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 Python - Home
 Python - Overview
 Python - History
 Python - Features
 Python vs C++
 Python - Hello World Program
 Python - Application Areas
 Python - Interpreter
 Python - Environment Setup
 Python - Virtual Environment
 Python - Basic Syntax
 Python - Variables
 Python - Private Variables
 Python - Data Types
 Python - Type Casting
 Python - Unicode System
 Python - Literals
 Python - Operators
 Python - Arithmetic Operators
 Python - Comparison Operators
 Python - Assignment Operators
 Python - Logical Operators
 Python - Bitwise Operators
 Python - Membership Operators
 Python - Identity Operators
 Python - Walrus Operator
 Python - Operator Precedence
 Python - Comments
 Python - User Input
 Python - Numbers
 Python - Booleans
 Python - Floating Points
 Python - Control Flow
 Python - Decision Making
 Python - If Statement
 Python - If else
 Python - Nested If
 Python - Conditional User Inputs
 Python - Match-Case Statement
 Python - Loops
 Python - for Loops
 Python - for-else Loops
 Python - While Loops
 Python - break Statement
 Python - continue Statement
 Python - pass Statement
 Python - Nested Loops
 Python Functions & Modules
 Python - Functions
 Python - Default Arguments
 Python - Keyword Arguments
 Python - Keyword-Only Arguments
 Python - Positional Arguments
 Python - Positional-Only Arguments
 Python - Arbitrary Arguments
 Python - Variables Scope
 Python - Function Annotations
 Python - Modules
 Python - Packing and Unpacking
 Python - Built in Functions
 Python Strings
 Python - Strings
 Python - Slicing Strings
 Python - Modify Strings
 Python - String Concatenation
 Python - String Formatting
 Python - Escape Characters
 Python - String Methods
 Python - String Exercises
 Python Lists
 Python - Lists
 Python - Access List Items
 Python - Change List Items
 Python - Add List Items
 Python - Remove List Items
 Python - Loop Lists
 Python - List Comprehension
 Python - Sort Lists
 Python - Copy Lists
 Python - Join Lists
 Python - List Methods
 Python - List Exercises
 Python Tuples
 Python - Tuples
 Python - Access Tuple Items
 Python - Update Tuples
 Python - Unpack Tuples
 Python - Loop Tuples
 Python - Join Tuples
 Python - Tuple Methods
 Python - Namedtuple
 Python - Tuple Exercises
 Python Sets
 Python - Sets
 Python - Access Set Items
 Python - Add Set Items
 Python - Remove Set Items
 Python - Loop Sets
 Python - Join Sets
 Python - Copy Sets
 Python - Set Operators
 Python - Set Methods
 Python - Set Exercises
 Python Dictionaries
 Python - Dictionaries
 Python - Access Dictionary Items
 Python - Change Dictionary Items
 Python - Add Dictionary Items
 Python - Remove Dictionary Items
 Python - Dictionary View Objects
 Python - Loop Dictionaries
 Python - Copy Dictionaries
 Python - Nested Dictionaries
 Python - Dictionary Methods
 Python - Dictionary Exercises
 Python Arrays
 Python - Arrays
 Python - Access Array Items
 Python - Add Array Items
 Python - Remove Array Items
 Python - Loop Arrays
 Python - Copy Arrays
 Python - Reverse Arrays
 Python - Sort Arrays
 Python - Join Arrays
 Python - Array Methods
 Python - Array Exercises
 Python File Handling
 Python - File Handling
 Python - Write to File
 Python - Read Files
 Python - Renaming and Deleting Files
 Python - Directories
 Python - File Methods
 Python - OS File/Directory Methods
 Python - OS Path Methods
 Object Oriented Programming
 Python - OOPs Concepts
 Python - Classes & Objects
 Python - Class Attributes
 Python - Class Methods
 Python - Static Methods
 Python - Constructors
 Python - Access Modifiers
 Python - Inheritance
 Python - Multiple Inheritance
 Python - Multilevel Inheritance
 Python - Polymorphism
 Python - Method Overriding
 Python - Method Overloading
 Python - Dynamic Binding
 Python - Dynamic Typing
 Python - Abstraction
 Python - Encapsulation
 Python - Interfaces
 Python - Packages
 Python - Inner Classes
 Python - Anonymous Class and Objects
 Python - Singleton Class
 Python - Wrapper Classes
 Python - Enums
 Python - Reflection
 Python - Data Classes
 Python Errors & Exceptions
 Python - Syntax Errors
 Python - Exceptions
 Python - try-except Block
 Python - try-finally Block
 Python - Raising Exceptions
 Python - Exception Chaining
 Python - Nested try Block
 Python - User-defined Exception
 Python - Logging
 Python - Assertions
 Python - Warnings
 Python - Built-in Exceptions
 Python - Debugger (PDB)
 Python Multithreading
 Python - Multithreading
 Python - Thread Life Cycle
 Python - Creating a Thread
 Python - Starting a Thread
 Python - Joining Threads
 Python - Naming Thread
 Python - Thread Scheduling
 Python - Thread Pools
 Python - Main Thread
 Python - Thread Priority
 Python - Daemon Threads
 Python - Synchronizing Threads
 Python Synchronization
 Python - Inter-thread Communication
 Python - Thread Deadlock
 Python - Interrupting a Thread
 Python Networking
 Python - Networking
 Python - Socket Programming
 Python - URL Processing
 Python - Generics
 Python Libraries
 NumPy Tutorial
 Pandas Tutorial
 SciPy Tutorial
 Matplotlib Tutorial
 Django Tutorial
 OpenCV Tutorial
 Python Miscellenous
 Python - Date & Time
 Python - Maths
 Python - Iterators
 Python - Generators
 Python - Generator Expressions
 Python - Lambda Expressions
 Python - Closures
 Python - Decorators
 Python - Recursion
 Python - Reg Expressions
 Python - PIP
 Python - Database Access
 Python - Weak References
 Python - Serialization
 Python - Templating
 Python - Output Formatting
 Python - Performance Measurement
 Python - Data Compression
 Python - CGI Programming
 Python - XML Processing
 Python - GUI Programming
 Python - Command-Line Arguments
 Python - Docstrings
 Python - JSON
 Python - Sending Email
 Python - Further Extensions
 Python - Tools/Utilities
 Python - Odds and Ends
 Python - GUIs
 Python Advanced Concepts
 Python - Abstract Base Classes
 Python - Custom Exceptions
 Python - Higher Order Functions
 Python - Object Internals
 Python - Memory Management
 Python - Metaclasses
 Python - Metaprogramming with Metaclasses
 Python - Mocking and Stubbing
 Python - Monkey Patching
 Python - Signal Handling
 Python - Type Hints
 Python - Automation Tutorial
 Python - Humanize Package
 Python - Context Managers
 Python - Coroutines
 Python - Descriptors
 Python - Diagnosing and Fixing Memory Leaks
 Python - Immutable Data Structures
 Python - Domain Specific Language (DSL)
 Python - Data Model
 Python Useful Resources
 Python - Questions & Answers
 Python - Interview Questions & Answers
 Python - Online Quiz
 Python - Quick Guide
 Python - Reference
 Python - Cheatsheet
 Python - Projects
 Python - Useful Resources
 Python - Discussion
 Python Compiler
 NumPy Compiler
 Matplotlib Compiler
 SciPy Compiler
 Selected Reading
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Quick Guide

Resources

Discussion
Python Tutorial
Today, Python is one of the most popular programming languages. Although it is a general-
purpose language, it is used in various areas of applications such as Machine Learning, Artificial
Intelligence, web development, IoT, and more.

This Python tutorial has been written for the beginners to help them understand the basic to
advanced concepts of Python Programming Language. After completing this tutorial, you will
find yourself at a great level of expertise in Python, from where you can take yourself to the next
levels to become a world class Software Engineer.

This Python tutorial is based on the latest Python 3.13 version.

What is Python?
Python is a very popular general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-
level programming language. Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected programming
language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python source
code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including Procedural,
Object Oriented and Functional programming language. Python design
philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant
indentation.

This Python tutorial gives a complete understanding of Python programming language, starting
from basic concepts to advanced concepts. This tutorial will take you through simple and
practical approaches while learning Python Programming language.

Python "Hello, World!"

To start with Python programming, the very basic program is to print "Hello, World!" You can
use the print() function. Below is an example of Python code to print "Hello, World!" −
# Python code to print "Hello, World!"
print ("Hello, World!")

Python Online Compiler

Our Python programming tutorial provides various examples to explain different concepts. We
have provided Online Python Compiler/Interpreter. You can Edit and Execute almost all the
examples directly from your browser without the need to set up your development environment.

Try to click the icon to run the following Python code to print conventional "Hello,
World!".
Below code box allows you to change the value of the code. Try to change
the value inside print() and run it again to verify the result.

# This is my first Python program.

# This will print 'Hello, World!' as the output

print ("Hello, World!");

Characteristics of Python
Following are important characteristics of Python Programming −
 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well
as OOP.
 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code
for building large applications.
 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic
type checking.
 It supports automatic garbage collection.
 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and
Java.

Applications of Python
Python is a general purpose programming language known for its readability. It is widely applied
in various fields.

 In Data Science, Python libraries like Numpy, Pandas,

and Matplotlib are used for data analysis and visualization.
 Python frameworks like Django, and Pyramid, make the development
and deployment of Web Applications easy.
 This programming language also extends its applications to computer
vision and image processing.
 It is also favored in many tasks like Automation, Job Scheduling, GUI
development, etc.

Features of Python
The latest release of Python is 3.x. As mentioned before, Python is one of the most widely used
languages on the web. I'm going to list a few of them here:

 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a

clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language
quickly.
  Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the
eyes.
 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
 A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very
portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and
Macintosh.
 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode that
allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
 Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms
and has the same interface on all platforms.
 Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python
interpreter. These modules enable programmers to add to or
customize their tools to be more efficient.
 Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial
databases.
 GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be
created and ported to many system calls, libraries, and Windows
systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system
of Unix.
 Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large
programs than shell scripting.

Python Database Handling

The following tutorials will help you learn how to work with different databases using Python
programming:

 Python MongoDB Tutorial

 Python MySQL Tutorial
 Python PostgreSQL Tutorial
 Python SQLite Tutorial

Python Reference
The complete function and method references −

 Python Complete Reference

 Python Built-in Functions Reference
 Python Modules Reference
 Python Keywords Reference
 Python Cheatsheet
Python Practice
Practice Python from the below-given links:

 Python Quick Guide

 Python Online Quiz
 Python Interview Questions & Answers

Python Exercises
You can practice various Python topics with the help of examples provided:

 String Exercises
 List Exercises
 Tuple Exercises
 Set Exercises
 Dictionary Exercises
 Array Exercises

Python Jobs
Today, Python is very high in demand, and all the major companies are looking for great Python
programmers to develop websites, software components, and applications or to work with data
science, AI, and ML technologies. When we are developing this tutorial in 2022, there is a high
shortage of Python programmers, where the market demands a greater number of Python
programmers due to its applications in machine learning, artificial intelligence, etc.

Today, a Python programmer with 3-5 years of experience is asking for around $150,000 in an in
an annual package, and this is the most demanding programming language in America. Though it
can vary depending on the location of the job. It's impossible to list all of the companies using
Python, to name a few big companies are:

 Google
 Intel
 NASA
 PayPal
 Facebook
 IBM
 Amazon
 Netflix
 Pinterest
 Uber
 Many more...
So, you could be the next potential employee for any of these major companies. We have
developed great learning material for you to learn Python programming, which will help you
prepare for the technical interviews and certification exams based on Python. So, start learning
Python using this simple and effective tutorial from anywhere and anytime, absolutely at your
pace.

Why to Learn Python?

Python is consistently rated as one of the world's most popular programming languages. Python
is fairly easy to learn, so if you are starting to learn any programming language, then Python
could be your great choice. Today, various schools, colleges, and universities are teaching
Python as their primary programming language. There are many other good reasons that make
Python the top choice of any programmer:

 Python is open source, which means it's available free of cost.

 Python is simple and so easy to learn.
 Python is versatile and can be used to create many different things.
 Python has powerful development libraries, including AI, ML, etc.
 Python is much in demand and ensures a high salary.
Python is a MUST for students and working professionals to become great software
engineers, especially when they are working in the web development domain. I will list down
some of the key advantages of learning Python:
 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the
interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing
it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and
interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
 Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style
or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
 Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for
the beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a
wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW
browsers to games.

Careers with Python

If you know Python nicely, then you have a great career ahead. Here are just a few of the career
options where Python is a key skill:

 Game developer
 Web designer
 Python developer
 Full-stack developer
 Machine learning engineer
 Data scientist
  Data analyst
 Data engineer
 DevOps engineer
 Software engineer
 Many more other roles

Download Python
You can download Python from its official website: [Link]

Python Updates & New Features

The current stable version of Python is 3.13, which was released on October 7, 2024. Python
3.14 is still in the development phase with many new features and changes:

 PEP 649: Deferred evaluation of annotations.

 PEP 741: Python configuration C API.
 PEP 761: Sigstore replaces PGP signatures for verification.
 Improved error messages.

Target Audience: Who Can Learn Python?

This tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basics to advanced
concepts of Python programming language. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself
at a great level of expertise in Python programming, from where you can take yourself to the
next levels.

Prerequisites to Learn Python

Although it is a beginners tutorial, we assume that the readers have a reasonable exposure to any
programming environment and knowledge of basic concepts such as variables, commands,
syntax, etc.

Python Questions & Answers

You can explore a set of Python Questions and Answers at Python Questions &
Answers
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