Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Concept of an Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a biological community of living organisms interacting with each other and with their non-living
environment. It includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
Structure:
- Biotic Components: Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
- Abiotic Components: Light, temperature, water, etc.
Functions:
- Energy flow
- Nutrient cycling
- Regulation of populations and environment
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers
Producers: Green plants, algae (photosynthetic organisms)
Consumers: Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi that break down dead matter.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
Energy flows in a unidirectional way from Sun -> Producers -> Consumers -> Decomposers.
Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Ecological Succession
Gradual development of ecosystems over time.
- Primary succession: Starts on bare rock
- Secondary succession: Starts in areas that had life before
Leads to a stable climax community.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Food Chains, Food Webs and Ecological Pyramids
Food Chain: Linear path of energy flow.
Food Web: Network of interconnected food chains.
Ecological Pyramids:
- Number
- Biomass
- Energy (always upright).
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Forest Ecosystem
Characteristics: Dense vegetation, high biodiversity.
Structure: Canopy, understory, forest floor.
Functions: Oxygen production, carbon storage.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Grassland Ecosystem
Characteristics: Dominated by grasses, supports herbivores.
Functions: Prevents soil erosion, supports food chains.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Desert Ecosystem
Characteristics: Low rainfall, extreme temperatures.
Structure: Xerophytes, reptiles.
Functions: Water conservation, unique adaptations.
Ecosystem: Concepts and Types
Aquatic Ecosystems
Ponds & Lakes: Still water, support aquatic life.
Streams & Rivers: Flowing water, nutrient transport.
Oceans: Saltwater, regulate climate.
Estuaries: Freshwater meets seawater, high productivity.