Problems in Unit-1

Example -1
A 250 V lamp has a total flux of 300 lumens and takes 0.8A. Calculate lumens /watt
(efficiency of lamp) and MSCP/watt.
Solution:

Given data

Voltage of lamp, V = 250 volts

Current ,I = 0.8 amps.

Total flux , Φ= 3000 lumen

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
(a) Lamp efficiency = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Wattage of Lamp or Electrical Input = V x I = 250 x 0.8 = 200 Watts.

3000
⸫ Lamp Efficiency= = 15 lumens/ watt
200

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠

(b) M.S.C.P = 4𝜋

3000
= = 238.73
4𝜋

238.7
M.S.C.P/watt = = 1.2
200

Example -2
(i) A lamp taking 3 A at 100 V emits 6000 lamer Calculate its efficiency in (a) lumens /W (b)
Mean spherical candle power/W.
(ii) A lamp taking 0.5 A and 230 V is rated at 115 mean horizontal candle power. Find its
efficiency in (a) mean horizontal candle power/W, (b) lumens/W, if spherical reduction
factor is 0.8.
Solution:
Case-1
Given data :
Current , I=3 A
Voltage , V=100V
Total flux, Φ = 6000 lumens
 Electrical Input , P= VI cos θ
= 100 x 3 x 1 (assuming p.f=1)
= 300 W
(a) Efficiency in lumens/W

𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 6000

= = = 20 Lumens/watt
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 300

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 6000

(b) MSCP = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = 477.7 C.P
4𝜋

477.7
⸫ Efficiency in MSCP/W = = 1.59 C.P/W
300

Case-2:

Voltage, V=230 V

Current, I= 0.5 A

Mean Horizontal candle power, MHCP =115 C.P

𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑃 115
(a) Efficiency in MHCP/ watt = = =1 C.P/W
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 230 𝑥 0.5 𝑥 1

(b) Lumen output = MSCP x 4π

But MSCP = MHCP x reduction factor

= 115 x 0.8 =92 C.P

⸫ Lumen ouput = 92 x 4π = 1156 lumen

𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡 1156

⸫ Efficiency in Lumen/ Watt = = = 10 lumen/W
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 115

Example -3
Determine the distance for a 30 c.p lamp from a normally placed screen in order that the
illumination shall be (a) 5 lux (b) 10 lux (c) 15 lux.

Solution:

Since the screen placed is normal to lamp, the illumination is given by,

1 𝐼
E= 𝑟 2 ⸫ r = √𝐸
 30
(a) r = √ 5 = 2.45 mtr

30
(b) r = √10 = 1.73 mtr

30
(c) r = √15 = 1.414 mtr

Example -4

A 0.4 m diameter diffusing sphere of opal glass (20% absorption) encloses an incandescent
lamp with a luminous flux of 4500 lumens, Calculate the average luminance of the sphere.
Solution:
Given data:
Diameter of globe or sphere, d = 0.4 mtr
Luminous flux = 4500 lumens
Flux emitted by the globe , Φ = 0.8 x 4500 = 3600 lumen (∵20% absorption)
Surface area of globe = 4π𝑟 2 = π𝑑3 𝑚2
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 3600
⸫ Average luminance of the globe = = = 7162 lumen/ 𝒎𝟐
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜋 𝑥 0.42

Example -5
(a) Find the solid angle subtended by an area of 2000 cm2 on the surface of a sphere of
radius 1 mtr.
(b) Find the total number of lumen emitted by a lamp of MSCP 50.

(c) For a lamp having an intensity of 80 c.p in a given direction, find the illumination in lux 50
cm vertically below the lamp.
Solution:
(a) Solid angle subtended by the area,
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
ω = (𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠2 ) = 𝑅2

2000 𝑥 10−4
ω= = 0.2 Steradian
12

(b) No. of lumen emitted by the lamp = 4π x 50 = 628.3 lumens

𝐼
(c) Illumination vertically under the lamp = 𝑟2
80
E= 0.52 = 320 Lux
Example -6
A lamp having MSCP of 800 is suspended at the height of 10 mtr. Calculate
(a) Total flux of the light
(b) the illumination directly below the lamp at the working plane.

(c) Illumination at a point 2.5 mtr away on the horizontal plane from vertically below the
lamp.
Solution:
Given data:
Luminous Intensity (MSCP) of lamp = 800
Height of lamp, h = 10 mtr
(a) Total flux, Φ = MSCP x 4π
= 800 x 4π = 10053 lumens
(b) Illumination directly below the lamp,
𝛷
E= = (here, r=h)
𝑟2
800
E = = 8 lux
102

(c) Illumination at a point 2.5 mtr away on the horizontal plane from vertically below the
lamp
𝐼 𝐼
E = cos3θ = cosθ
ℎ2 𝑟2

From fig.,
10
Cos θ = √2.52 +102
= 0.97
800
⸫E = x 0.973
102

E = 7.3046 lux Fig.,

𝐼
(or) E = cosθ
𝑟2
800
= x 0.97 = 7.304 lux
10.3072
Example -7
A surface inclined at an angle of 70° to the rays is kept 4 mtr. away from a 125 c.p lamp. Find
the average intensity of illumination on the surface.
Solution:

Here, the surface is inclined at an angle of 70°

So, 0 = 90° — 70° = 20°
Average illumination,
𝐼
E = cosθ
𝑟2
125
E = x cos 20° Fig.,
42

E = 7.341 lux
Example -8
The illumination at a point on a working plane directly below the lamp is to be 100
lumens/m2. The lamp gives 250 c.p uniformly below the horizontal plane. Determine the
height at which the lamp is suspended and find illumination at a point on the working
table1.2 mtrs away from the vertical axis of the lamp.
Solution:
Given data:
Luminous intensity of lamp,
I = 250 c.p
Illumination at point directly below the lamp,
E = 100 lm/m2
Let height of lamp from A Fig.,
= h mtr (shown in fig.)
𝐼
EA = ℎ 2
𝐼 250
h2 = = 100 = 2.5
𝐸𝐴

⸫ h = √2.5 = 1.58 mtr.

Illumination at B on the working table
𝐼
EB = cos3θ
ℎ2
1.58
Cos θ = = 0.796
1.984
 250
⸫ EB = x 0.7963 = 50.5 lux
1.582

⸫ EB = 50.5 lux

Example -9
(a) A lamp emits a total flux of light of 1500 lumens. What is its MSCP ?
(b) A plane surface is placed 3 mtrs. from a 300 c.p uniform source of light. Calculate the
intensity of illumination on the surface when it is
i) Normal ii) Inclined at 60° (iii) Parallel to the rays.
Solution:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
(a) MSCP of lamp = 4𝜋

1500
= = 119.36 c.p
4𝜋

(b) (i) Surface is normal , (fig.)

r = 3 mtr = h
300
E = = 33.34 lux
32

(ii) Surface is inclined at 60 °,

h = 3 mtrs.
So, θ = 90° - 60° = 30°
𝐼 300
⸫ E = cos3θ = cos330° = 21.65 lux
ℎ2 32

(iii) since, surface is parallel to the rays, the illumination is zero.

Fig.,
Example -10
A light source has an output of 500 c.p in all directions below the lamp level. It is suspended
at 3 mtr above the ground. Calculate
(i) Illumination directly below the lamp at the working plane.
(ii) Illumination at a point 2 mtr. Away or the horizontal plane from vertically below the
lamp.
(iii) Total flux of light within a circular area of 1 mtr. Diameter around the point vertically
below the lamp.
Solution:
Given data:
C.P of lamp = 500
Height of lamp = 3 mtr
(i) Illumination at A,
𝐼
EA = ℎ2
500
EA = (here, r = h = 3)
32

= 55.55 lux

Fig.,
(ii) Illumination at B (Refer Fig.,)

Here r = √22 + 32 = 3.605 mtr

ℎ 3
Cos θ = = = 0.832
𝑟 3.605
𝐼 𝐼
⸫ EB = cos3θ = cosθ
ℎ2 𝑟2
500
EB = x 0.8323 = 32 lux
32
 𝜋
(iii) Surface area = D2 = π R2
4

Given Diameter D= 1 mtr

𝜋
⸫ Surface area = x 12 = 0.7854 m2
4

⸫ Total flux = EA x 0.7854

= 55.55 x 0.7854 = 43.63 lumen

Example -11
A small light source with intensity uniform in all directions is mounted at a height of 10 mtrs.
above a horizontal surface. Two points A and B both lie on the surface with point A directly
1
beneath the source. How far is B from A if the illumination at B is only 10 as great as A?

Solution:
Let the intensity of the lamp be ‘I’ and the distance between A and B be ‘x’ mtrs. As shown
in Fig.
Illumination at point A,
1 1
EA = = lux
102 100

Illumination at point B,
𝐼
EB = cos3θ
ℎ2
10
Cos θ = √102 +𝑥 2

𝐼 10 3 10 𝐼
EB = x [√102 ] = 3 Fig:
102 +𝑥 2
(√102 +𝑥2 )

But, given that

1
EB = EA
10
10 𝐼 1 𝐼
3 = 10 x
(√102 +𝑥 2 ) 100

3
(√102 + 𝑥 2 ) = 10000
1
√102 + 𝑥 2 = (10000)3 = 21.54
102 + 𝑥 2 = 21.542
𝑥2 = 21.542 - 102 = 364.158
𝑥 = 19.1 mtrs.
Example -12
A 100 C.P lamp is hung 2m above the centre of a circular area of 3 m diameter. Determine
illumination at
(i) The centre of the area.
(ii) A point on the circumference of the area.
(iii) Average illumination. Find also the average illumination, if a reflector of 50% efficiency
is used.
Solution:
(i) Illumination at centre of the area, A
100
EA = = 25 lux
22

This is the maximum illumination on the working

area
(ii) Referring to fig.

r = √22 + 1.52 = 2.5 m

ℎ 2
cos θ = = 2.5 = 0.8
𝑟

Illumination at a point on circumference of the

area, B
𝐼 𝐼
EB = cos3θ (or) cosθ
ℎ2 𝑟2
100
(or) EB = x 0.8 = 12.8 lux
2.52

This is the minimum illumination on the working plane.

(iii) Flux on the surface = I x ω lumens
When a reflector of 50 % efficiency is provides, the illumination at the centre and at the
edge will be same, because the reflector directs the light uniformly on to the surface.
Now, the illumination,
𝑐.𝑝 𝑥 𝜔 100 𝑥 4𝜋
E = 𝜋𝐷2
x ηreflector = 𝜋 𝑥 32
x 0.5 = 88.89 lux
4 4

Example -13
A lamp giving 400 c.p in all directions below the horizontal is suspended 3m above the
centre of a square table of 1.5m side. Calculate the maximum and minimum illumination on
the table.
Solution:
C.P of the lamp = 400
Illumination at the centre of the table,
400
EA = 𝑂𝐴2
400
EA = = 44.4 lux
32

Referring fig.
Illumination at any corner, say F
400 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
EF = 𝑂𝐹2

But OF2 = OA2 + AF2

OF2 = 32 + AF2 Fig:
And AF2 = 0.752 + 0.752 = 1.125 m2
⸫ OF2 = 32 + 1.1252 = 10.265 m2
OF = 3.204 m
⸫ Illumination at F,
400
EF = cos θ
𝑂𝐹2
3
Cos θ = = 0.936
3.204
400
⸫ EF = x 0.936 = 36.473 lux
3.2042

Example -14
An incandescent lamp hangs from the ceiling of a room. The illumination below the lamp
vertically downwards is 90 lux. When the illumination is measured at a distance of 2 m away
from the vertically below the lamp, its value is 45 lux. Calculate the C.P of the lamp and its
vertical distance from the floor.
Solution:
Referring to Fig.
Illumination vertically below the lamp,
𝐼
EA = ℎ2
𝐼
90 = ℎ2

(or) I = 90 h2 ----------------(1)
Illumination at B (i.e, 2 mtr away from A)
 𝐼
EB = cos3θ
ℎ2

90ℎ2
45 = cos3 θ (substituting value of I from equ. (1))
ℎ2
45
⸫ cos3 θ = 90 = 0.5
1
Cos θ = (0.5)3 = 0.793
ℎ
But cos θ = 𝑟

i.e., h = r cos θ
h = 0.793 r ----------------(2)
From Fig.
r2 = 22 + h2
r2 = 22 + (0.793)2
r2 = 4 + 0.6288 r2
0.3711 r2 = 4
(or) r = 3.283 mtr Fig.
⸫ Vertical distance
h = 0.793 x r (From Equation (2))
h = 0.793 x 3.283
h = 2.603 mtr
Substituting the value of ‘h’ in equation (1)
I = 90 h2
I = 90 x 2.6032 =610 C.P

Example -15
The average luminous output of an 80 W fluorescent lamp 1.5 mtr. In length and 3.5 cm dia
is 3300 lumens. Calculate its average brightness. If the auxiliary gear associated with the
lamp consumes a load equivalent to 25 % of the lamp, calculate the cost of running a twin
unit for 2400 hours at 30 paise per kWh.
Solution:
Surface area of the lamp
= π x 1.5 x 0.035 = 0.165 m2
Flux emitted per unit area,
3300
E = = 20000 lumen/m2
0.165

⸫ Brightness,
𝜌𝐸
L = cd/m2 , ρ is reflection coefficient
𝜋

(or) L = ρ E lumen/m2
20000
⸫ L = = 6366 cd/m2
𝜋

Total load of twin unit

= 2 { 80 + 0.25 x 80 } = 200 W
⸫ Energy consumed for 2400 hrs
2400 x 200 = 480000 Wh
480000
(or) Energy = = 480 kWh
1000

⸫ Cost = Rs. 0.3 x 480 = Rs. 144/-

Example -16

A perfectly diffusing surface has a luminous intensity of 12 candles at angle of 60° to the
normal. If the area of the surface is 100 cm2, determine the brightness and total flux
radiated.
Solution:
Brightness, ‘L’ is defined as the luminous intensity divided by the projected area.
Here,
Luminous intensity = 12 candela Fig.
From Fig.
Projected area = A cos θ

= 100 x 10-4 x cos 60° = 0.005

m2
12
⸫ L= = 2400 cd/m2
0.005

(or) L = π x 2400 = 7540 lumen/m2

 𝜌𝐸 𝑐𝑑 𝜌𝐸
(∵ 𝐿 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝐿 = 𝜋 𝑥 𝐿𝑚/𝑚2 )
𝜋 𝑚2 𝜋

Total flux radiated

= 7540 x 100 x 10-4 = 75.4 lumen

Example -17
Calculate the brightness (or luminance) of snow under an illumination of (a) 40000 lux and
(b) 0.23 lux. Assume that snow behaves like a perfect diffuser having a reflection factor of
85 %.
Solution:
(a) Brightness,
𝜌𝐸
L = 𝜋
0.85 𝑥 40000
= = 10823 cd/m2
𝜋
0.85 𝑥 0.23
(b) L = = 0.0622 cd/m2
𝜋

Example -18

If a lamp of 250 C.P is placed 1 mtr below a plane mirror which reflects 90 % of light falling
on it, determine illumination at a point 3 mtr away from the foot of the lamp which is hung
4 mtr above ground.
Solution:
C is original source of light of C.P. = 250
Its image in mirror is 1 mtr. Behind the mirror as shown in Fig
C.P of the secondary light source will be = 0.9 x 250 = 225
Illumination at ‘B’ will be due to both the light sources. Fig.
Illumination at B and C
𝑐.𝑝
E1 = cos θ
𝑟2
250 4
E1 = x = 8 lux (∵ 𝑟 =
52 5
√32 + 42 )

Illumination at B due to C1
(i.e., Secondary light)
 225 6 ℎ 6
= 2 x (∵ 𝑟 = √62 + 32 = √45 ; cos 𝜃 = = )
(√45) √45 𝑟 √45

E = 4.472 lux
⸫ Total Illumination at B
E1 + E2 = 8 + 4.472 = 12.472

Example -19
In a street lighting scheme, lamps with candle power of 500 are hung of 5 meters. The
distance between the posts is 10 meters. Determine the illumination (i) under the lamps
and (ii) at the mid-point between the posts.
Solution:

Fig:
Given data:
Candle power of each lamp, I = 500 c.p
Height of lamp from ground, h = 5 m
Distance between two posts = 10 m
Case-1 : Illumination under the lamps
Referring to Fig. the illumination under either of the lamps, say L2
EB = Illumination due to L2 + illumination due to L1
𝐼 𝐼
EB = cos3𝜃2 + ℎ2
ℎ2 2

Here, h1 = h2 = 5 mtr
 ℎ
Cos θ2 = 𝑟2

And r2 = √52 + 102 = 11.2 mtrs

5
⸫ cos θ2 = 11.2 = 0.466
500 500
EB = x 0.4463 + = 21.774
52 52

EB = 21.774 lux
Case-2 : Illumination at mid-point between two lamp posts,
EC = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2
𝐼 𝐼
EC = cos3𝜃1 + ℎ2 cos3𝜃3
ℎ12 2

ℎ
Cos θ1 = 𝑟1

But r1 = √52 + 52 = 7.07 mtr

5
⸫ cos θ1 = = 0.707
7.07

Similarly,
ℎ
Cos θ3 = 𝑟3

And r3 = √52 + 52 = 7.07 mtr

5
⸫ cos θ3 = = 0.707
7.07
500 500
⸫ EC = x 0.0073 + x 0.7073
52 52

= 14.135 lux

Alternatively: Total illumination at mid-point ‘C’ will be double the illumination at ‘C’ due to
one lamp alone (∵ same c.p. and same h).
𝑐.𝑝
EC = 2 [ 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 ]
1

500
EC = 2 [7.072 𝑥 0.707] = 14.14 lux
Example -20
Two lamps of 500 watts each with an efficiency of 25 lumens/watt are mounted on two
lamp posts 10 mtr apart. The posts are 3 m and 5m height. Find the illumination
(i) just below the lamps
(ii) at a point mid way between the lamps.
Solution:

Fig:
Wattage of the lamps = 500 W
Output = wattage x η = 500 x 25 = 12500 lumens
𝛷 12500
⸫ c.p of each lamp = = = 994.7 c.p.
𝜔 4𝜋

From fig.

r1 = √32 + 52 = 5.83 mtr

r2 = √52 + 52 = 7.07 mtr

𝑟11 = √32 + 102 = 10.44 mtr

𝑟21 = √52 + 102 = 11.2 mtr

ℎ1 3
Cos θ1 = = = 0.5145
𝑟1 5.83

ℎ1 3
Cos 𝜃11 = = = 0.287
𝑟11 10.44
 ℎ2 5
Cos θ2 = = = 0.707
𝑟2 7.07

ℎ2 5
Cos 𝜃21 = = = 0.446
𝑟21 11.2

Case-1: Illumination under the lamp L1,

EA = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2
𝐼 𝐼
EA = + cos3𝜃21
ℎ12 ℎ22

994.7 994.7
= + x (0.446)3 = 114 lux
32 52

Similarly,
EB = Illumination due to L2 + illumination due to L1
𝐼 𝐼
EB = + cos3𝜃11
ℎ22 ℎ12

994.7 994.7
= + x (0.287)3 = 42.4 lux
52 32

Case-2: Illumination at mid point M between the lamps,

EM = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2
𝐼 𝐼
EM = cos3𝜃1 + cos3𝜃2
ℎ12 ℎ22

994.7 994.7
= x 0.51453 + x 0.7073
32 52

= 15.05 + 14.06 = 29.11 lux

⸫ Illumination at mid-point M,
EM = 29.11 lux

Example -21
Two lamps luminous intensity 150 candela and 200 candela are mounted at 10 m and 15 m
respectively. The horizontal distance between the lamp posts is 30 m. Calculate the
illumination in the middle of the posts.
Solution:
Referring to fig.

r1 = √102 + 152 = 18.027 mtr

r2 = √152 + 152 = 21.213 mtr

 Fig:

ℎ1 10
Cos θ1 = = = 0.5547
𝑟1 18.0247

ℎ2 15
Cos θ2 = = = 0.7071
𝑟2 21.213

Illumination at middle of the posts,

EM = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
EM = + cos3𝜃1 + ℎ2 cos3𝜃2
ℎ12 ℎ22 2

150 200
= x 0.55473 + x 0.70713
102 152

EM = 0.5703 lux

Example -22
Two street lamps of 1000 candela and 800 candela are mounted 12.5 m above road level
and are spaced apart. Find the illumination on the ground (a) Just below the lamp post
(b) In between the lamp posts.
Solution:

Referring to fig.

r1 = √12.52 + 12.52 = 17.677 mtr

r2 = √12.52 + 12.52 = 17.677 mtr

 Fig:

𝑟11 = 𝑟21 = √12.52 + 252 = 27.95 mtr

ℎ1 ℎ2
Cos θ1 = Cos θ2 = =
𝑟1 𝑟2

12.5
= = 0.707
17.677
ℎ1 ℎ2 12.5
Cos 𝜃11 = Cos 𝜃21 = = = = 0.477
𝑟11 𝑟21 27.95

Case:1: Illumination under the lamp L1,

EA = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2
𝐼1 𝐼1
EA = + cos3𝜃21
ℎ12 ℎ22

1000 800
= 12.52 + x (0.447)3 = 6.857 lux
12.52

Similarly,
EB = Illumination due to L2 + illumination due to L1
𝐼2 𝐼1
EB = + cos3𝜃11
ℎ22 ℎ12

800 1000
= 12.52 + x (0.447)3 = 5.692 lux
12.52

Case-2: Illumination at mid point M between the lamps,

EM = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2
𝐼1 𝐼
EM = ℎ12
cos3𝜃1 + ℎ22 cos3𝜃2
2
 1000 800
= x 0.7073 + x 0.7073
12.52 12.52

= 2.2617 + 1.8093 = 4.071 lux

⸫ Illumination at mid-point M,
EM = 4.071 lux

Example -23
Two arc lamps of 1000 C.P and 500 C.P respectively (assumed same in all directions) are
suspended 15 mtrs. Above the ground level and are 30 mtrs apart. Find the intensity of
illumination at a point on the ground in line with the two lamps and 15 mtrs. From the base
of the more powerful lamp.
Solution:

Fig.
Case-1: Referring to Fig.
Taking point M towards right of the more powerful lamp then,
EM = EM1 + EM2

r1 = r2 = √152 + 152 = 21.2 mtr

ℎ1 ℎ2
Cos θ1 = Cos θ2 = =
𝑟1 𝑟2

15
= = 0.707
12.2

EM = Illumination due to L1 at M + Illumination due to L2 at M

EM = EM1 + EM2
 𝐼1 𝐼
EM = cos3𝜃1 + ℎ22 cos3𝜃2
ℎ12 2

1000 500
= x 0.7073 + x 0.7073
152 152

= 2.356 lux
⸫ Illumination at mid-point M due to L1 and L2,
EM = 2.356 lux
Case-2: Now, consider a point C towards left of the more powerful lamp, as shown in Fig.

Fig.
EC = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2

r1 = √152 + 152 = 21.2 mtr

r2 = √152 + 452 = 47.43 mtr

ℎ1 15
Cos θ1 = = = 0.707
𝑟1 21.2

ℎ2 15
Cos θ2 = = = 0.316
𝑟2 47.43

EC = EC1 + EC2
𝐼1 𝐼
EC = cos3𝜃1 + ℎ22 cos3𝜃2
ℎ12 2

1000 500
= x 0.7073 + x 0.3163 = 1.5706 + 0.07012
152 152

= 1.64 lux
⸫ Illumination at mid-point M due to L1 and L2,
EC = 1.64 lux (Which is less than the previous case)
Example -24
A Corridor is lighted by 4 lamps 10 m apart and suspended at a height of 4 m above the
centre line of the floor. If each lamp gives 100 C.P in all directions below the horizontal. Find
the illumination at a point on the floor mid-way between second and third lamps.
Solution:

Fig.
From Fig.

r1 = √42 + 52 = 6.4 mtr

r2 = √42 + 152 = 15.5 mtr

ℎ1 4
Cos θ1 = = = 0.625
𝑟1 6.4

ℎ2 4
Cos θ2 = = = 0.258
𝑟2 15.5

Illumination at ‘P’, mid-way between second and third lamps,

EP = Illumination due to L1 at P + Illumination due to L2 at P + Illumination
due to L3 at P + Illumination due to L4 at P
Ep = EP1 + EP2 + EP3 + EP4
𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
EP = cos3𝜃2 + cos3𝜃1 + cos3𝜃1 + cos3𝜃2
ℎ2 ℎ2 ℎ2 ℎ2
100
= [(0.258)3 + (0.625)3 + (0.625)3 + (0.258)3 ]
42
100
= [0.5226] = 3.266 lux
42

⸫ Illumination at P due to L1 , L2 , L3 & L4 is

EP = 3.266 lux
Example -25
Two lamps are hung at a height of 9 mtrs from the ground level. The distance between the
lamps is 1 mtr C.P of first lamp is 500. If the illumination on the floor vertically below first
lamp is 20 lux, find the C.P of the second lamp.
Solution:

C.P of 1st lamp L1 = 500

Let C.P of 2nd lamp L2 = I2
From Fig.
Illumination at ‘P’ , on the floor level vertically below lamp L1
EP = Illumination due to L1 + Illumination due to L2

Here, r = √12 + 92 = 9.055 mtr

ℎ2 9
Cos θ = = = 0.994 Fig.
𝑟 9.055
𝐼1 𝐼2
20 = + cos3θ
ℎ12 ℎ22

500 𝐼2
20 = + x (0.994)3
92 92

20 = 6.173 + I2 x 0.01212
20−6.173
I2 = = 1140.84
0.01212

⸫ I2 = 1141 C.P

Example -26

A room 20m x 10m is to be illuminated by 8 lamps and average illumination is to be 50

lumen/m2 . If U.F is 0.48 and D. F is 1.2, Calculate the MSCP per lamp.
Solution:

Room Area, A = 20 x 10 = 200 m2

Average Illumination,
E = 50 lumen/m2
U.F = 0.48; D.F = 1.2
Total lumens required
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2 ) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐷.𝐹(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠>1)
𝑚2
=
𝑈.𝐹
⸫ Flux per lamp (or) lumens/lamp
𝐴 𝑥 𝐸 𝑥 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐷.𝐹
= 𝑈.𝐹
200 𝑥 50 𝑥 1.2
= = 3125 lumen
8 𝑥 0.48

⸫ M.S.C.P. of each lamp

3125 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
= = 248.7 (∵ 𝐶. 𝑃 = )
4𝜋 𝜔

(or) M.S.C.P of each lamp = 248.7

Example -27

A factory space 33 x 13 mtr. is to be illuminated with an average illumination of 72 lumen/

m2 by 200 watt lamp. The coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor is 1.4.
Calculate the no. of lamps required. The lumens output of 200 W lamps is 2730 lumens.
Solution:

Area of factory space,

A = 33 x 13 = 429 m2
Average illumination,
E = 72 lumen/m2
⸫ Total lumen required
𝐴 𝑥𝐸 𝑥 𝐷.𝐹
= 𝑈.𝐹
429 𝑥 72 𝑥 1.4
= = 108108 lumens
0.4

Given, the lumens output of each 200 W lamp

= 2730 lumens
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
⸫ No. of lamps = 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

108108
= = 39.6
2730

So, number of lamps required = 40 (say)

Example -28
A drawing hall 30m x 15m with ceiling height of 5m is to be provided with a general
illumination of 120 lux. Taking the coefficient of utilization of 0.5 and depreciation factor of
1.4, determine the no. of fluorescent tubes required, their spacing, mounting height and
total wattage. Take luminous efficiency of fluorescent tube as 40 lumen/watt for 80 watt
tube.

Solution:

Given data:
Area of drawing hall,
A - 30 x 15 = 450 m2
Ceiling height = 5m
U.F = 0.5 ; D.F = 1.4
Illumination, E = lux
Luminous efficiency = 40 lumen/watt for 80 W tube
Total lumens required
𝐴 𝑥 𝐸 𝑥 𝐷.𝐹
= 𝑈.𝐹
450 𝑥 120 𝑥 1.4
= = 151200 lumens
0.5

Then, Total wattage required with given luminous efficiency

151200
= = 3780 Watts
40

⸫ Number of 80 W tubes required

3780
= = 47.25 or say 48
80

Taking three rows of 8 twin tube sets, we have total distribution of 48 tubes.
30
Now, Lengthwise spacing = = 3.75 m
8
15
Width wise spacing = = 5m
3

Also, the tube sets near the walls are kept at half the calculated spacing to keep uniformity
of light.
Assuming mounting height as 4 m,
The space hight ratio (SHR) along the length
3.75
= = 0.9375
4
 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 5
And width wise SHR = = = 1.25
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 4

The design scheme for the 48 tubes is shown in fig.

Fig. Design for 48 Tubes or 24 Twin Tube Sets

Example -29
A hall 30 m long and 12 m wide is to be illuminated and the illumination required is 50
lumen/ m2. Calculate the number, the wattage of each unit and the location and mounting
height of the units, taking a depreciation factor of 1.3 and utilisation coefficient of 0.5. Given
that the outputs of the different types of lamps as below.

Watts 100 200 300 500 1000

Lumens 1615 3650 4700 9950 21500

Solution:

Fig. Layout of Lamps

 Area to be illuminated,
A = 30 x 12 = 360 m2
Illumination, E = 50 lumen/ m2
D.F = 1.3; U.F = 0.5
Total lumen required,
𝐴 𝑥 𝐸 𝑥 𝐷.𝐹 360 𝑥 50 𝑥 1.3
Φ = = = 46800 lumens
𝑈.𝐹 0.5

So, from given table

46800
If 100 W lamps are used, number required = = 29
1615
46800
If 200 W lamps are used, number required = = 13
3650
46800
If 300 W lamps are used, number required = = 10
4700
46800
If 500 W lamps are used, number required = = 5
9950
46800
If 1000 W lamps are used, number required = = 2
21500

If we take mounting height of 5m , then 200 W lamps would be suitable.

⸫ No. of lamps required = 13, say 12, arranged in two rows, each row having 6
lamps.
30
Then, Length wise spacing = = 5m
6
12
Width wise spacing = = 6m
2
5
⸫ Lengthwise, SHR = =1
5
6
Widthwise, SHR = = 1.2
5

(So, SHRs are with in the range ) the arrangement of lamp is shown in Fig.

Example -30
A hall is to be provided with a lighting installation. The hall is 30 m x 20 m x 8 m. The
mounting high is 5 m and the required level of illumination is 110 lux. Using metal filament
lamps, estimate the size and no. of signal lamps luminaries and draw their spacing layout.
Assume D.F = 0.8, U. F = 0.6 and space/ height ratio = 1.

Watts 200 300 500

Lumens/watt 10 12 12.3
Solution:

Area of hall = 30 x 20 = 60 m2
Ceiling height = 8m
Mounting height = 5 m
Illumination, E = 110 lumen/m2 (or) Lux
D.F = 0.8.; U.F = 0.6 ; SHR = 1
Total lumens required
𝐴𝑥𝐸
= (∵ D.F <1)
𝑈.𝐹
600 𝑥 110
Φ = = 137500 lumens
0.6 𝑥 0.8

From given table,

Lumen output of 200 W lamp
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛
= 200 x 10 = 2000 lumens [∵ = 10]
𝑤

Lumen output of 300 W lamp

= 300 x 12 = 3600 lumens
Lumen output of 500 W lamp
= 500 x 12.3 = 6150 lumens
Therefore,
137500
If 200 W lamps are used, number required = = 69
2000
137500
If 200 W lamps are used, number required = = 38
3600
137500
If 200 W lamps are used, number required = = 23
6150

For the given mounting height of 5m, 500 W lamps would be suitable. So,
No. of lamps required would be = 23, say 24
Arranging the lamps in four rows, each row having 6 lamps
30
Then, Length wise spacing = = 5m
6
20
Width wise spacing = = 5m
4
5
⸫ Lengthwise, SHR = =1
5
 5
Widthwise, SHR = =1
5

Fig. Layout of Lamps

Example -31
A room of 12 m x 12 m x 4 m is to have direct lighting, giving illumination of 85 lux, on a
working plane 70 cm above the floor. U.F is 0.5 and M.F 0.8. If efficiency of lamps available
is 15 lumen/watt, find no. of lamps and their rating.
Solution:

A = 12 x 12 = 144 m2
E = 90 lumen/m2 ; U.F = 0.5 ; M.F = 0.8
Total lumen required
𝐴𝑥𝐸
= 𝑈.𝐹 𝑥 𝑀.𝐹
144 𝑥 85
= = 30600 lumens
0.5 𝑥 0.8

Total wattage
30600
= = 2040 watt
15

Taking 100 W lamps, and so no. of lamps will be

3040
= = say 20
100

Working plane is 70 cm above floor, and assuming 30 cm suspension wire for each lamp,
then effective mounting height will be 4 m- (0.7 + 0.3 ) = 3m
Taking five rows of four lamps, we have total distribution of bulbs. so,
 12
Then, Length wise spacing = = 2.4m
5
2.4
Lengthwise, SHR = = 0.8
3

12
and Width wise spacing = = 3m
4
3
Widthwise, SHR = =1
3

Fig. Spacing Layout of lamps

Example -32
Find the total saving in electrical load and percentage increase in illumination if instead of
twelve 150 W tungsten filament lamps, we use twelve 80 W fluorescent tubes. Assume that
(i) There is a choke loss of 25 % of rated lamp wattage.
(ii) Average luminous efficiency through out life for each lamp is 15 lm/W and for each tube
40 lm/W
(iii) U.F remains same in both cases
Solution:

Total load of filament lamps

= 12 x 150 = 1800 W
Total load of tubes
= 12 (80 + 80 x 0.25)
= 1200 W
⸫ Net saving in load
= 1800 – 1200 = 600 W
Let A is room area and U.F is utilization factor
Illumination with filament lamps
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
E1 = 𝐴
1800 𝑥 15 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹
E1 = ( ∵ lamp η = 15 lumen/W)
𝐴
2700 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹
= lux
𝐴

Similarly, illumination with tubes,

12 𝑥 80 𝑥 40 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹
E2 = ( ∵ lamp η = 40 lumen/W)
𝐴
38400 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹
= lux
𝐴

⸫ Percentage (%) increase in illumination

𝐸2 − 𝐸1
= 𝐸1

38400 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹 27000 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹

−
𝐴 𝐴
= 27000 𝑥 𝑈.𝐹 = 42 %
𝐴