Module 2
Atomic Structures and
Interatomic Bonding
Intended learning Outcomes
1. Name the two atomic models and note the
differences between them.
2. Briefly describe ionic, covalent, metallic,
hydrogen, and van der Waals bonds.
3. Note which materials exhibit each of these
bonding types.
Atomic Structures
Atomic structures refer to the arrangement and
behavior of the fundamental particles—protons,
neutrons, and electrons—that make up an atom.
Electric Charge Mass
Proton +1.602 x10 -19 C 1.67 x 10 -27 kg
Neutron 0 1.67 x 10 -27 kg
Electron -1.602 x10 -19 C 9.11 x10 -31 kg
Atomic number
⮚the number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic mass
⮚may be expressed as the sum of the
masses of protons and neutrons within
the nucleus
Isotopes
⮚atoms of some elements have two or
more different atomic masses
Atomic weight
⮚corresponds to the weighted average of the atomic masses of the
atom’s naturally occurring isotopes
Atomic mass unit (amu)
⮚A scale has been established whereby 1 amu is defined as 1/12 of the
atomic mass of the most common isotope of carbon
⮚1 amu/atom (or molecule) = 1 g/mol
Atomic Models
Bohr Atomic Model
• in which electrons are assumed to
revolve around the atomic
nucleus in discrete orbitals, and
the position of any particular
electron is more or less well
defined in terms of its orbital
Quantum Mechanical Model
• in which the electron is considered to
exhibit both wavelike and particle-like
characteristics
• With this model, an electron is no longer
treated as a particle moving in a discrete
orbital; rather, position is considered to
be the probability of an electron being
at various locations around the nucleus
Periodic Table
Chemical Bonding
Primary Interatomic Bonds
⮚Ionic Bonding
⮚Covalent Bonding
⮚Metallic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
⮚It is always found in compounds that are composed of both metallic
and nonmetallic elements
⮚Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their valence electrons to
the nonmetallic atoms.
⮚is termed nondirectional; that is, the magnitude of the bond is equal
in all directions around an ion
⮚It follows that for ionic materials to be stable, all positive ions must
have as nearest neighbors negatively charged ions in a three-
dimensional scheme, and vice versa
Example of Ionic Bonding
Video
• [Link]
Covalent Bonding
⮚stable electron configurations are assumed by the sharing of
electrons between adjacent atoms
⮚Two atoms that are covalently bonded will each contribute at least
one electron to the bond, and the shared electrons may be
considered to belong to both atoms.
⮚The covalent bond is directional; that is, it is between specific atoms
and may exist only in the direction between one atom and another
that participates in the electron sharing.
Examples of Covalent Bonding
Video
• [Link]
Metallic Bonding
⮚the final primary bonding type that is found in metals and their alloys
⮚valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom in the solid
and are more or less free to drift throughout the entire metal
⮚the metallic bond is nondirectional in character
⮚free electrons act as a “glue” to hold the ion cores together
⮚found in the periodic table for Group IA and IIA elements and, in fact,
for all elemental metals
Examples of Metallic Bonding
Video
• [Link]
SECONDARY BONDING OR VAN DER
WAALS BONDING
⮚physical bonds are weak in comparison to the primary or chemical
ones
⮚bonding energies are typically on the order of only 10 kJ/mol
⮚bonding exists between virtually all atoms or molecules, but its
presence may be obscured if any of the three primary bonding types
is present
⮚arise from atomic or molecular dipoles
⮚an electric dipole exists whenever there is some separation of
positive and negative portions of an atom or molecule
Video
• [Link]
Hydrogen Bonding
⮚a special type of secondary bonding, is found to exist between some
molecules that have hydrogen as one of the constituents
Thank You!!!!