Matrices & Determinants
❏ Algebra of matrices
❏ Type of matrices
❏ Transpose of matrix and its properties
❏ Some Special Types of Matrices
❏ Properties of Determinants
❏ Minors and Cofactors
❏ Adjoint of Matrices and its properties
❏ Inverse of a matrix and Its properties
❏ Differentiation of Determinants
❏ System of linear equations using Matrices & Determinants
❏ Cayley Hamilton theorem
Describing Matrices
C₁ C₂ Cₙ
R₁ a11 a12
R₂
⋯ a1n
a21 a22 Elements
⋯ a2n
Rₘ
⋮ m×n
⋮
am1 am2
⋯ amn Order of
Matrix
Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
(a) Row matrix: (b) Column matrix:
(c) zero or Null matrix: (d) Horizontal matrix:
(e) Vertical matrix: (f) Square matrix:
Types of Matrices
In square matrix:
(i) aii are called diagonal elements.
(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements.
(iii) is called trace of square matrix.
Types of Matrices
square matrix:
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix
aij = 0 ∀ i ≠ j
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular Scalar Matrix
Algebra of Matrices
● Equality of Matrices
● Addition/Subtraction of Matrices
● Multiplication of a matrix by a constant
● Multiplication of two Matrices
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal if
1. They have same order
2. Corresponding terms are equal.
Addition of Matrices
Two matrices of same order are added term by term
Multiplication of a matrix by a constant
Note
❖ If Aₙ is a square matrix of order n & K is a constant then:
|K × Aₙ| = Kⁿ |Aₙ|
Multiplication of two Matrices
Note
❖ Two matrices can be multiplied only if number of columns
of pre-multiplier is equal to number of rows of post
multiplier.
❖ Matrices are multiplied in row by column way of
determinant multiplications.
❖ If A × B is null matrix then it is not necessary that either A
or B will be null matrix.
❖ If A & B are two square matrices of same order then
|A × B| = |A| × |B|
Properties of Multiplication
1. It’s not commutative.
i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general)
2. Its Associative
i.e. (A × B) × C = A × (B × C)
3. It distributes over addition.
i.e. A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
or (B + C) × A = B × A + C × A
4. Multiplicative identity exists.
Im × m × Am × n = Am × n = Am × n × In × n
5. Any matrix multiplied with null matrix gives a null matrix.
Transpose and Its Properties
Properties
Properties of transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT
Remark
1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT
2. (An)T = (AT)n
JEE Main 2021 | 25th Feb S2
If for the matrix,
then the value of is:
A 3
B 2
C 1
D 4
JEE Main 2021 | 25th Feb S2
If for the matrix,
then the value of is:
JEE Main 2021 | 25th Feb S2
If for the matrix,
then the value of is:
JEE Main 2021 | 25th Feb S2
If for the matrix,
then the value of is:
A 3
B 2
C 1
D 4
Solution:
Some Special Types of Matrices
Some Special Types of Matrices
Symmetric matrix : If then square matrix An
is called symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i and j
Skew Symmetric matrix : If then square
matrix An is called skew symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i and j
Clearly, aij = 0 ∀ i
Remark
Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of
symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
Some Special Types of Matrices
Orthogonal Matrix:
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAᵀ = I
Remark
If A is an orthogonal matrix then its determinant must be
±1.
Note
❖ There is no way to check whether matrix is nilpotent or
not, other than checking the powers manually.
JEE Main 2022
Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 symmetric and skew symmetric
matrices respectively. Then which of the following is NOT
true?
A A4 - B4 is a symmetric matrix
B AB - BA is a symmetric matrix
C B5 - A5 is a skew-symmetric matrix
D AB + BA is a skew-symmetric matrix
JEE Main 2022
Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 symmetric and skew symmetric
matrices respectively. Then which of the following is NOT
true?
JEE Main 2022
Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 symmetric and skew symmetric
matrices respectively. Then which of the following is NOT
true?
JEE Main 2022
Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 symmetric and skew symmetric
matrices respectively. Then which of the following is NOT
true?
A A4 - B4 is a symmetric matrix
B AB - BA is a symmetric matrix
C B5 - A5 is a skew-symmetric matrix
D AB + BA is a skew-symmetric matrix
Solution: (A) M= A4 - B4
MT = (A4 + B4)T = (AT)4 - (BT)4
= A4 - (-B)4 = A4 - B4 = M
(A) M = AB - ВА
MT = (AB - BA)T = (AB)T - (BA)T
= B T AT - AT BT
= -BA - A(-B)
= AB - BA = M
(A) M = B5 - A5
MT = (BT)5 - (AT)5 = -(B5 + A5) ≠ -M
(A) M = AB + BA
MT = (AB)T + (BA)T
= BT AT + ATBT = -BA - AB = -M
Properties of Determinants
Properties of Determinants
Property 1 : The value of the determinant remains unchanged
if its rows and columns are interchanged.
Property 2 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinants are
interchanged, then sign of determinant changes.
Property 3 : If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
identical (all corresponding elements are proportional), then
value of determinant is zero.
Remark
If any row (or any column) of a determinant is jumped
over ‘n’ rows (or columns), then the resulting determinant
∆ is (–1)n∆.
Properties of Determinants
Property 4 : If all the elements of any row (column) be multiplied
by a number ‘K’ then value of determinant is multiplied by ‘K’.
Properties of Determinants
Property 5 : If some or all elements of a row (or a column) of a determinant
are expressed as sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be
expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants of the same order.
i.e.
Observation
JEE Main 2023 | 12th April S1
JEE Main 2023 | 12th April S1
JEE Main 2023 | 12th April S1
Correct Answer: 6
Solution:
Properties of Determinants
Property 6 : The value of determinants is not altered by adding or
subtracting the multiple of any row (column) in other row
(column)
Properties of Determinants
Property 7
Factor Theorem: If by putting x = a, the value of
determinant vanishes, then x – a is the factor of
determinant.
Differentiation of a Determinant
Differentiation of a Determinant
Remark
If
Minors & Cofactors
Minors & Cofactors
Minor :
M11 =
M12 =
M33 =
Minors & Cofactors
Cofactor :
Adjoint of Matrix
For any square matrix, its adjoint is defined as transpose of
its cofactor matrix.
Result
For any square matrix An × n :
A × (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) × A
Properties of Adjoint
For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:
1. |adj A| = |A|n-1 4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T
5. adj(KA) = Kn - 1 adj A;
2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A
K is constant
3.
6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m ∈ n
7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
i.e. reversal law holds
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that det(A) = 3 and
det(adj(-4 adj(-3 adj(3 adj((2A)-1)))) = 2m3n, then
m + 2n is equal to:
A 2
B 4
C 3
D 6
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that det(A) = 3 and
det(adj(-4 adj(-3 adj(3 adj((2A)-1)))) = 2m3n, then
m + 2n is equal to:
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that det(A) = 3 and
det(adj(-4 adj(-3 adj(3 adj((2A)-1)))) = 2m3n, then
m + 2n is equal to:
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that det(A) = 3 and
det(adj(-4 adj(-3 adj(3 adj((2A)-1)))) = 2m3n, then
m + 2n is equal to:
A 2
B 4
C 3
D 6
Solution:
Inverse of Matrix
Square matrix Bn is called inverse matrix of An if:
AB = BA = I
Clearly, if B is inverse of A then A is also inverse of B.
Inverse of Matrix
Square matrix Bn is called inverse matrix of An if:
AB = BA = I
Clearly, if B is inverse of A then A is also inverse of B.
Formula for A−1
Clearly, A−1 exists (i.e. matrix A is invertible iff A is non-
singular)
Properties of Inverse
i.e. reversal law holds.
System of Linear Equations using Matrices
Consider,
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
System of Linear Equations using Matrices
Consider,
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Clearly, we can represent it as: AX = B
Where,
So, X = A−1B
System of Linear Equations using Matrices
System of Linear Equations using Determinants
Let’s consider a homogeneous system of equations given
by
System of Linear Equations using Determinants
System of Linear Equations using Determinants
If is not necessarily equal to zero.
Then and
Number of Solutions
Using Matrices Using Determinants
Number of Solutions
Using Matrices
Condition for consistency of a system of linear equation AX = B
(a) If |A| ≠ 0, then the system is consistent and has a unique
solution, given by X = A-1 B
(b) If |A| = 0, and (Adj A) B ≠ 0, then the system is inconsistent.
(c) If |A| = 0, and (Adj A) B = 0, then the system is consistent and
has infinitely many solutions.
Number of Solutions
Using Determinants
Condition Number of Solutions
D≠0 Unique solution
Infinite number of solutions or
D = 0 and Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
No solution
D = 0 and amongst Dx, Dy, Dz
No Solution
any one is non-zero
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
Let λ, μ ∈ R. If the system of equations
3x + 5y + z = 3
7x +11y - 9z = 2
97x + 155y - 189z = μ
has infinitely many solutions, then μ + 2λ is equal to:
A 24
B 25
C 27
D 22
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
Let λ, μ ∈ R. If the system of equations
3x + 5y + z = 3
7x +11y - 9z = 2
97x + 155y - 189z = μ
has infinitely many solutions, then μ + 2λ is equal to:
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
Let λ, μ ∈ R. If the system of equations
3x + 5y + z = 3
7x +11y - 9z = 2
97x + 155y - 189z = μ
has infinitely many solutions, then μ + 2λ is equal to:
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
Let λ, μ ∈ R. If the system of equations
3x + 5y + z = 3
7x +11y - 9z = 2
97x + 155y - 189z = μ
has infinitely many solutions, then μ + 2λ is equal to:
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
Let λ, μ ∈ R. If the system of equations
3x + 5y + z = 3
7x +11y - 9z = 2
97x + 155y - 189z = μ
has infinitely many solutions, then μ + 2λ is equal to:
A 24
B 25
C 27
D 22
Solution:
Solution: