Question 2: Knowledge of µP & µC Systems (30 Marks)
1. Definitions:
Microprocessor:
A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. It includes the ALU, control
unit, and registers but relies on external RAM, ROM, and I/O devices to form a complete system.
Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a single-chip computer containing CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, I/O ports, and
communication interfaces. It is mainly used in embedded systems.
2. Key Terms and Their Roles:
ROM:
Non-volatile memory used to store program instructions and firmware.
RAM:
Volatile memory that stores temporary data, variables, and stack during execution.
EEPROM:
Electrically erasable non-volatile memory used to store configuration data and settings that must
persist.
Timer:
Hardware module used for time delays, event counting, PWM, and scheduling.
Watchdog:
A safety timer that resets the system if the software becomes unresponsive.
3. Von Neumann vs Harvard Architecture:
Von Neumann:
Uses a single memory for instructions and data, causing a bottleneck. Instruction fetch and data
access cannot occur simultaneously.
Harvard:
Uses separate memories and buses for instructions and data, allowing simultaneous operations
and improved performance.
4. RISC and CISC:
RISC:
Reduced Instruction Set Computer with simple instructions that execute in one clock cycle.
Examples: ARM, MIPS.
CISC:
Complex Instruction Set Computer with many powerful instructions that may take multiple cycles.
Example: x86.
5. Criteria for Selecting a Microcontroller:
- Application requirements
- Clock speed
- Memory size (RAM, ROM, EEPROM)
- Number and type of I/O ports
- Peripherals (ADC, DAC, UART, SPI, I2C, timers)
- Power consumption
- Cost
- Package type
- Ease of programming and tool availability
- Community and manufacturer support