Biostatistics &
Research Methodology
Part-1
Introduction to Research
by
Dr. Tanya Ralli
(M. S. (Pharm), Ph.D.)
Meaning of Research
A search for Scientific and
knowledge systematic search for
pertinent information
on a specific topic.
Research
A careful investigation “Systematized effort to
or inquiry specially gain new knowledge” -
through search for new Redman and Mory
facts in any branch of
knowledge.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental/Pure Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the
formulation of a theory.
– “Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.
– Example: Mathematical solutions (Student’s t Test), Research studies concerning
human behavior etc.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society
or an industrial/business organization.
– Example: Experimental Research, Treat or cure a specific disease.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.
– Researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened
or what is happening.
– Example: Frequency of taking Paracetamol Brands (Dolo/ Crocin/ Calpol)
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Establish the existence of a relationship or association between two or more aspects
of a situation.
– It examines the covariation of two or more variables.
– Example: Research on Cigarette smoking associated with various lung disease.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Explanatory or casual research is to clarify why and how there is a relationship
between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
– Example: Why stressful living results in heart attacks.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area about which little is known or
to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study.
– Example: Development of COVID-19 Medicine.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.
– It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
– Example: Determination of Quantity of SARS CoV-2 Antibody (IgG II) in the recovered
patients.
Type of Research
Research
Application Based Objective Based Inquiry Mode
Basic/Fundamental Descriptive Research Quantitative Research
Applied Research Correlational Research Qualitative Research
Explanatory Research
Exploratory Research
– Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon.
– Example: Present or Absent of SARS CoV-2 Antibody (IgG II) in the recovered patients.
Biostatistics &
Research Methodology
Need for Research
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of Issues
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– Strategies such as boosting your memory and learning in multiple ways can be
helpful.
– Regularly learning new things, utilizing distributed practice, and testing yourself often
can also be helpful ways to become a more efficient learner.
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– Data sharing allows researchers to build upon the work of others rather than repeat
already existing research.
– Sharing data also enables researchers to perform meta-analyses on the current
research topic.
– Meta-analyses are important for gathering larger trends over a wider regional or
topic area.
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– Research requires highly skilled and qualified professionals who can understand the
global research environment and develop systems that will lead the frontiers of
development.
– Curiosity fuels the mind to seek for answers, allowing creativity and logical reasoning,
thereby preventing mental illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– It may be used to establish a fact, theory or hypotheses.
– It can also be used to disprove what was thought to be truth.
– It may be used to obtain in-depth information that will make for better understanding
of issues.
– It can reveal what we did not existed.
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– Problem solving is a key component of Research.
– Example: Proton Pump Inhibitors (Bilayer Tablet)
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– Research and innovation lead societal development.
– Example: Vacuum-Induced Uterine Tamponade Device for Postpartum Hemorrhage.
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– In clinical trials research is legal requirement; without the research product can not
be approved for marketing authorization.
– Vacuum-induced tamponade was applied in 66 women. Success rate was 86% in
women with uterine atony (n=44) and 73% in women with postpartum hemorrhage due
to placental pathology (n=22)
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– It enables researchers to assess their potentials, achieve their goals through
available opportunities in form of employment, funding, training, grants, etc.
– Research initiatives enables researchers address social issues.
– Research broadens ones social network, raises awareness and contributes to the
ability of an individual to make life changing decisions.
Need for Research
Research
Intellectual Development Problem Solving Financial Success
Efficient Learning Process Discover Issues & Solve New Opportunities
Valuable information
Innovation Scale up the Innovated
Sharing
Product
Nourishment for the mind Legal Requirements
Better understanding of
Issues
– Research leads to the development of product.
– Good product can be a best possibility of scale up & Business.
– Example: COVID-19 Vaccine.
Thank
You