- Which shirt do you want for Christmas?

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT - Either is fine with me.

(Important notes)
7) When nor or or is used, the subject closer to the
1) The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, verb determines the singular or plural form.
someone, no one, nobody are singular and require Either my father or my sisters are going to sell the
singular verbs. house.
Everyone has completed his or her report. Neither my sisters nor my father is going to sell the
Somebody has left his wallet. house.
Are either my sisters or my father responsible for
2) Some indefinite pronouns like all, some are this?
singular or plural depending on the meaning Is either my father or my sisters responsible for this?
Some of the stones are missing.
Some of the Cola is gone. 8) Words such as glasses, pants, and scissors are
regarded as plural unless they're preceded by the
3) The indefinite pronoun none is singular. phrase apair of.
None of you claims responsibility for this problem. My glasses were on the table.
A pair of trousers is on the bed.
4)Everybody is always [Link] is always
singular, too and requires a singular verb. 9) Some words end in -s and seem to be plural, but
Everybody has finished his or her presentation. they are singular and require singular verbs.
Each of the students is responsible for completing his The news from the front is bad.
or her project in the laboratory. Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant
women.
5) Phrases such as together with, as well as, and
along with are not the same as and. The phrase * On the other hand, some words ending in -s
introduced by as well as or along with will modify the refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and
earlier word. require a
The president as well as his brothers is going to jail. plural verb.
The president and his brothers are going to jail. My assets were wiped out in the last economic
depression.
6) The pronouns neither and either are singular and An average worker's earnings have gone up
require singular verbs even though they seem to be dramatically.
referring to two things. Our thanks go to the colleagues who supported the
Neither of the two traffic lights is working. plan

1
10) Fractional and mathematical expressions such as TEST1
half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of can be Circle the correct option.
singular or plural depending on the meaning. 1) Either my mother or my sister is/are coming to the
A large percentage of the older population is voting meeting.
for him. 2) The dog or the children is/are outside.
Three-fifths of the troops were lost in the war. 3) Either my shoes or your jacket is/are always on
Three-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire last the floor.
night. 4) Jack and Tim don't/doesn’t want to see the film.
Thirty percent of the students are in favor of changing 5) One of my brothers is/are going on a trip to
the policy. France.
Thirty percent of the student body is in favor of 6) The man with all the dogs lives/live on my street.
changing the policy. 7) The movie, including all the previews, takes/take
Two and two is four. about three hours to watch.
8) The players, as well as the captain, want/wants to
* The expression "more than one" takes a win.
singular verb. 9) Either solution is/are acceptable.
More than one student has tried to cheat in the 10) Every one of those novels is/are fiction.
last exam. 11) Nobody knows/know the trouble I've had.
12) Is/Are the news on at four or six?
11) If a sentence compounds a positive and a 13) Five dollars is/are the price of a movie these
negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, days.
the verb should agree with the positive subject. 14) Is/Are the tweezers in that drawer?
The members but not the chairman have decided not 15) Your trousers is/are at the cleaner's.
to teach on Valentine's Day. 16) The committee debates/debate these problems
It is not the faculty members but the dean who carefully.
decides that issue. 17) The Prime Minister, together with his father,
It was the manager, not his ideas, that has provoked greets/greet the press cordially.
the students to riot. 18) All of the CDs, even the scratched one, is/are in
this bag.
19) Either the doctors in this hospital or the chief
administrator is/are going to have to make a
decision.
1.Is2.are3. is4. don't5. Is6. Lives7. takes 8.want9.is10. 20) Is/Are my boss or my sons in the union going to
Is11.Knows12.Is13.is14. Are15.Are16. Debates17.Greets18. Are19.
Is20. Is win this election?

2
TEST 2 17) John or his brother is/are going to be responsible
Circle the correct option. for this trouble.
1) Most of the votes seems/seem to have been 18) A few of the students is/are doing so well they
miscounted. can skip the next level.
2) The tornadoes that tear through this county every 19) One of my teachers has/have written a letter of
fall is/are more than just a nuisance. recommendation for me.
3) Dana Smith, together with her teammates, 20)Has/Have either Kelly or his parents written to
presents/present a formidable opponent on Angela?
the basketball court. 1.seem2. are [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] 13.take14. seem [Link] 16.are17. is [Link] [Link] [Link]
4) Some of the grain appears/appear to be
contaminated.
5) Three-quarters of the students is/are against the
Test Samples
tuition hike.
6) Three-quarters of the student body is/are against
the tuition hike.
7) A high percentage of the population is/are voting
for the new school.
8) A high percentage of the people is/are voting for
the new school.
9) The piano as well as the violin has/have to be
tuned for the big concert.
10) The mayor together with his two sisters is/are
going to be indicted for accepting bribes.
11) Neither of my three suitcases is/are adequate for
this trip.
12) Everybody in the classroom has/have done the
homework well in advance.
13) The jury takes/take their seats in the courtroom.
14) Neither the teacher nor the students
seems/seem to understand this homework.
15)Has/Have either my father or my brothers made a
down-payment on the house?
16)Santa Fe is one of those cities that is/are working
hard to reclaim a riverfront.

3
 3. Negative Additive Relationships:
Neither my father normother likes lentil soup, but I
do.
Neither İzmir norAnkara has enough water sources
for the future days.

*** All four correlative conjunction pairs can join

phrases:

a. Neither the teacher nor the students

CONJUCNTIONS recognized the error in the question.
b. I will not only take a photography course but
also work as a photographer.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS c. She was both surprised and happy to learn

that her son passed the driving test at his
fifth try.
Correlative conjunctions are used to show:
d. We usually eat either at Köfteci Apo or Mavi
Göl.
1. Additive Relationships:
Both his father and mother are coming to visit him.
*** Only either … or and not only… but also can
Both the teacher and the students are bored at this
join clauses:
time of the day.
Not only am I a student at university, but I am alsoa
a. Either he should drive more carefully or
part time worker at a factory.
Mike should drive.
She is not only beautiful, but also very clever. That
b. Not only should you wear thick clothes, but
is why, every man is after her.
you should alsotake vitamin pills in the
winter.
2. Alternative Relationships:
The choice is yours. You can have that course either
*** The two phrases correlative conjunctions join
on the weekends or in the evenings.
must have the same grammatical structures:
We can go fishing either on Saturday or Sunday.
You decide.
a. NOT: Not only was she a hardworking
student but also a good listener.
She was not only a hardworking student but also a
good listener.

4
 b. NOT: Both running for five miles a day and to SENTENCE CONNECTORS
work out make him tired.
Both running for five miles a day and ADDITION CONNECTORS
working out make him tired. also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, as
well, besides, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, besides
*** Parallel structures should be concise and without that, further
unnecessary repetition:
ALTERNATIVE CONNECTORS

a. NOT: He knew either that he needed an A or on the other hand, alternatively

that he needed an A+ to pass the course.

EXEMPLIFYING CONNECTORS
He knew that he needed either an A or an A+ to pass
for example, for instance, especially, in particular, to
the course.
illustrate, as an example
b. NOT: Not only was John happy to see her but
Alice was alsohappy to see her. IDENTIFYING CONNECTORS
Not only John but also Alice was happy to see her. namely, specifically, that is, in other words, I mean, that is
to say
COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
For SIMILARITY CONNECTORS
similarly, likewise, in the same way, by the same token,
And
correspondingly
Nor
But
Or
CONTRAST CONNECTORS
Yet however, in contrast, on the other hand, though, in fact,
So conversely

I was sick, but I went to school anyway. CONCESSION CONNECTORS

(these connectors signal a reservation about something.
The first statement is true, but the second statement is
also true or needs to be considered.)
even so, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, despite, in
spite of, on the other hand, yet, still

EFFECT/RESULT CONNECTORS
accordingly, as a result, as a result of, because of, due to,
consequently, therefore, thus, hence, for this reason

5
PURPOSE CONNECTORS - The match was cancelled due to/owing to / on
in order to, with this in mind, for this purpose account of the fact that there was a terrible storm.
- He left on the grounds that /in that he was ill
TIME CONNECTORS - In as much as language is constantly changing, the
at first, afterwards, later, then, in the meantime, rules of grammar change also.
meanwhile, eventually, subsequently, at last, in the end, - In the view of the fact that it is raining , we should
first, first of all, to start with, next, after that, finally, lastly take our umbrellas.
- Seeing that she is legally old enough to get married, I
TRANSITION CONNECTORS don’t see how you can stop her
as for, as regards, as to, regarding, with regard to, as far
as X is concerned, with respect to Condition
if, provided (that),providing(that),whether …or, unless, in
CONCLUSION CONNECTORS case, as long as, so long as
in summary, to be brief, in brief, to sum up, in short, all in
all, in conclusion, to conclude, to summarize, overall - Provided that there is no opposition, we will hold the
meeting here.
- I’ll go, whether you come with me or stay at home.
- I always keep candles in the house in case there is a
power cut.
SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
- You can stay here as long as you obey the rules.

Contrast
a. Concessive Contrast
although, even though, though, even if, in spite of the
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
fact that, despite the fact that, despite, in spite of

Adverb clauses are dependent clauses that answer the

b. Direct Contrast
questions how, when, where, or why in the same way that
while, whereas
single adverbs do. They are introduced by subordinating
- Although he is a wealthy businessman, he is not
conjunctions.
happy at all.
- The weather is unusually cold despite the fact that
Reason it’s early October.
because, since, as, on account of the fact that, now that, - I won’t go to his party even if he invites me
seeing that, because of the fact that, due to the fact that, - While I like jazz music, my wife hates it.
owing to the fact that, in view of the fact that, inasmuch as - Whereas Jack is 50 years old, his wife is only 25.
(insofar as), on the grounds that
- Now that you have finished the work, you can leave.
- Since / As he was in a hurry, he took a taxi.

6
Time
when, whenever, before, after, as soon as, once, while, Result
until, by the time, hardly…when, till, as soon as, as long so + adj/adv that, such a +adj + noun + that, such +
as, no sooner … than, scarcely … when, the moment, uncountable noun +that, so + adj + a + noun + that
since
- The secretary is so efficient that she definitely
- While she was checking books in a secondhand deserves to be promoted.
bookshop, she came across a book that she always - She is such a beautiful girl that everybody admires
wanted to have. her.
- Whenever he drinks whisky, he gets dead drunk. - In the work place there is such redundancy that the
- We had hardly gone to bed when the phone rang. employers may cut costs and some workers may be
- Once the exams are over, we can go wherever we laid off.
like. - She is so clever a girl that she started school two
- We had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang years earlier than normal.
- She had hardly woken up when her husband arrived. - He has so little patience that he can’t tolerate any
- Hardly had she woken up when her husband arrived noise
- He had no sooner left the house than it began to rain
- No sooner had he left the house than it began to Manner
rain the way, as, as if, as though

- Do as I say, not as I do.

Place - It looks as if / as though the guard has willfully
where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere allowed the two detainees to escape.

- Everywhere I look, I see mothers with new born Purpose

babies. so that, in order that, in case, lest, for fear that
- Where there was widespread poverty and great
despair, there is now hope and growing sense of - I went there early so that/in order that I can watch
optimism. the festival in the front row.
- She walked fast lest she should be seen.
Comparison - I always kept the candles in the house in case there
than, as much as, as many as, - er ….than, more …than, was a power cut
…the – est, the most - I don’t go there for fear that he will see me.

- She earns twice as much as I do.

- He’s far more optimistic than he was before.
- There seem to be far fewer singular, individualized
experiences today than there were in the past.

7
 A. Fill in the blanks withas, as soon as, as if, before, diseases causedby viruses are still notcurable.
the way, when. (use each once!) C D

Mr. Tobey was just shutting his shoe shop at the end of 5. Therediscovers hea rogue unit of U.S. soldiers
the day (1) ___________a man in a suit walked in and A B
asked for a pair of [Link] was something about(2) ledby officer Sam William Marshall, played by Billy
___________the man walked that made Mr. Tobey C D
suspicious. He felt (3) ___________he had seen him Zane.
before somewhere, and then remembered that he had – 1.b 2.c 3.a 4.a 5.b
on TV! The man was a wanted criminal!The man tried on a
few pairs of shoes (4) ___________he bought a pair that
[Link] recommended. ‘They are a bit tight,’ the man
complained. ‘They will stretch,sir,’[Link] said.(5)
___________Mr.Tobey had expected, the man came into
the shop next day to complain about the shoes.(6)
___________he entered the shop, he was surrounded by
police. [Link] had deliberately sold the man a pair of
shoes which were a size too small, knowing he would take
them back the next day!
A. 1. When 2. The way that 3. As if 4. Before 5. As 6. As soon as

B. Circle the letter of the one part that is NOT

CORRECT.

1. Nolonger scientific discovery isa matter ofone

A B C
person working alone.
D
[Link] nineteenth century, it was rarely to find
A B C
organized systems of adult education.
D

3. Whenthe Second World War, almosta third ofa

A B C
million people were killed.
D
4. In spitemodern medical technology, many
A B

8
ADVERBIALS When here, there, alongare used at the beginning of a

Adverbials can express speaker’s or writer’s viewpoint, sentence, the inverted word order is used when the

focus or location and sequence. subject is noun.

- Along came the teacher to teach how to write an

Viewpoint Adverbs
essay.
clearly, fortunately, unfortunately, obviously, certainly,
- Here is my mum.
luckily, surely, evidently, frankly, really, apparently,
- There goes our President.
actually, perhaps , maybe, basically
If the subject is a pronoun, the word order does not
change.
They express the speaker’s or the writer’s comment about
the statement. They modify the whole sentence. They can
- Here we are.
be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the
sentence.
Negative Adverbs

- Basically, I’m in favor of more radical reforms. hardly, never, seldom, at no time, no way, rarely, under

- He is certainly right. any circumstances, onno account, scarcely, not only ,

- He made his point,clearly. neither, little, only then,

- Scientifically, the project was far from being

satisfactory They are already negative and assign a negative meaning

- to the sentence.

- I seldom go to the movies.

Focus Adverbs
- She plays hardly well enough.
only, just, even, almost
- She barely (hardly/scarcely) well enough.
- Little did they know that we are watching tham
They signal which element is focused in a sentence. They
- I hardly did any work today. I work hard because I
are placed just before or after the words or phrases we
enjoy hard work
would like to focus on.

When these negative adverbs are placed at the

- He almost fell down.
beginning of a sentence, inversion becomes necessary.
- I only want toask one question.
- I wanted him to wait just a minute.
- Rarely does she go to the opera.
- She even believes in cloning.
- Hardly ever do we eat in a restaurant.
- Under no circumstances will I support him.
Location and Sequence Adverbs
- Seldom did we eat out.
here, there, along ,inside
- On no account should you let strangers in.

They express the location of something or of somebody

and also express the sequence of activities.
9
The adverbial phrase at alloccurs only in negative and Reason:
interrogative sentences. It is usually used with the - As I felt tired, I went to bed early.
indefinite pronouns. It also never begins a sentence. Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

- I don’t think that’s true at all. - Since Tim is an experienced teacher, he knows how
to deal with such problems.
Being an experienced teacher, Tim knows how to
deal with such problems.

REDUCING ADVERB CLAUSES - Because we took the bus, we saved a lot of money.

We can reduce adverbs clauses by converting an adverb Taking the bus, we saved a lot of money.

clause into an adverb phrase.

- As she didn’t know what to do, she applied to me for

****** We can only reduce adverb clauses when the advice.

subject of the main clause and the adverb clause are the Not knowing what to do, she applied to me for

same. advice.

Time: - Because the horse is seriously injured, it may die.

- When I saw the road block, I stopped my car. Being seriously injured, the horse may die.

Seeing the road block, I stopped my car. Seriously injured, the horse may die.

- While we were hiking, we admired the scenery - Since he has been dismissed from school, Mel plans

around us. to join the army.

(While) hiking, we admired the scenery around us. Having been dismissed from school, Mel plans to
join the army.

- When he was asked whether he would resign or not, Dismissed from school, Mel plans to join the army.

he said that he might.

(When) asked whether he would resign or not, he said Condition:

that he might. - If it is properly used, reading can be an exciting

avenue of communication and learning.

- After we had hiked around the canyon, we were If properly used, reading can be an exciting avenue

exhausted. of communication and learning.

(After) having hiked around the canyon, we were Properly used, reading can be an exciting avenue of

exhausted. communication and learning.

- When they were being searched, they felt angry.

(When) being searched, they felt angry.

10
***** However, if the subjects of the main clause and the ***** A dangling participle occurs if the subject of the main
adverb clause are not the same, we should leave the verb is not the same as the implied subject of the
subject of the reduced clause in order to avoid any participle phrase. To avoid this error, both participle and
misunderstanding. the main verb should relate to the same subject.

- Since it was a nice day, we went swimming. - The path was more visible carrying a flashlight. ( the
It being a nice day, we went swimming. path was carrying a flashlight)
- Because there were no further issues to be Carrying a flashlight, I could see the path.
discussed, the meeting broke up.
There being no further issues to be discussed, the
meeting broke up.
- After the names of the winning contestants were
announced, the meeting broke up.
The names of the winning contestants having
been announced, the meeting broke up.
The names of the winning contestants
announced, the meeting broke up.

***** Reduced adverb clauses may appear at the

beginning, middle or end of a sentence. Commas are
needed in all positions, except the sentence-final position
with the adverb.

- The trackers waded across the river while holding

tightly to the reins of their horses.

***** Reduced adverb clauses often contain emotive verbs

such as amuse, annoy, bewilder, bore, captivate, confuse,
embarrass, excite, frighten, frustrate, interest, irritate,
please, shock, surprise. If weuse the – ed participle, the
focus is on the person experiencing the emotion. If we use
the – ing participle, the focus is on the person or thing
causing the emotion.

- Amused by the movie, Meg laughed out loud.

- Two students whispered in the back of the class,
annoying the teacher.

11
 ** Emphatic ‘do’can add emphasis to an imperative. It
shows polite encouragement.

- Do come to the board!

** Emphatic ‘do’can add emphasis to a verb used in

connection with an adverb of frequency such as never,
rarely, seldom, often, always.

- He always does get his own way to make a long story

short.

** Emphatic ‘do’can be used to ask a clarification question

about a previously mentioned negative statement.

- A: Alice didn’t cheat in the final. B: Then, who

did cheat?

** Emphatic ‘do’can emphasize a positive result regarding

something that had been unknown or in doubt.
EMPHASIS, FOCUS AND CONTRAST
- I’m relieved that she does have her credit card
** We can add emphasis to a sentence by stressing the
(because I thought she might have forgotten it).
auxiliary or the verb‘be’.

** Emphatic ‘do’ can indicate strong concession bordering

- Sally is a world-class swimmer.
on contrast.
- I am really a good worker.

- Although I do not usually enjoy fiction, I did enjoy

** In sentences where there is noauxiliary or ‘be’ verb,
John King’s latest novel.
we can add ‘do’ (do, does, did) and stress it for
emphasis.
** To emphasize a negative statement, we use no +
nouninstead of not + verb.
- I do believe in miracles.
- She did see us at the meeting.
- They do not have any suggestions for the party.
They have no suggestions for the party.
** Emphatic ‘do’can add emphasis to a whole sentence.
- I saw nobody by the sea.
- He managed nothing well.
- You really do have a good thesis.
- I went nowhere.
12
 *****Fronted Structures that Do Not Need
**Auxiliaries can be used to form tag questions and short
Inversion
answers.

Adverbial of Time
- Students become a little bit lazy when it is spring,
He works on his stories during the evenings.
don’t they? Yes, sure they do.
During the evenings he works on his short stories.

**Auxiliaries can be used with the words too, either, so,

Adverbial of Manner
neither.
Officer Marlon preserved the evidence with great care.

- A: I am a doctor. B: I am, too.

- A: She is not hungry. B: Her mother isn’t, With great care, Officer Marlon preserved the evidence.

either.
- A: They are teachers. B: So am I. Adverbial of Condition
- A: I haven’t seen it. B: Neither have I. Something strange must be happening if the dogs are
barking.
If the dogs are barking, something strange must be
FRONTING happening.

1. In English, special emphasis can be placed on some

Adverbial of Purpose
ideas by moving words or phrases from their usual place.
Jack showered Kelly with gifts in order to win her heart.
This is called fronting.
We looked out through the window because we
In order to win her heart, Jack showered Kelly with gifts.
heard a strange noise.
Because we heard a strange noise, we looked
out through the window. Adverbial of Reason
Some people left the cinema because they were afraid.
2. When some structures are fronted, the word order in the Because they were afraid, some people left the cinema.
sentence may change. This is called inversion.
The earthquake was so terrible that many Adverbial of Frequency (after verbs)
people lost their homes. The reading group would meet in the reading corner
So terrible was the earthquake that many people every night.
lost their homes. Every night the reading group would meet in the reading
I wouldn’t leave this town for anything. corner.
Not for anything would I leave this
town.

13
 *****Optional Inversion with Fronted
*****Fronted Structures that Require Inversion Structures

so + adjective/adverb + that Adverbial of Direction

He was so successful that he became the manager of a A leopard appeared from the eastern hills.
big factory at 29. From the eastern hills appeared a leopard.
So successful was he that he became the manager of a
big factory at 29. Adverbial of Position (when the main verb is not
be)
Adverbial of position when the main verb is be An old man sits on the park bench.
A small girl was in the library. On the park bench sits an old man.
In the library was there a small girl.

*****Patterns of Inversion with Fronted

Negative Adverbial of Frequency (before verbs)
Structures
(never, rarely, seldom)
I have never seen such politeness.
Pattern 1: Simple Verbs
Never have I seen such politeness.
When inversion is needed and the sentence has only a
simple verb, add do except when the main verb is a form
Negated Structures
of be.
She would not marry him for anything.
Not for anything would she marry him.
I never said such a bad thing!
Never did I say such a bad thing!
Present participle + modifiers She walked so slowly that it took her an hour to get to
A beam of light was moving toward Ken. school.
Moving toward Ken was a beam of light. So slowly did she walk that it took her an hour to
get to school.
Past participles + modifiers
A note was stuck on my book. Pattern 2: Complex Verbs
Stuck on my book was a note. Complex verbs have a main verb and one or more
auxiliaries. In sentences with complex verbs, the first
Comparative structures auxiliary and the subject are inverted.
This car is more beautiful than that one in color.
More beautiful than that car is this car in color Jim could never have left Ramona.
Never could Jim have left Ramona.
They would not stay in that apartment for anything.
Not for anything would they stay in that apartment.

14
Pattern 3: Be Verbs not until + (noun)
When the verb is bewith no auxiliaries, the subject and be Hedidnot realize the ring was missing until the morning.
are inverted. Not until the morning did he realize the ring was
The manager is seldom here on time. missing.
Seldom is the manager here on time.
The speaker was so boring that many people fell asleep. not since + (noun)
So boring was the speaker that many people fell asleep. We have not had so much rain since March.
Not since March have we had so much rain.
Pattern 4: Be + Auxiliary Verbs
In sentences with fronted adverbials, invert the first under no circumstances

auxiliary and the subject. They will not be allowed to leave under any circum-
stances.

There has never been so much excitement in this town. Under no circumstances will they be allowed to leave.

Never has there been so much excitementin this town.

in no case

In sentences with fronted comparatives, put both the I can not make an exception in any case.

auxiliary and bebefore the subject. In no case can I make an exception.

The dust has been more annoying than the noise during in no way

the remodeling of the hospital. This extra project will not affect your grade in any way.

More annoying than the noise has been the dust during In no way will this extra project affect your grade.

the remodeling of the hospital.

*****Fronted Negative Forms: Adverbials no way (informal)
I am not going to miss that pop concert for any reason!
No way am I going to miss that pop concert.
never
I have never laughed so much!
nowhere
Never have I laughed so much!
I have not been anywhere that is as beautiful as this
place.
not once
Nowhere have I been that is as beautiful as this place.
I have not missed my classes once this term.
Not once have I missed my classes this term.
not until + clause
She will not believe it until she sees it!
not for + (noun)
Not until she sees it will she believe it!
I would not commute three hours a day for all the money
in the world!
Not for all the money in the world would I commute
three hours a day!

15
*****Fronted Negative Forms: Objects CLEFTS
As with the negative adverbials, these fronted structures
require subject-auxiliary or subject-verb inversion.
*****Structure of It-Cleft Sentences
1)It-cleft sentences put emphasis on one part of a
Noun Phrase Objects
sentence. It and a form of be introduces the part that is
emphasized.
not + noun
NoSpecial Emphasis: My sister is conservative, not
The sky was brilliant; she could not see one cloud in any
me.
direction.
Emphasis:It is my sister who is conservative, not me!
The sky was brilliant; not one cloud could she see in any
direction.
2) Cleft means to divide. The cleft divides a sentence into
We will not spend anotherpenny on his education unless
two parts: (1) a focus element and (2) a clause that begins
his grades improve.
with that, who, when, or where.
Not another penny will we spend on his education unless
Focus Element Clause
his grades improve.
It is the youngest child who is usually
both a rebel and a charmer.
3) The verb is singular even if the focus element is plural.
It is the oldest children and only children who
tend to be the most confidently aggressive.

4) The beverb is often present tense. However, we can

also use other tenses.
It will be on a Saturday that we leave, not a
Friday.
It used to be my mother and sister who did all
the cooking, but now we all help.

5) We can use modals in cleft sentences to express

degrees of probability.
It must be white wine that stained this carpet.
It can’t be the youngest child who is the most
capricious.

16
*****Focus Elements in Cleft Sentences What a nice essay it was (that) you wrote about

It is the Prime Ministerwho appoints the cabinet in your mother!

Turkey. (Subject)
4) Focus elements may be that clauses in reported

It is the cabinet that the Prime Minister appoints. (Direct speech.

object) I told you before (that) it was Ken who called

you, not Kelly.

It is the Speaker of the House that the President often The Director announced (that) it was because

disagrees with in the U.S. (Object of Preposition) she was ill that she would not be seeking re-election.

It was an awful shade of greenthat they painted the *****Wh-Clefts

building. (Noun complement)

1) Unlike it-clefts, wh-clefts put focus on information at the

It was greenish redthat he painted it. (Adjective end of the sentence.
complement) What all the world needs is peace and justice.
What they want is a woman in the Cabinet.
It was due to cancerthat the Vice-President resigned.
(Prepositional phrase) 2) The assumption is introduced by a wh-word. The focus
adds new information. A form of be links the two parts of
It was after World War II ended that the baby boom era the sentence.
began in the United States. (Dependent clause) Assumption Be
Focus
It was to ensure the right of women to vote that the Where she goes is
Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution was passed in the a mystery to us.
Senate. (Infinitive or infinitive clause) What Bill Philips offers is
honesty and compassion.
*****Other Forms of Cleft Sentences
1) In Wh-Cleft questions, it and be are inverted, and the When the sentence has two be verbs, the second be links
order changes to be + it after the question word (question the two parts. In spoken English, the first be verb would
word + be + it). be stressed and followed by a pause. (What she is is . . .)
Who was it that gave him the information? What he is is a brilliant politician.

2) We must invert it and be in yes-no questions. *****Using Wh-Clefts for Emphasis

Is it English 02 (that) you are taking this term? Wh-clefts are common in spoken English. The Wh-phrase
often refers to a statement or idea that has been
3)What a + noun phrase + it + be expresses wonder, de- previously expressed.
light, admiration, or surprise. A: How much money does she earn?
B: What she earns is none of your business!

17
 The opposition insisted that the minister resigned.
SUBJUNCTIVES

5) Adjective complements can sometimes take

1) The subjunctive is a kind of present tense which has no
subjunctive verbs.
–s in the third person.
It is used with the verbs of urgency, necessity and advice, That she type is essential.
with the adjectives of urgency, necessity and advice or It is essential that she type.
with the nouns of urgency, necessity and advice. That he be punctual is important.
It is important thathe be punctual.
Her father insiststhat she speakEnglish well.
It’s essential that the meeting begin on time.
It was my biggest desire that I be left on my own on
holiday last year.

2) ‘Do’ is not used in negative subjunctive.

We considered it desirable that he not leave school

before the exams.

3) ‘be’ has special subjunctive functions: I be, you be, etc.

It’s important that Helen be present when we sign the

paper.

4) The subjunctive is rather formal. It’s used more in

American English. In Britain English,
a) when the main verb is in the present tense, we often
use “should” orthe normal form of the verb.

The committee recommends that the scheme

should go ahead.
The opposition insists that the minister resigns.

b) when the main verb is in the past tense, we

often use” should” or the past form of the verb .

The committee recommended that the scheme

should go ahead.
18
VERB PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS H
happen to/on
A hear about/of/from
abstain from hide from
adjust to hope for
agree on/to/with I
apologize for something inquire after/into/of
apologize to someone insist on
apply to somewhere/sb interfere with/in
apply for something L
approve of lapse into
argue about/over sth laugh at
argue with someone listen to
arrive from/in/at live on (money/food)
ask about/of long for
B look at/for
become of sb look over/through/into
believe in look forward to
belong in/to M
benefit from marvel at
boast of meet with sb (AmE)
brag of O
C object to
care about/for operate on
choose between oppose to
coincide with P
collide with participate in
comment on pay for/by
complain to someone perish with
complain about sth/sb persist in
compliment on pray for/to
comply with pray over someone
concentrate on Q
confess to sb/to sth quarrel with someone
consist of quarrel over/about sth
contribute to R
count on/upon recover from
cover with refer to
crash into rejoice in/at
D rely on/upon
deal with reply to
decide on/upon resign from
decide against/to resolve on/upon
depend on/upon respond to/with
derive from result from
despair of retire from
die of revert to
differ from/about/in/with run into
differentiate between S
distinguish between search for
dream of/about shout at/to
drive into speak to/with
E specialize in
emerge from submit to
escape from subscribe to
excel in/at substitute for
F succeed in
feel like suffer from
fight for/against supply to someone
fight over/with supply with something
forget about

19
T advise sb about sth
talk with/to someone appoint sb as/to a post
talk about something arrange sth for sb
tend to arrest sb for sth
think of/about assign sb to a post
trade with sb ask sb for sth
trade in sth associate sb/sth with
V B
vote for/against betray a secret to sb
W blame sb for sth
wait for borrow sth from sb
worry about c
worry over something caution sb against sth
write to someone charge sb with sth
combine sth with sth
Y compare sb/sth with/to
Yearn for compensate sb for sth
Yield to condemn sb/sth to/for
congratulate sb on sth
NOTES: convince sb of sth
1. care about/care for cut sth into
care about "onemsemek' anlamini verir. cut sth off
She doesn't care about her lessons. She is more interested D
in having a good time, dedicate sb/sth to
care for iki anlama gelir. deter sb from
a) look after, take care of devote sb/sth to
We need someone to care for our son while we are at work. differentiate sb/sth from
b) like, would like discourage sb from sth
Would you care for something to drink? (Would you like discuss sth with sb
I don't care for tea, except bthreakfast. (/ don't like ...............................................
distinguish ) sb/sth from
2, fight for/fight against divide sth into/among/between
Bir seyi elde etmek icin mucadele ediyorsak fight for, bir seyden E
kurtulmak icin miicadele ediyorsak fight excuse sb for sth
against kullamlir. Aynı kullamm struggle, vote, go on strike gibi explain sth to sb
yapilar icin de gecerlidir. F
forgive sb for sth
The government should fight harder against inflation.
The workers are going on strike for higher wages. H
help sb with sth
3. hear from/about/of hide sth from sb
hear from, telefon, mektup vb. yoluyla birinden "haber almak' I
anlammdadir. identify sth with/as sth
I haven't heard from him since he left here. include sth in sth else
hear about, bir olayi "duymak' anlamındadir. inform sb of/about sth
Have you heard about the accident that happened on the insure sb against sth
highway late last night? invite sb to somewhere
hear of, "bir seyi duymak, oyle bir §eyin varligından haberdar involve sb in sth
olmak' anlammda kuliamhr. K
I hadn't heard of a singer by that name until you mentioned him. keep sb from sth
L
VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS leave sth for sb
leave somewhere for somewhere else
(Key: sb: somebody sth: something) let sb/sth into somewhere
look sth up
Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra bir nesne (object) ile M
birlikte kullanilirlar. mistake sb/sth for sb/sth else
They accused him of stealing the money. /She spent all her P
money on persuade sb of/to
point sth at sb
A prevent sb from
accuse sb of sth promote sb to
adapt sth to sth protect sb from/against
admire sb for sth provide sb with sth

20
provide sth for sb as for (...a gelince; ... konusunda ise)
punish sb for sth My wife doesn't believe the new governor's
R doing a good job, but as for me, I think he's
refer sb/sth to sb turned out not so bad after all.
regard sb as
remind sb of/about as opposed to (...ya kar§ilik; ... He kiyaslandigında)
rescue sb from Irish whiskey, as opposed to Scotch, is much
rob sb of sth smoother and less bitter-tasting.
s
sentence sb to as regards (,..e gelince;... konusunda)
separate sb/sth from As regards your performance at the concert last
spend sth on night, I think your solos were a bit too long.
stop sb from
suspect sb of at home in (somewhere) (bir konuda bilgili; (bir
T yerde) kendini rahat hisseden)
take someone for someone else Henry feels quite at home in the fast-paced
thank sb for sth world of big business.
throw sth at/to sb
translate sth from/into at (one's) leisure {bos zamanlarında)
W I won't need the book until next semester, so
warn sb about/of sth you can take it and read it at your leisure.

NOTES: at a loss (ne yapacagmi bilmez, sasirmis durumda)

1. Provide, iki nesne alan bir fiildir. Bu nesnelerin cümle He's completely at a loss about how to solve his
içindeki yerine gore with ya da for kullanihr. marital problems, so he's asking for any advice
"Kimin için saglandiginı" belirtiyorsak provide something for we might be able to give him.
someone, 'ne saglandiginı behrtiyorsak
provide someone with something yapisi kullanilır. at any rate {her nasilsa; en azından)
They provided useful information for me. /They provided me with Housing prices'll pretty soon be going up
useful information. astronomically; at any rate, that's what the
experts are predicting.
2. remind about, "bir konuda hatirlatma yapmak' anlaminı
verir. at large (serbest; basibos)
Don't forget to remind me about the meeting. Having escaped from prison nearly two weeks
remind of, "bir seyi, birini cagrıstirmak' anlamında kullanilır. ago, the convicted rapist remains at large in
Her voice reminded me of my closest friend in high school. the city.

3. shout to, birine sesimizi duyurmak icin "bagirmak' at the mercy of {...nun insafına kalmis; ....nun elinde)
anlamındadir. After the city had surrendered to Genghis
When I spotted Alice ahead, I shouted to her. Khan, it suddenly found itself at the mercy of
shout at, birine ökeyle "bagirmak' anlamındadir. the Mongol horde.
Sorry for my shouting at you last night, but 1 couldn't stop
myself. at variance with (.. Ale celişmek; ...ile ters dusmek)
One of the witnesses’ stories is completely at
4. throw something to someone, birine bir seyi "tutmasi icin variance with the others'.
atmak' anlammda; throw something at
someone, birine "vurmak' igin bir sey atmak anlammda kullanilır. by all means (elbette)
He threw the ball to me, but I couldn't catch it. - May I have a look at your newspaper, if you
Don't throw stones at birds! It's cruel. are finished with it?
- By all means, go ahead. Here you are.
5. differentiate ve distinguish, from ve between ile kullanilır.
Kullanılan preposition'a gore cumlenin sozcük by and by (yakında; cok gecmeden)
dizimi soyledir. Don't worry, your new business'll start making
As he is colour-blind he finds it difficult to distinguish between a profit by and by.
green and blue.
As he is colour-blind, he finds it difficult to distinguish green from by and large [genel olarak)
blue. By and large, the speech he gave was not too
bad, although it got a bit monotonous from
IMPORTANT STRUCTURES WITH PREPOSITIONS time to time.
along with [yanı sira; ...ile birlikte)
He can speak Cantonese Chinese, along with
several other East Asian languages.

21
by any/no means (ne sekilde olursa olsun/asla, in/out of keeping with (.. .ya uygun olarak/.. .ya
hic bir surelte) uymayan)
The economy is by no means an entirely He is a politician, so is it any surprise that his
predictable thing: one day it can be up, while actual policies are not at all in keeping with his
the next day it can plummet down. promises?

by means of {araciligiyla; vasitasiyla) irrespective of/regardless of (...a bakılmaksizin;

In 1947, Thor Heyerdahl crossed the Pacific ...olursa olsun)
Ocean from Peru to Polynesia by means of a istiklal Caddesi, in Istanbul, is always crowded
primitive raft in order to demonstrate the with people regardless of the time of day.
possibility of his theory that the Polynesians
may have originally come from South America. of late (lately/recently: son zamanlarda)
Inflation's actually been going down of late,
by/in virtue of (...den dolayı, nedeniyle) which has really surprised me.
The murderer was found not guilty by virtue of
insanity. off and on/on and off (kesintili; zaman zaman)
She's been doing translation work for our
for (the) want of (yokluk; ....sizlik) company off and on for the last ten years.
For want o/just $200 more than they had, my
parents missed my wedding, not having enough off (one's) guard (hazirlıksiz; tetikte olmayan)
money for a plane ticket to Istanbul. I was caught completely off guard by his
sudden and unexpected insult.
in compliance with (...uygun olarak; (emre) itaat on/in behalf of (...nm adına;...nın namına)
ederek) On behalf of my wife, who was unable to come
U. William H. Calley, who initiated the this evening, I would like to congratulate you
massacre of hundreds of women and children on the birth of your first child.
at My Lai, Vietnam, in 1968, claimed that he
had simply been acting in compliance with on the brink/point of (...yapmak üzere; ...nın
orders. eşiginde)
We were on the brink of cancelling our holiday
in defiance of (karsi cikarak; karsi gelerek) when we finally managed to sell our house, so
He joined the merchant marine in defiance of we were able to go to Jamaica after all.
his parents' wishes.
on the spot {hemen; derhal)
in light/view of (...nm isigi altmda; ...yi goz onünde When his boss found out that Grant had been
tutarak) stealing money from the company, he was fired
In light of your difficult financial on the spot.
circumstances, we have decided to offer you a
scholarship so that you may continue with on no account (asla; katiyen)
your studies at university. While your father and I are away for the
weekend, you are on no account to throw any parties at the
to/with regard/respect to (.. konusunda) house, do you understand?
In regard to the contract you have offered, I
have a few questions about some of the fringe out of favour (with) (gözden düşmüş)
benefits. The president, who was once so
overwhelmingly popular, has recently fallen out
in respect of {...ile ilgili olarak) of favour with much of the population as a
In respect of the introduction to your essay, I result of the continuing war in Iraq.
believe it should be written somewhat more concisely.
over and above {...den baska; ...den ayrı olarak)
in store for (someone) {...yı bekleyen; (yapilmayı When moving to another country, there are
bekleyen) difficulties over and above the language barrier,
As I'm moving to a new apartment next week, such as the shock of a different culture or the
I've got a lot of packing in store for me this adjustment to a quite different diet.
weekend.
over and over (again) (tekrar tekrar; defalarca)
in the teeth/face of (ragmen) Because the song was so difficult and
In the teeth of fierce opposition from others in complicated, we had to rehearse it over and
his own party, the minister declared that he over again before we were finally able to get it
would be raising the inheritance tax. right.

22
with a view to (amaciyla)
She has been reading lots of old Ottoman
literature lately, with a view to applying to the
Turkish Literature program at Bilkent
University next year.

with respect to (.. .ile ilgili olarak)

With respect to your loan request of the 25th of
March, we regret to inform you that your
application has been denied.

without regard to (regardless of) (...a bakmaksizın;

...olursa olsun)
We should look into buying a new printer,
without regard to the cost, as this old one no
longer fulfills the needs of our business.

23