firt Prectolet sho
te wasthe shortest tesm Rrestdet.
4 Vanhagiri Venkata Sii (1969-1174) isha
- Fizst sho elected fm indepenclently.
president
on second prefererce vtos.
J He wwn/etected based
no. dment
He
foced highost ef times af impeached wa
intratt.
bt ot irnpenchat
dhe o Irdorfok
war(977
Secmd notinal emei
Ahmed A
et4-) -Dli
S. fakhuddin
Secand Mustm restdent
Secanl pre cfdent oho
ed wsthin his tenre
147S,(476
Internal emergeny imposed fn

Reddy(1977-1962) AP
G. Neelam Sagivo
(DMded A P A-f)
Frst Presdet fom bebre Droupac
age ef 6s yeors Mura
Yangest (pre sdent atthe
Unanimns' elected president

( (962- 1A67)
Punsab
7: Gíani 2oil Stnah
Sicdent
fre t Sikh Pre vero pawer
Opevatin Blue Star, (46 utsUsed PocFet Itito,
He is the Art
pre cident oho

Tamilnadu
8. KVenkataaman C1987- (992)

(1992-447) fradesh
Sharma
4. ShankarDoyal
2002) -KeYala
Naayonan (1997-
Ae was the is Dath Pnes idant
(eleeted ashen he
as 7Jears)
oldest pres idert cf Incia

(: A: P. 9 Abdul Kalam 2o02- 2007)

Presiolent fom
- Tami) Nadu

non- political backaroMnol.

frst
Mahoreashtra
Poti) (2007-2o j-)
18. Protibha Deicingh
ret women president
þresrclent cho trovel fn Sukoi
Mk3o frsir flane
fiut
(3. ranab Mu khejee
2012-2017
- West Berga
te was
the former finone minister fInaa

(2o12-2lg) Uttar Pradesh

t4 Ram Nath Kovind
Second Daith Presideat
J osha
nt
first tribal presrcle
Youngest Precident Jhorthand.
former Governor of
resrdntt so
re ceved Bhorata Ratia

I: Sarvepalli Radhakiikna
2 Bobu karendra Prasad

. APJAbdul Kolam
S. VV.6ivi
6. Pronab Mukherjee

Astrcle S6
Tenure of the Presfdent ewcett when
* Tenure the
f precident is fve
-tenure
I) Pre sient ies in his
Lgteym disease
rÖ) Presralent sutferina ee inpeachedment.
presicent
v) abt
AsHele-57
NumbeY ct apeirtmens constitution,there is no init
ts ele ct th

Aeroreling to times, presscent

butst
multiple
Same estclent for Prasod introduced atodtien
RajendYa
et Inda -BabuCan be elected as þresrolent formy a times
a persm
that
Asttcle-58
Qualiteotions of Prestdent
cf Lnora
Must be
o
cítien
Ag e
should be more than 3Syears
He
she shall not be Svemment sevant
* Helche a inctor ln any Profitable organ etia:
 )is/her nminatin shamld be $upported by ateart So membrs

ef Posament

Astic e -59
Disqualifcaione cf presiclent. hove Sar qhalifcatians
Condidlalu do not
Tf the pe sfolent candidate fs csualiffec.
in Athcle se then the
Asttcle 60
ef the Pres fclen
Ooth and Affatia
Pres rdent is done by
Oathand Afvmatin f the
me Coort.
ChiefJustfce t Supre
Prestdent is 5Lakhlmanth (ithant aytees)
Salarg
After setenent ylaknath.

Arttcle-6)
Lmpeachment af Pres ielent a
¢ þresioent Can beintroduced
Lmpeot hment bil)
Sabha with atleast
ther in LokSabha
+members Sirgnaure. on hie Impeachmet atleost
must be otimatd partament
Presidertbefore the Introdueing of bin ithe
l4 doys Sutported ,then the
presioleut
+
the members
3 2f (2)
tnust sign
Presteent is not hap pen ed t1)
împeachent of
t allgotin o¢ impeaehments faced by uqii
n.
Artrle-6 presfdent
Appoimtment of hew with in 6 mntha
appointed
New presrdet must
be
Position is Vacant.
srom the time olen the presrclent
UntI) this nths Vree Presrcnt f ln dia
G m

acts as Pres fdent.

Aecording to Artele 23, Precreent

rsses
Oroinance•
is 6manths Gweeks o7
mnths (e222dejs
The validtye Orinan ce
be apprevd in Pailament béfore this tme
he bill shol
,
Pesilent aldress the
te Paiament duing
i) Fixst sescion t the fasliamut (Artcle 87 )

1) Budget
ii) Joint

appaink the fling Pessns

Prestdent
According to trtele 75 - Prime Miniktar and Minicty
Actscle
16- Atorny General
(SS
- Governor of the stalas
GoveYnoY
239- Gef ieutenant Jussces
124
- Supreme Court Juste and cief
cwetJusttee and Justces
4217 Hgh Court
finance Commission
280 membexs
and ia
4 Elecion Cmmission CheYman
UPSC ChaYman and membes
316 me mbers
S.C. CommiS sion chairman and
338
Commission

340
Canell chaYman andmembers
344 offeiol languaae
CAG choman
oefDrt wee rly to precfdant
send
Statt Governor shald
the state
law ond oroer maintanane in
Prestclant
Lieutenant Governor Shald sent doily eport to
yone.
3 lecion Commissfon is meed not to sent ong *fort
others oho oppoited ba
prestclent chale
Remanin all Prestolent.
Serd annual eports to

Emegencies! about
Constictution rom Astee (352-360 Soys
igth fart ef Indian
There are 3 Gpes f emergencies.
EmergencH Provis ions of Presrcent.
) Netomal Emegency Avtcle
3
s)
2) stata Emergen (Astrce 356)
3)
fnancal Emergen y (Artcle 360)
)Natinal Cmergeny
Nattmal e mergeny is of twp Gpes
i) Ioternal Emergehy
o)
Extexnal Emergeney

Euternal emergeny

the ttrne t euternal wars, Pressdent

Con impese
At
estesnal emergeny
Procedure!
The emtsgenty bil) must be pased in
Parliament
Payiamnt
wth in ne month tram ohen it ts inkoducadin
hce the bill is passed ond appred by precrlent,
emergene Can Cor be Imposed for 6mths,
emergenybill
lo eand the eme *gentythe
mest be re introduced Snta the pariament
+fheve is no time imit fer exneing the Cmer3erA

entexnol nottenal emergercy Fmpoced

frst to
by Sarvepalli Rodha Krisknon in 962, de
Lndo-China ar.
nd extamal national emegeney
was Smeed by
War
NV. G
in (41, due
o
LdoPak

Intesnal Emegen: and order înthe

foiluye of law
At the time ot
Lnternal Emergehey.
can impose
Count Presieent
Fakruddin Ahmed imposed
A

In 197S-76, TLn'va Gandi was

tntesnalemergpe when
Prime Minister.

) staa Emegen) can be imposeol

s 356, stoz emergen
Astle permisstonf presrdent.
by Govesn orwsth prior are disterbe.
E s imposed the low
when and order in the stat
3

emerg ency g 34cas in a intval

Maximum perfod of state
of morths.
6

frct stata uoheh Imfaset ctate erreYgeny i anjab (19si)

 Longestttme f stala emergeney is impased in fnjab
Hghest nof ttmy in Manipur,
TuDtimes emevgeny ina cingle month is inpased
so
states ohich doesnot imposed statz emevgeny
er far are
Telongpna ond chttgh
AP imposec 8smes in Andhra frodeh
Stato emergency is

i) 1953
i) 1473
in) 2ol4

s) inanetal emergeny
Bnancialemergey
Whn a finaneially depre cced then
Can be impaseet.
inpased Sofar in India.
financial emergeny

of Presrdent
Pardomin Paverr
oning Paers.
Presrdent hai Pord
Accordng tbe follaing
pauers of Prestdent
ineudes
fardoning,
Pardon
2y Respit
) Reprieve
4) Remission
) Comutaton.
ond
conpletly
() Pardon senence and the Convicion disgualficatans.
xemoves both se ntences, þuntshmens and
Tt conurct from all
absolve the
one oMgnaly
a lesser sentence instead of
(a)Respita means awardng eg the phytical disabij ta
1t Some special fact,
awarced dlue to offendr.
Convict or the rgney a

(3) Remissin without: chanqing

Tt xedus the períod of the Senfence moy
A
entence of imprisemment for 4ear
ts character. E:G
nths.
m
ts
be vemitted
 (W Reprieve:
ctey ot
a
the executio of sertence (tspecialy
Tt impies
dhat ot death) for
a
fempoay Priod. 1k purpare rs t erable
o
have ttme to
seek pordm oY Commutotion froy
the conuict
the Pestdent
(S) Commutation, ne form of punishrnent
denoles the substituttn of
It sentanee
for another ot a
iaherform. For erampk, a
deth
, taxn
mey be Commuted to rigorous im
pritonmant oich fn
moy be comrnuttd to slmple im prisonnet:

is the beod of armed forces In India

K Prestdent "
He ís the Supreme authoíta
(commande
of
Atrforce
Armed forces Mite Novg and

Prestdent (As per Artee-))

Veo Powers the aYe
There are
A types cf Veb pauers.h
veo power England
1. Absolute
Power
2 Suipensive Veo
Veb Power U.s.A.
3. Quotfed
4. Pocket. velo
pwer

(: Absolula Vets
Power
fron Parliament,
and
President
bill sent to the the bil)l is atpred, then
formed before biln
neuw government is the m

the Sicdent ts act

government
may
reqest the þre the assent
the neu þrestdeut to ithhold
his assent
onPE PSU&)
the Þawer ofthe wth het
Rasenra frarad helal his aSsent on Saaries ofne
LtS
b the bi).EM' 19s-pr. bith
|[Link]
a. Suspen sive Vet foue! prestdent, the
pre sfolent Can
brl) send to the
or
pasliamlnt ay
m

Porliament. he
pre ssdent
br) to the «the bill to
returthe bil) and
gends
days.
not change the srgn the bill fh 1
then the
presrdent mst
atime Abdul Kalam
9! AR3
3. Qualifred Velo
** ve lo þer.
UsA: Presrdent hasthis prestdent he
TE any bin cend to the fran Poliaent,
tght ts ve dos not have uoh
must þass the bi|l| and he
the bilÍ to Payliament
 A
Re sicent et Inia has no Quabked vett Prer.
Veto
(4) Pochet
to the presicdent, the prerdent has taer
If any bilbill send
not a ct upom the bi).

Velb power tor Postal

Srngh utised Pocet
Es: 4rani tal pendin
Reforms Sill. The bill it Sil

ol-o3-2024
63-73)
Vice President (rtcle
U-s. A:
Position was borsaued from
Vice president
Arttcle-63 and he is the
ne Vice president
Ihdia has
Lndia
Kajya: o+ Sabha.
Arttcle -6y Ex-ofio chair person
president is the he drawOs his
-> Vre Vee lre ssclent, but
Salayr
Thee is nO a Ex-offkcio chaYman of Rajya Smbhalyarhs)
as

Article-6s acting presi dent during caual vacancy

is the
5 Vce presidet or absence ofthe president. ched (o
the
in the ofice passes away(oyresgned o) impea
President pre sident
acs as
When vice
Sufferingtron lifetime diseases is ele cled (Max duvatm manths) G

Presrlent til) neo

Vre srdent as Petslept then heshe
a
Vice Pre srcert is acting
henthe Prerodent
has all tke
powe f
Asticle -66 PVtce President
the
ElectfonElection
f
hesrdet is cmductd [Link].
Vrce
ef the
colle4e members tnc uding nmin akea
A
elecforal r clectsns Vrce Presiclent bytte
Cost heir vola
members
 a Gngle anstera ble ote
Propoxtionloe presentatin using

Vico ressaent
Qualif catons of f Rajya Sabha
He/she shuld
o
be the elected member
Age >
3years

Temne of Raiya Sabha Chaimon

ef nw charman
- Ti) the oppotment

Article-67
Tenure f Vce PreceN
general.
5yees
Cares,
Lnthe follaaing
Set vacatd. vicepressclent pares awag
) when the
sesrgns
Sutlering hram kte time ol'sece
2)

Teme.

n for no times,
as Vee pre
sicde
apointed
able b SarvepalU
Radhakishnan
A person is preHdent
Gmit, but the fist ieman. 2 times.
there of
intoduced
a
tradion
trla nt
Astcle-66 in the
offee of Vice
fe
Cashal
Time of holding t fe the persn elecfed to
f)a
tesm of offce f the
and tte
with in 6 mmths.
Casuod Nacany
must be fled
 Ayhce -64
Vice re sicent
Oath and nfxmation by the
betore tntestng his
his fhce
ofkce rAau shala
Evey vce prestdent
ath be foretho preadent

Acle 70
Dischargefunctsons of president

-71
ie pe sdeut
Anticle
to the electjon t pressdont aral
Mattes oelatd
of Lrdia
Shall be Soled by Sugreme Cout

Asttcle -72
Presrdent
Pardon pawers f

Aytjcle - Unin
uers of the
Executiue
Extent of universities.
o centFa
Chancellor
pre stdent is the
NoTE' Vice

GTdenla
ist f Vce fre
Krihran (19s2-962)
Samepall: Radha

2
tussain ((962-67)
¿okir
V.U. Girí (194- 1964)
4 Goal Sosrut Potak (1169-1974)

5 [Link] (l94-979)
tidayatullah (A79-19s4)
G.
Rvenkoa Ramae Sasamy (1984- (187)
1-
Doyoad Sharma (198792)
8. Shenar
1: [Link] (1992-4)
D02)
l. Khan Karth ((492-2 (2002-200
||: Bh ajron Singh Shekhawat
 Hamd Ansori (2007- 2014

13. Venkaiah nadu (2017-22)

Jagcleeþ Dhankor (302-prtset)

NoTE' Krishon Xarth

his tanune
Vice presiclent ed before

Poime Mintsler (Atcle 74p1e)

f the 9overnment.
Psime miníster is the de-facto head

Asttcle-74()
advies (on Supforts In admínistretiy
Prime minister and Minisfrg
a
nmina head o
governmett)
to the President: (Presdent is

Artcle-742) Minister and Ministy to te

adice given by frime
iable in Court
Rre erdert then it should nt be

Tenue ofthe Posme iniser

Sabha.
T| the confdence of Lok
In the folnsng
cases, P.M. and ninisles an
()ohen Vot ofThanks notion
bil) s
rot passed in the
parliament.
(i) when financal bi)
not a
ccated by'the faslament.
budaet is mot aceptd by the asiament
(i) T{ enacted.
((y) when privat. bil) is passed and

Arttcle -75(0
pot leader is appointad as Pone inisr
Majonty
Seaa)

Artrcle- 752)
Pime minister and Cuncil of ministrs ane Combin elly vesponsible for

Palianent. bot iesa

 ticle7S(3)
ministtrs are indiisduy
Psime minisar and caunl of
esfmsble for Presfalet

Ayticle -7s()
Saloes, Allowences, o
ath 4 Afffrmaan o
te PiM.

Axtrcle-7s(5)
may be apposnttd frm
any haseofthe fosliomat
hase
Pofme ministEr
Sabha
ie, either Lok Sabha (o) Kojya
Indhira Gandi
Arst PM. fran Rajya Sabha
Deveguda
* Secmd Lk. Gujal I.k-der
Kumar
Manmohan Sing
(Assam lastiaenty
seat)
doe not
Attce-75(6) ppointeol even if he/she have memberni
Ptme Minista Can be Sabha. Ln Such cose, the
Koye
fram either lo Sabha (o) oy
fram ertther a LorSabho
P•M. must et membercip
n 6 months
Sabha wth
Ex: PV. Nara Stmha Ra

Atice-78() bills In Patiamet, Pressdont

Before t6 precent the
the bil)l.
must be trtimatd abat
Financa bill.

As4ice-1e (2) b'lLsmust

After fossing the
bils in Pariament,the
ond Conci) ot míníst ies.
Presídent by PM.
be Sentt t the
((Planning
ex- chairman of Niti Ayog Coumisie)
No7E: P-m. ts the ofio
Wcharn an of (Notinal Deelpment canict),
NDC
Cantrol
of interstaz cauncil, chofrman ot AIDS
chirman
boavd. Chaiman of ansus Contro) Board, Chasman
of

o
fferal language Councl.
 List of Prime Minstec

) Jawaharlal Nehru (194 7-1964)

Potme minicar
-> Frrst prine minfstr nd the longest term
Architect cf Indi'an Plans
ol comunist Counries
fhest
by Nehvu
; f India
Nanda (27moy-
(a7"May th June 196y)
Nanda
2) Guljarilal
presrtent
first temporary
(1964- 1966)
Lal Bahadur Shasts
India) wa: Sntsodce
3)

Covtoration of
Tn l965, FcI (fod
ecomnendation of LK Tha Cammitte and
by the Conmmissson) to gie
rfee
also started APC (Aartulture
minimu Support Price (m
war 4bS war hapfened
Lndor Pak
Jai Kisan
Sloga Jd Jawan
(uth Jan 24 Tan 196)
Nanda
(9 Gujar lal
Tempora
(1966-(477)
(5) Lndra Gandi
Kajga Sabha
fist PM. frn
firsh omen P•M.
tntroducadprerented budget
Hrtt women oho

firtt women ho got Bharat Ratha

were
mationalised
(4 banks
Tnte nal
emergency imporecd
|47S -76
Scheme Started
1969: Led bank Fire)
Smiing Guddha (NuclearTest
1q74:
(6) Morarjl Desa ((977-79)
nn-camgregs part pime min istar (Janstha far)
First f Pakstan (Nishan-e-fatistani)e
Rectved highest ciilian award
(7) Chaudary Charan Singh (sthJuy 1979 to thgan (4 Go)
Pm,ho neer went to the Paliomot

(8) Lndira Gandu ( 4So- |9s4)

- Frst Fire (Smibng
Nuclear Test Fire
national'sed in,
Suddha)

Operoatton Blue Star

(4) Rajiv Gand(19ey- 19 84)
age of 4st years)
Younqest PM. at the intFoduced by Rajiu Gandi
wa
Technoloqu in Inda
Dec I9c9– 18h Nov 144)
(() V.p. Singh (ene
1991)
Sekhar (16th Nou 1490 -June
(1) Chandra
Rao( (441-1496)
() Pu. NaYasimha reforms
Economsc
introduced memberi) Complted s year
Minoiy Qot (<273
Sahasra Pann
Vajoyee I996-19
AB
Dee gouda
,[Link]
()
VajPayee
(948-2e4)
()
Atal Brhari
in 1499
Kargil war
KIan, Tal
Vignan
Joi Jawen, Jai
Garibi alao

Manmohan Singh (2o04-2ol4)

(9
Present)
(1 Narendya Modi (2ol4-
an, Jas Vignan, Jas Anusand han
Slogan: Jas Jawan Jai ks
duspentin of Asttcla 370.
Tmplementaton cAA, NRe
f
Sugpensiom of Tiple Talag
Annaunced Uniform Ciil Code.
ne Nation one Ration) One Rank one Pension, GST
 ot~o3-224+
fouiamet (79-123 )
Sabha, Raiua Sabka and Pre siclant atogetherlatanen
7hok
Artice79
In dia has one legislatie Coune) for making laws.
and
rChitect off Tnaan old baslamnt fs Str Éduin Lutiens
Sir ttarbart berar.
(bsth LsdRs tog eta)
*
First Session war held in 19 52
cf the Padiament
Sabha
*Frrst Secsion ef the Apsil
fn (9S2
*first Lor Sabha
was stortod in (921 and
comleted
cnstruchon
old Pasianet 1 tt was started b
iconie crce shae.
in (427. Tt in Vice
is

Lord Ern then roy) was held

penalence)
paslrament before inaa
secsion o the
Frxst
in 1qs Jas (927:
is inaugaratty
new poariament Bhimal Patal, Tt
* Achitect ol lt is enamed as

modon 2g Moy 033

by Narendra
Samsdhan Sadhan.
oas done n
ato 200)
n old pariament
*
Teort attack
by nfjal gru.

Sabha)
Arttcle-8oto (asyaarttele Kajya Sabha
was forned in fosioment.
this
Accoeling a Caunei) ef Stats.
Kosya Sabha is also khan
to 1914 Mttek Chemsford
Sabke Started according
Keforms. Kejta
s inenamed
au
Sabha 19s2
|92land n

TE was estabshed s hom sepermane ha

is also fnown as OPper hduse, elate
Ro aSabha
tength ¢ Rajya Sabha is 24 S Can be
At preset ortol
upto 250.
 224 members frn stales
(2 members are nmihatedRd by the Presdent
from T.s
meembers

are from Uttar Pradesh (3),

Atghest Rajya Solbha membevs (l&).
Mahaashtra(14), Tamil nacdu
3 fron Delhi
Ouhmemberse UTis

fyom different frelds are nminatd by

mbers me
Nominatd
menber) bere(23 6)
the Prestdont mem sanimatzdye
yeass (3) of the elected menbers
for evey
etíre and ahe eplaced
begaet.
is
Tenure of Kejta Sabha member

PermAnent
Sabha is
members
Sabha
Quaifcation of Rajga
Age: 35+yeos and
be a
citien otLnia assenbies of Sttes
legislative method
be elected by the voe Fansferable
means f Srngle
epresertatin.
U1s Proportsnal
thrngh a mentatly challenged.
not be
he/she shauld n profitable
not have/posses
helshe Shald
poston
are fron Ats, trature, Sutne,
Nomintd members Sforts
Sevj ce andl
Soral Sebha
committees in
no, of standing
otal
committee
|. Finance
2- Stanctng Commîttee
Committee
Enguiy
3
4, Cotrotnmittee
to oay bsiness afhuse comnttee
SDay Cammittee ro) Hose Keeping commiteee
6. SeYsce
 Sabha
"7
Cammittee n
enyie for uees

Salbha.
acapted by Rajga
and
has
me chaTman.
Kajha Sabhaane chairman

R.s. Charman
5 He
is he ice Presdent ef Lnca
Ais er tenure is s [Link] the head Ks
bt ís bil) t
He is not a member ef pacsing the
tie in chamn)
He
hos Cashng vote ih Coye he can heedthe
Sabha Chairman
he
ofRs.
Removal
timeoestiabha
proceci
is Same

mad ef vfce pre ssolent

the
Sabha Chairman is lakhs
Selay ot Rasg
produced tn Rasya Sabha
to state ist must be
Bils elated Serces mst be
eloted to Al ndian
and also bills Sabha.
produced in Kajgo
Jagodeep Dhankad (iceirt
fInasa
Present Rs. chaman
R.s. DyChairman Hari yamsh Naraynh (TDU)
Presentt
Modi
Pramod chadra
Psesent Secretay General ef Rs
-
Leader of the herse
Lender cofthe oppo itin Mallkhrjun kharge

K:s - 8J-P (47)

Larges party In
- 4 seat, from TGk
Vacant seal (n R•s n
seats from MH. (out a, one is
nmihattdhenst
 Arcle -&) Cok Sabha)
Lt
Accovdin t5 Asticle S LokSabha is the ler base fthe Paoliament
hasse non-permanent honse (bc¢. tenure of
is aso Knn aS yainger's house (o)
of lok Sabka
evey syeas the stal hase
the loçsabha menbers Is years For

is Suspended) 53o -from ctot

- Total Strength ef Lor Sabha at
SH5.
present is S4S. ( -fm uts
2- Nomiatd
(Anglo-índian)
Ma strength of Lok Sabha is 552Tt ill becmeSo
Qo4 bksaha electins
Re serv ation fn Losabha.
1S Schetuled Castes
7SY. Scheduled ibes
oRsabha is
Total alonens efre sertation in
(as per 20| Censy
LoSabha sll be done in 206 hamse.
htghest authoriy of the
Deimitotion f
precedng ofkcer
and
Speoker Is the
teater oPpointed by Poecrd
Protem Speaker Temporo
atfrmatfan f tte
to cnduet oath and hose.
members fthe hauses
eleted
e/she ts the senior mot oeabha
majo vi
elk cted framthe (kulng4pro)
Speaker : Htelshe is e toGran his par. It i nat
hae to
The Speaer n laued as tradition
mentioned Cnstitution but
by
Neelam Sanjv Keda
as intodu cedd

cted from the Op}osition pary

De juty Speakor : He /che t
ele
e pag has to sgno hs
Even Dy. Speaher also
when
Session of pariament, ,
SPeater : To comtinue the spearer not atton ded
fanel Spearer ond depu

Spe
aker: vole of Speaters.
- Makng Sessions
ts
Giveritimotion to
the
the
primary
membeys before gong o stavt ane

Sessin( l day before)

tl sessins in the paytament ar 3
in ayear.
I.
Summer Session (Budget Sessim)
2. Masoon Session
Winler Sescion
3. differerce
be hela ih year. lse, the maximum
o

Atleast 2 se ssions shauld

is 6 moths.

4 pes.
be di ced inb
- Questions in the pasianeut
poGiHon part
O shauld
can
submit their hectfons totte Spenrar
Îhe stat of the Sessiom.
atleast 4doyy before the
marked uesttons
Quetion qpes? ) Stay
stions
Non Stay maste4 9ue
s) 2erohur qestiy
) talf an hor eeio

() Star Marked 9esti! ue stins.

defineay ds cucsed
c cussed.
Related queshns
can als

qectims; shd
the paslamet but ministtr.
marked
(2) Non star these in
to ciscus Concevned
>
No need format by te
written
answers in

(3) Zeso hour: inthe

wwort d hae this Zevofour
Only Tn dian Payiament
1962 in Inoran
Paiament.
t
t is intoduced (2-PM 5 Pm.
Stary from
Gentrally 2hour I1 Am to 12PM,
but in Sabha it is deci ole ohethr
authorit to
Sabha Speaker hasor not.
LokConduct
6
Zeyo hour
Raui Ro inr oduced Zero
NoTE! qth Lok Sebha Speaker,
the Pariament
hour fn as
foll
Zero hour Stats lmmedazly
Generaliy fermissin LokSabha
the uestin hour by the orior
Speaker.
able t6 ask any Gte f Gesti ons
members are
curfng this houY
(4) 4alf an Hour uestions 6

f the important pu
blie
m
atar relaid
Drscussion
Curret isS ue. iscus.
allot s deys fn
a
week to
Speaer Can

Devices ef Paamenlay Proceedirg

motian f Thanks;
election and at te
The firstsesson after each generalL Presrcet the Pasliomet
every finoncal Sesctnaddresses
fret sessim of
plens and goalsfor
the
the jovtk
The presrclent eepldns speach
urret year and the me
afr th at fo this

to
notion
Collrg& Atteton the Pasiamet by a member do cau
ln motter ofa
Lt tasoducRd
a
minis tax to
ofa concerned
attention importance
urgent pubie

Censue motin; a grapof miniskr

aant ministers. a minsser,
Tt can be mved
tte entte Counil
d

o cersure r epress stg

The motion is lo made
avernments po ey
disat prol f the

motion; breach et
qivillege 4 tose/
onl
Prtulege nvolng ssed
mattes e heuse to beds
his alaws or contempt
members
acted upm.
motion: of Corftdena in
No confdonce Sabha 6 epress alack
This allaws Lok s pessed,it leads
to the fau
cf minstes It it
the council
governnmet
of the
Closure Motion!
It tsa motan
mored bya [Link] cut short the debatt n

apprad b te hoe,
u
matter betore the house Lfte motion
fothuth andthe mtter rs put
to vote
dabat is Stoped

ypes of bills:
n
Bills ar divided into Gpes

|. Privat bi)

2. PubLre b)
.
member tr cunc]
mibisters
A
bi) hch is fntrodueed by
Pubu bils are clarsified tnto à tpes
ordinay bil/Generd bt|

finan cial bills bills

G. Con stitu honal anendne
br lls (Artilo7, lo8)
cle
Orcnay /keneral a
Sabha
Introduced ether in lokSabha
Can be
du eed in loes abha, ts pasredthen te send
When it
s
inro Rajya has rght t6
Sabha
bill eters inta Kajha Sabha. osabha
back tte to losabha [Link]
bil
for
Sabha can
esencs the bill to Raiya Sobhahen heRajya maimum timethat
or sthhola the bill,
pas the bil max. nth m

is or
6 &

He R.s- Can hold the bil

press dent before intvoducng this
No need to fntimat
bil.
Money bill (Articlo ilo)
(n LD Sabha
5It has to be fnroduced bill oY hot:
Sabha speaker decdes ohether the bil) fs Moy
-Lok Con ihoduce this bll tn Sabha
Caunei -ministers bil) ins.
rt s uired betore ntraueng this
Presrcont conset is ménd and cannot
Rus. Cannot

Role of RS in
mmey bil) s, in Rs. for
bill Csan be retuned
5

the bill to Ls. but

he fs deemed to be
eturh E

mai mn period
appraed. mandoto
NoTE:
Sabha apprva prestalent tor
ill be Sent tothe
bil) ejet
President nust
bErthsthe
assetony
pasrec in
connot etum tthe bil)
LB fvecnssceration.
bill.
te mene
th's bil).
(oyprave ¢ jeinsitting t caeqhis
nO praisin Puble ep ehdi tire
here 's
matterr f taration ard
to
hs bil) is tlatd
+
mm
Fnance Bi) |17C), 7(9 ave dtferent from
Rnancal mattars but
lncesned

amendment bi!) (Artcla 36s)

Cansttuttanal
estter in Ls or RS.
fnroduced lagslaltre
1t Can beCannot be introduced In statz tt Sntroduce
NoTE! m isSton the preielent
prior
doesn't equire
2t Parlanet peSm
in ministir o any prV
can be éntroduced by Speeral majorft
ft both hases with
muct be passed in daad loE

84tuaion
 amend federal prorsions
Seers to the Con stitutim
it must also be Tatifred by the legisates bf s tas by a simple
mojoritg atin teast haif t the stts.
>
Kole of president t4e muct qie assent

Types of Majprities:
) Simple majoriy
) Absolut majori
3) Efecthvemajoriq
) Speeiad majeitg

() Stmple Majoí5 orfunctional majoríty

Worting majoritg
also nun
as
>+ is tth an So d-the membes
a "majorikg tmore
de fned house
present and votna (n the
cawmonlg uset
majoriy'
bills eue my a simple
total stengthH
of Ss,
out of
L.s.
for eample fn the and loo abstaned fron
votig.
4
were abset resent and votthq: In
Suppse were
toomembers
Sot +1)
This means majori needed ts 20t (e,
this cae, the Smple censure motron, adjournmet
bill, ordlinagbill,
>Money bill,no Finarcia
cnf oonce motion
mu
(2 Absolute Majonq house's
majorik t morethan S0. fthe
OTt efes to memberchip.
merslas
to tal s 273
means that in thh Ls the absoluzmajorita
This

(3 Efective Mejo: more than So, qthe effehve

majonot
&Fengt ef the bese Cf mem bes present
humber
Effectfve shength refes ie the
G

ttme deduetng the no qvacant and

in the hase at thet
absent gets fram the to ta shcngth totl seat
q
to
hose t [Link] Dy Speaer ofLoSabba
Remval of [Link]
 Special majorik vottg
1t fes to te
e a members
Present ad
federalsm,
consitutional anlnd bil] ch oesnot afect
Parsig of
hiah court and supre Court judges
me
of
bemval
Cmmissimr, dusing
chtef elecion cmr natinal emergeey

AdjouYnmet Ratia se sston by the Speaker.

the
1empofery Pastpmement sion fthe Þrestdont
doesnot
permisre ure
3lt
S Sine ant Die
further
sessson wthut
Sudaenlg stoPPia te
discssion. Pre ssdent
permissfon ofthe
3t needs Prtor

Prorogatim postpantment f tte sessin

Cmgtem

Accoun Lommnitte
Pubc
ttertnaA Publie Pastomeng
Committees is
Comnittee Lndian in
-oldest Committee (PAC).(1926) IS tron
LokSabha
Accans Sabha
nember in PAc are 22 7 from Kajya

lot al
person fron oppoition Partg (for 1yea,
pointad bt
Chairman of PAc spearer).
Present PAC Chaiman AdUr Ranjan Stra
chaday
Committee 145o. n
Estimatton Pasliamnt Formed
fn In cdon
LaYgest Committee nember are
fron Lok Sabha)
members -30 lal
l0tal by- Lok Sabha Speaer
yeor, At potntid
lenuse- I Committee tiother t
Committee and Estimin
NOTE Pubic Aceants Committes t Pariament.
aS Tusn
are cllld
 -
First Lok Sabha Speaer Gaecha Vasudeva Mavalentar
Woen LokSabha Speerer meera Kunmar
flxst
Second Sunit?a Mahajan
s pearer Balaram Jakkar
mgest tem seved -
Shostest tem Bhali Ram Bhagth

Speaker d'ed before copleton f his tanue ~GMe Bala yoa

Aricle 79- l23

Arttces elotid Poriament
Article-74
Canstttutton cf Parrament

Arttcle-So
Canstitution f Kajga Sabha
Artrcle-&
Con stitution of Lok Sabha

CenSs
Arttcle-s2 of Pavlament af ter
Reodjustnent
CDetmitatin)
Asttele-83 Pasliarnent
Durasion f bauses

Aticle-SY membexs of Par'ament

Quaifcottan of
Artrcle-Bs Disolution
c Pariament, frorogaton,
Sescion

Asttcle-Sb address the houses

resrlent to
Rrgut ot

Astrcle-G7 the pre srdent ( first sessron )

Special
ArtrcleSG AtSrny General tospea
Krçhls f minisTr
ant
houses.
Part tn the pro ceectng tn
 Artc le-G4
( ajya
chourman ond ce pu Chotrmons cf Couneil of <tatis
Artice-40
Rernoyal of deputg chateran
Artce-9)
-> Powers of the e
ty chalsman
Autcle- presscle lstile aesolution
92
to
Chasman ar de puty chairman not
for bi removal frmoffice
Sabha)
Artce -43 Per of huse people (sr
Speoner ard Depug Spea

er <aySpeater.
Article94 emaval f spea
Vacation and esígnaio,
Article4s
Powers f dputg Speaar a resolution
preside ohie
Article-96 per not o
speater and deuty
for hi emoval fronn ofke.

Artcle-47 of Speater 4Deyuy Speaer.

Salavies and allwenes
Artiele-46
Secretaret of fariament
99
Astcle- of members
and
tAffrmotion
Oth vacancie
not wthstandng
huses b at
bouses, pouer f
in uoTum
and

Article -lo|
Vacotion of Seag
Arti cerlo
Dis 9,uaitfction of em bers.
 ArHck -lo3
Decision estioni as to
deualifcaton f members.

Articlelo4 A
ffrmation.
voting before Oatt
before
Penal for sitttng and
Artrele-tos membeg
the arkamat and tt
f the baues
-> Pouers þillages
and cammittees.
Arttce-lot mem beri,
allawances of
Salaies and

Artic le-to7 and pssing a baU.

Provisions as
to
introdu etn of brl|

Axticle -los
Ahe Palia ent.
Joint sitting
Astice-loA mom bills.
tn espect of
procedue
-s Special
Asttele-lo
momet bil)
Defnitin of
Artice-|)
Assent s bills
Atrele|2 Budget)
finoncal Statment
Annua
A ttcle-13 Parlrament wsth es pect fs estimats.

Artrcle-14
bils.
ppro þríatin f
Article-|S rant
and excQS8
Suppumestary additnd
 Accant
Arttee-|17
of fnance brll
Spe ca prorions
Article-1
Rules af procedure

Article 114
procedure
Regulatim by law of
Article2U Panlrament
to be

Article-2)
iscus Sion to Parament
Restríchions

Artce22 nque preceeding

Cousa

Arttcla -23 Presrdet

a bl|
of
 Supreme Curt (ArHcle 124 -1sI)
1773 Reg-lating Aet, fedaral
Feclaral Court was estabishe
According t
in Lncia in 774 t Kolkata memoers
f fedaral Court
was (l+3)
*Then the srength
was Sir Elja Imphe
* first chief Justce
Court was
shiflzd
o
Delh fom Kolkata.
In 935 fedaral was Convete d Supreme Gourt f Inda
feclaal Court

wih (l+6) members. Supreme Court

was
of
* Aist chief Justce
DYChandra chh
19
is

Present strength f Suprene Court 's (33+)

woman jushce t fathima Beevi NagaRotham
Ft Ltho gingto ppoint =
t4 4
ciefjustice (202)
Asttcle-|24 me Court stomeochiefjucrce
hment and constitutin of Supre
Estas (Hmachal Pradesh)
Aricle -125
allauenes Judges
Salaies and
6
Aticle. 12 acting chsef
justice
Appaintment of

Artre le-27 Chief justce

- Appeintment

Aytice -28
of Ahoc
Court
Retírtd jucges at sittng
of
Attendance
Attcle-124 of 3e cord
be Court
Court to

Court
Supreme
Seat of
Article-1S) Court
Supreme
Ort ginal junts di etin of
 Arti ce- 132
Supreme Court
Arpealat jurisdi chin of
jur
133
rttele- appeals tsom higheourtr
Appealete juriseuetin f Supreme (n
negard to cul mátturs
Articler134 peals fron highcorto
alate jusisdictm of cnt
Suoremece in of
A+e to Crimtnal mattovs
in egarol
Artcle- 13S court
of the fedaral
Juiscetion and þvers
Article-136 Court
to be apealed b the Supreme
Special leave
Artrcle- 137
Resew ef Judgemena
Court:
ction of the Supreme
Enlorgement ef the Jurisd
Artcle- |34 er i'SSue
Cnforment of the Supreme court

Asttcle-l40,
Court
Ancele faers
Arttcle- l4) n ceu rts
Court to be bindng all
he Supre me
5Lauw decartd by

Artrele-142 Supreme Cout

f
Enforcement of deerees of order

Attcle -(43 for adje.

to Consult Supreme Cont
Power of Preslcnt

Artice -l44
authoy to act in ol ¢
the Suprema Court
Ci and j diefol
Arttcle-(4s
Rueof Coust
 AstcleAb
Expenses of Supreme Court fer offer and Sevvant

Artcle-|47
con sttuton by Supreme Court
Ihte pretatin ot he by

NoTES
mattrc e Conttaversies betueen
in the
Supreme Court involves
-
Este Center state,
State-stala ondany loletio of
Gd
fundamental rgi.
Stata lbey
Finance Commíssion
cantFal t state for different
finance commissin alocalEs funds
SectoS.
First Fnance Commission Chairman
2hd Santhan am
[Link]
Khusro
Ranga Rajon
12
khelea
Iyth
- [Link] (2021-26)
(2026-26)
-Arautnd Panagrfa

Election Cmmicsjon Electtons )

I Lndia was held in 1892(In oet
st election

parteipattd eecins-ti93S.
taeiliG to al the people
Rrotded votin celubrating

was formed in 195o Jan 2s, thus

JElection cMmicsf on
voters doy
Jan 25th as 2 membeNs
one charnan and
commiSsion has s Sukumnarsen
SioreY
Election ctton Cammis KumaY
(SE hef Ee Commissioner Raju
is
Rre sent chief Elecion
embers Arun Goya
and mmlbers ts
cammis s fon's chairman
Electon
Tenure cf
years. Lndia.
or till they ase 65 ste q

that as of Chief ju
Remaval þrocedue is Same
e lecthion Identf Cards 1s ssuec fron1993.
Fist
EVM usec eechans
Kerala (1982)
Fist NoTA chatisgath (20l4)
m

Fisít stata introduced

(Nagalond Assam)
Pirst vVPA sups used In 2o14
Cvoter veifed Paper Autt Trai)
Duttes of Ele ctin ommission
) To held electin

2 To stop adertísemert f fots cal partes after election no;fcation.

e
before H
hours lectons.
in Elections
f the Candidates
4 To convD) the expenitune
t Pre sent Lmit f epentres
LokSobha 7S to 9
lakhs
Atsembly
- 28 tö 4
lakhs
not:
a
5) To decre oheter Loksabha frn 3 dferent
Pastio Atleast 27 of seata tn
Nattma Aicemb'y end frm marethan
() Atleast 67. of
vates in Loksabha
Tegimalpadtg
must be ecognised
(ht) Ît

Total Nattamal Parses m6

(4s0)
Congess ((Gs5)
) (Bahyjan Samatwad
3 6SP
(a) (203)
Peoples Partg)
) NPP (Nattnal (964)
(Communist PartytIndiasMarit)
s)
cPI
(Aam Aadmí Part) (eo2)
6) AAP
Seatt
Seals l Assembly
LokSash
States ise 175
Andhra Pradesh -2S
2
Asunachal Pradesh |26

Assan 243
Sihar 40
Chattisgah
40
Goa 2
l82
Gujarath 40
(0
Haryana
Hrmachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
224
Kamatata
 Kerala 20

Maothya Pradesh 24 230

2&8
maharashtra
60
Manipur
2.
Megalaya
MiroYam
Nagalan
Delhi 7 70

Odisha 21 l47
30
fuducche
17
13
Panjab
200
25
Rojasthan
32
SKkim
39 234
Tam)n adu
Telang 60
2
Tripura 403
Uttara Pracesh 70
UttaYakhand
Jammu & Kashmir
294
West Bengal 42
 CAG Comptrollor and Auct General (Artcle -l4s)
mem bers are Pesrlet Inda.
3Charman and
y
CAG Charman -Nara hai Rao
Girish Chandra Murmu

al Auc in Incia are dne b

Exept Panchayote

Sessions.
attend Pasliamentay
9

Accorcg o
Rank hisrank (s
)
in Yank as that f Supreme Cout Judge Csittmg
te is egual

Attoney General (Artrcle-76)

w
Sethal ad
Arst Attornea General rs
MC.
[Link] Ramanf
- fresent
to the Govt.
A6 fs the legat adiser any íor permission.
Court tn India wthot
- He Con Uisit
Te nure– Gyeanl r till he ttain 6S

General
years.

Soluter
s He cecond hglest law o(fcer
Tenurt-34es Mehatah
Tushah
preset Solreit General
 3yeog |3yeog
tanthRajGnm3aa
years

5
Namyn

Sharma Trtpathi
pura Kumav Mishra
HovshChovan Siagh

lChaitmon
Ahir
Larshmi

Rreseat
Iybal
Lal
ha Arun

Rek

o
Gevt'
t lbmitted

Presreent

1
Resrgnatt

Catal
Su

be

statu Cental Minisr

Cabinet

EmpoweTment

Gevt
by Presrdent Prestcent

lAppintd

Cental mncd

Justtce

Cocat

of
Menbers (tl+S 141+5 Mttsy

l+1+3 (+1+3

undar

2o03roy
s(A)
2003-y
338 340
wer
33
Comm)sim (ros0) NCT
(1993)
(913)
on (n42) Commissiam

Commisson
for
Commlssten i
Commission
Commiss
TON NOTE!
Ceunei)
Tronsgenders

HumanRiahlt

commISS

Women Minorilf Natmal

SC. S.T.
B.c.
 Chola has tmplementz d the Panchayot Rog Shstem.
Lord Rippan developecd Ponchayat kaj Sytem in India, So

Lord RipPPm is consrclered as Fathey focal self eeSnment

Sytem
SoT Act (mmtaK chemsford Reforms)anchayak
* According 1919
to
were
tontered to Prvtocal Domans.

JL Nehru introduced CDP(Communiy

Ater 1ndeperdenee,
Development Progan) areas
develop ruYal
ef this rogram
o
he trget
is
?*
by the coopevatin suYal people

NESS (Notionad Expansin Serice Scheme)

> Dn 1953,
Nehru
rogram a
star d
by
cerwcer to the pubic
Provfdina gvernment
Lndra
pograme were nat Succeded in
Qhese two Committee
Salwantara Mehatha
Ponclag,
was apposntad in (s7. kaj Syse
his conmittee eCommended
S
tier Ponchoyat
Collecfor, zPTC
(. Dis rct MPTC
SDO
Sarponch
Vilege UDO
system ig Rojastan Stale
* Grst System adopted this o
t 2nd
Pn Noagore stict in 19q
-
Secnd stala- Andhrafradesh Shamshabad
k
(159 Nov st)
Desai Partg) Government,
(Tanotha
Dung Morarji
was
shoK
A Mehthou Committee RR.
This Com mittee recommenaed
o
fnt oluce 2trer
system.
System amly, he oPPosecd Elock tey
o
Comnittees
ther
Hanum antha Roo Conumrttee
2) Gv.k. Rao Committee (198s)
3) LMSingiui Committee (9 G6)

NoTE! Comittee
m

cenral Statt Relations is Sarkariya Cmmisslan

5)
Thungan Commissin(.t9¢4)
6) Harla Singh Karra(1490)
n
Amendment bil]
Kajiv Gandhi Sntroduced
G
Constittinal
Pasliament, bt it was not pased.
lu
were introdutec
73rd &74" [Link]
Pv. Nata Simha fao .lo, Pasiament. i
by Amendment was poseq
Apríl 2t (492,73 Cisttutna
1

Canstttuttnal
June 1492, 74
were impleted frn 1993

Obseyved
as Ponchoyot Roj
pril 24th is
Part, th Sehedule, Article 40
th
O.
Asticle 8243
A o
2y3
Pn DfSP,

Article-y3A
Inttoducion of Grama anchayate
comes under sttate iste.
Grem Panchayas
Minimum po pulatiom -looo
but in tribal areas min opulatfon=Soo
to state
varies fram Stte
Detinition of Panchgats
ar formed rased omthe state promsion
-3 Gram lonehaga
ArttcAe-243
Conststution Ponchayets
was ormed wth qraup f membea f
Every Ponehngar shi ch
votexs
wllae a year
Generally 9rama S abha t be held meetings time in 4
ie
Jan 26t May tug
G3ana Sabha must be held two times tna year otherusse
Sarpanch must t sign
2
43-c
Canpesiti on Panchaya of
the basts of opulatian ancd teitoril
poregt brmet
aYEa.
pancbagats to be fed eloctions.

Aytce 243-D
ReseVatins in Panebyts SCa, ST: and Womens.
Seos shntd
be yeseYved toc
women
5OI ese rUatin tor
pYosded So, sesevvationter wJonen fn
fut State thotAP the gth tt im plenent SOY oaen resAVati
fs"8har (s

atrce 243-E
Duotien ct Pancheya t Ponchg
Generog duration r eey S years.
Cammissfon ) cmduct eccion
Elecion
Arttcle-243F

rtice 243G RerponsibiUtieg fanchaa.

4
Powex, Authoily and econ omic
makes the preparatin cf plansfr
development and socal jusice.
H
Article 243 es
Powers levg to collut appropralt ta
Ponehoyt has outhoiy
etey
Such as duties, tolls, fees, Octra a
ta in Fantbayats ts
NoTE: Hrghest Collectable

Atcle 243 T ce commiss íon

%
gestw financil þosfions.
Conststution ef fnan Constitute a
nancsal
-The gevesnor of oa
State shall
w
the ffnantal pDHon of the state
CommisSion
o
eie

Auditt and accouns of anchey as

Asticle243 K

Electin
g
Panchayat by Ele ctsan Commssron
 Quications
)He)she shoula hae 2)4ears t jovernment
not be in
i) He/she shomlol
fneet in
iy) Heshe must be
a voterofthe ilae
not have morethan 2 chldren
U) He/she shnll

Arttce 243 L
3AppiCatin h Union Te
niotoies

Article-243M areas
fart not t appy for certan

lawr in Panchayoa
Conttnuanle of esti
m
átürs f Panchayat e lectrons.
>
Bor to interterence of cour3 in

Munieipalties.
th CaMst tutonal amnendnent Says abut.
 Lmportant Constitutional endmenL
Accordi"â 1e trticle 368, ube are able maw omendment ofnStfuton o

This article is 2oth part of Constitution.

g
List o constttutional Anenden
CiA |4S) Adde4 th Schedue (Lend Retoms) ln Cnstitution

NoTE: more Subjecg wene added

Accorcng o
follousng amendment
n qts Schedule. They are
C A- –1955
2) cA- 19644

3) 24t c.A
- (972
CA 474
every 7s lakh
Representatin of LokSabha member for Þopulatin.
2ha c.A -952

2 Stats.
hrghcourt tor morehan
Introductin f Unin Teitoie

Adustment af Common Land boundaywIrdia fak

Indion Untn as
UT.S
Harti meraed in
lohC.A:–96) Dadra Nagar

1462 GoaDemon&Diu
for Nagalond
Provtoed Special &tatis(Prruilege)
1962- accoring t6 Artcle 37l
A.

Union Te*itoy
josned in Indian Union as
Pom clicchery
2 C.A (962 pura, Goo Damn Diu, Puducehe
Hmacha fraderh, Trt potfolos.
were formed and estabis hed
ManiuY assenbies
o
of Electon Tafbunal and given ríSits
Suspensin
hiQhcehara to Solve cmtiaersíes ef elections.
 C. A:
967 Stnahi langua3e adde
- Assent
2 c.A -197| of Proctdo rt ts Comulcor for A

- Riahtt teitaud an R-'gkt to Propet,

2sthc.A:
–
47) Power f Fundamntal

1471 Suspensin of
26 cA:-
lbX Sabha ceot fromS25
to S4S:
3,t IM72 -Ex tensin of

Aseate stata of Incio

3Shc.A - 1974 Annaunced Sikkim
ful) fledaec Stai of Inoia.
c. A
1475
SiKrim becoe
36"
Economitane),
Estabushment of EE2 (clucive Terftortal seas,
c.A -976 d tne mtinental shelt, Inaas
(marie con
EE be defned Pesedialy)
Mins Cnstitutien a be
42ht ît is olto knanas He
1476 enormnas no.
4-eitns it ha bght
Conshtuton,
Lndn word added fn
Sociaut, Senlar, Integríta
Rreamble
duttes were ad ded in 'hApart
fundomental
Chega
Judicia duce for goo peple
retources.
RrottcSon cf forest and natral
Rishti
Remaved Right to ropery fran Fundametl
n
30D A Ar icle a
Legal Right
and added

–A d ded l6h Schedule

52hd cA 146S Anti Defe chon
2) tt iRHeos
1989 - Voting age decreased fromm

Estobishment scaST Conmíss ion

f
655 CA –(99o,
as NCT(National Capita Tervito)
- Del bi ann ounce.d
Sehedute
S
Konkani, Manifi, Nepali aod ded in
1492 .Coffefal lansua ge)
7| CA
Panehoyot Ray System establ'she
GA |492
73
C.A.
-|492 Munip alitres established
 SA C.A: 2002 free and Compuloy Educatan added in Atsde 24A
AstcleS|A.

SCA 2003 Sexvce Tax Certer, colected by statz)

sekaule
Dogri, Mythili, SanthaE adled in th
GA 2003 -Sodo,
of eservations fo Sc,ST ond AngloIndrans
Etension
l| 200 (Arttcla 334)
added ina
Coopevative Societies (PortG
a7 cA. 20|| eta blishment of
Arhole 243 Z4 to 243 ZT

Developmant of commam Lond bunday bs India

looc.A. 2015
and Bangladesh.

lo c, A.
- 2016 GST
classes )
NCGc National Cmmissfon tor Backward
CA 2018
Ctoy. e rvationsfor Ecnauical ly
lor CA Ews Reserations
Iearer Sectian)
f Reseyvations for SGST ttI) 203o and
202O -Extansin
Sesg Suspension of Anglo-lrdian Reserv ation.
eIer Vahs
losts SEBC (Statt Ecnmie Batward dawes)
b the state. stolt
women in assembly sealt
2023 eseration for seat
Cineluding Se,sT eservatins), Parlamentany