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UNIT-1

BASIC MATHEMATICS

Learning Modules
1. Algebra & Logarithm
2. Mensuration, Coordinate Geometry, Percentage & Ratio
3. Trigonometry
4. Differentiation
5. Integration
6. Graphs
 MODULE

Algebra & Logarithm

II Algebra Here wis the sign of nearly equal to.
As far as Physics is concerned, in Algebra we need only (iv) Componendo and dividendo rule
simple formulae and their applications. p + q _a + b
If - =—, then
q b p-q a-b
List of Formulae
(i) Common formulae (v) Arithmetic progression (AP)
General form : a, a + d, cm- 2d,..., a -i- (n - l)d
(a){a + b)^ =a^ +b^ +2ab
Here, a = first term, d = common difference
(b)(a-b)^ =a^ +b^ -2ab
and [a -H (n - l)d] is nth term or .
(c)(a + b)^ ={a-b)^ + 4ab
Sum of n terms S„ = -[a -i- a -i- (n - l)d]
2
{d)(a-b}^ =(a + b)^ -4ab n
= - [1st term -f nth term]
(e}(a^ -b^)=(a + b)(a-b) 2

(f)(a + b)^ =a^ +b^ +3ab(a + b) Further, n =

a„ -a
-f-1
d
(g)(a-b)^ =a^ -b^ -3ab(a-b) (vi) Geometric progression (GP)
(h)a^ +b^ =(a + b){a^ -ab + b^) General form : a, ar, ar^,..^ar
n-1

(i)a^ -b^ =(a-b}(a^ -i-ab-fb^} a{l-n

Sum of n terms S \r^l,r<l
(ii) Quadratic equation and its solution 1-r

An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of a(r"-l)

S ; r 1, r > 1
the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation. r-1

Equation cjx ^-i-bx-i-c = 0 is the general quadratic and S„ =ncjif r =1

equation. Here, a = first term, r = common ratio
The general solution of the above quadratic equation or a
Sum of 00terms S 00
value of variable X is 1-r

X =
-b±-y/b^
—
-4ac
=> Xi =
-b + 'yjb^ -^ac (v r <1 .-.r®->0)
2a 2cj
(vii) Sum of first n natural numbers

and Xj =
-b-^b'^ -4ac = 1-F 2-f-,.., + n =-II-I-n] =
n(n -I-1)
2cj 2 2

Sum of roots = Xi -t-Xj = — and product of roots (viii) Sum of first n squared natural numbers
a
n(n + l)(2n -i-1)
c =1^ -i-2^ -1-3^ ,-i-n^ =
= XjX2=- 6
0

For real roots b^-4ac>0 and for imaginary roots Example 1 Solve the equation 2x^ -i- 5x -12 = 0.
b^ -4ac<0. Sol. By comparison with the standard quadratic equation
(iii) Binomial approximation o=2,b=5
and c = -12
If X is very small, then (1 -i- x) 1 -I- nx
Basic Mathematics 03

X =
5± V(5)^ - 4x2x(-12)
2x2
II Logarithm
General Points
-5±Vl2l
1. The exponent or power to which a base must be raised
4
to yield a given number is called logarithm.
-5 ±11
For example, we know that,
4
10^ =100
+6

4 ’ 4 2 is the logarithm of 100 to the base 10.

So, we can also write the above equation as,
or x=l.-4
2 Iogiol00 = 2
Example 2 Calculate Vo!?? by using Binomial 2.
Exponential Logarithm
I
approximation.
Value
Sol. Vo?? =(1-0.01) 1/2 /
Exponent
/
i([Link]) / lOQg af = C
= af
1- \
*r

2 Base Value / Exponent

Base
1-0.005
0.995
A/ofe Value is also called argument.
3. Invented in 17th century to speed up calculations,
Example3 Find the sum of given arithmetic progression logarithms vastly reduced the time required for
I
4 + 8 + 12 + + 64 multiplying numbers with many digits. In 19th and 20th
On -o century use of calculators and computers made the
Sol. Here, o = 4, d = 4, n = + 1
d calculations very fast.
64-4 4. Common logarithm In common logarithm base is 10.
+ 1=16
4 It is simply represented as log. For example,
n
So, sum =—[first term + last term] logio 100 = log 100
2
5. Natural logarithm In natural logarithm base is 'e'.
16 Here 'e' represents the Euler's constant which is
= —[4 + 64] =8(68) =544
2 approximately equal to 2.7183. Natural logarithm is
Example t| Find the sum of given geometric series
simply represented as In.
' 1+2+4+8+ + 256. For example, logjo 100 =ln 100
Sol. Here, a = l, r=2, n = 9 6. x^ =x => logjf X =1
[v 256=2\a„={a){r)
n-l n-1
= (1)(2) ] List of Formulae
air’' -1} -1) (i) e« 2.7183
So, $9 =
r -1 (2-1) (ii) Ife* =y,thenx=!oggy=lny
= 2’ -1=512-1=511 (iii) IflO** =y,thenx=logio y=logy
1 1 1
Example 5 Find 1 + - + — + - + ...upto 00. (iv) log 10 y= 0.4343 log e y = 0.4343 In y
I 2 4 8
(v) log (ob) = log o + logfa
Sol. a = 1, r = -
2 (vi) logf-^
lb
= log a-log b
a 1
So,S CC =2
(vii) log a" =n log a
1-r
1-1
2 (viii) logjo 2 =0.3010
04 Mechanics-1

(ix) logio 3 =0.4771 = (0.4771)+ (0.3010)

(x) logg 2 =0.6931 = 0.7781 Ans.

(xi) logg3 = 1.0986 (b) Iogio300=logio(3x 10^)=logio3 + logiol0^

(xii) Iogiol0 = l = logio3 + 2logiol0
(xiii) logge = l = (0.4771)+(2)(1)
= 2.4771 Ans.
Examples Find the values of
r
(a) logio 6 (c) logjolO'^ =-5logiolO = -5{l) =-5 Ans.

(b) logio 300 (d) logio(4x 10^)=logio4 + logiol0^

(c) logio 10"^ = logio(2)^ +6logiol0
(d) logio(4x 10*) = 2logio2 + 6logiol0
= (2)(0.3010)+ (6)(1)
Sol. (a) Iogio6=logio(3x2)=logio3 + logio2 = 6.602 Ans.

MODULE Exercise
1. The value of acceleration due to gravity {g) at height h 3. Express 5^ = 125 in logarithm form.
above the surface of earth is given by g' = i|. Express logio 1 = 0 in exponential form.
(R+h)^' 5. Find the log of 32 to the base 4.
2h
Ifh «R,then prove that g' =g 1 6. Find x if \og^ (x -7) = 1.
R n-l
7. If logg m = n, express a in terms of o and m.
2. Calculate (1001)^^^

Answers
m
2.10.003333 3.1095125=3 4.10° = 1 6.12 7.-
2 a

See hints on page 39.

 MODULE 2

Mensuration, Coordinate Geometry,

Percentage & Ratio
II Mensuration
it is the branch of mathematics that studies the measurement of geometric figures and their parameters like length, volume,
shape, surface area, lateral surface area etc.

Mensuration Formulas for 2D Shapes

Shape Area (Square units) Perimeter (units) Figure

Square 4a

Rectangle I xb 2(/ + b)

Circle 2nr

Scalene a+b + c B a^b^c

triangle where, s = (a + af + c)/2 A*B*C
c
a

Isosceles 2a + b
- xb xb
triangle 2

b
06 Mechanics-1

Equilateral S 3o
xa^
triangle 4

Right angle fa + hypotenuse+ h

triangle
— xfa xh
2
Hypotenuse = ●yjb^ +

Rhombus 4 xside Opposite sides are parallel, opposite angles are equals, all sides are equal
- xd, xdo
2 ^ ^

Parallelogram fa xfa 2(1+fa) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. The sum of adjacent angles is 180°
D, ■c

h I

A
B
b

Trapezium - af (a + c)
0 + af + c+ d One pair of opposite sides is parallel to each other.
2
A a B

b
h

D C
c

Ellipse Very difficult to C

calculate the
where,
Tj =semi major axis perimeter accurately

Tj =semi minor axis

AB= major axis

CD = minor axis
Basic Mathematics 07

Mensuration Formulas for 3D Shapes

Volume (Cubic Curved surface area or Lateral Total surface area
Shape Figure
units) surface area (Square units) (Square units)

Cube 6a^

Cuboid I xb xh 2h(/ + b) 2(/b+bh+hf)

h

b
I

Sphere r4'i__3
nr
4 Tir^ 4 nr^
U

Hemisphere (2 2nr^ 3 nr^

- Tir^

Cylinder jt r^h 2 nrh 2 Tirh + 2 nr^

X

Cone n rl nr{r + l)
- nr^h
3J

h. I

T
08 Mechanics-1

'
Example] What is the circumference of a circle if area of
the circle is jicm^?
Note
In3-Dspace, d = 1/(^2 - ->^i f + iVz -y^)^ + U2 -f
(ii) Slope of a line The slope of a line joining two points
Sol. A = 7cr ^
yi)andB(x2, Y2) is denoted by m and is given by
A 7C
— =lcm Ay _ Yi -Vi = tan 9
' n i
m =
t:
Ax X2-Xj
Now circumference C = 2nr
= (27r)(l)=(2;c)cm Bi^z. Yz)
Yz
Example 2 Find the area of an equilateral triangle whose ^y
I
altitude is given by cm. yi
2 Ax

■*x
Sol. Given, the altitude of equilateral triangle = cm 0 X2
2

The formulajor altitude of equilateral triangle Is given by Example *1 Find value of a if distance between the points
s
altitude = (side) I (-9 cm, o cm) and (3 cm, 3 cm) is 13 cm.
2
Sol. By using distance formula,
V3 V3
2 2
(side) d =^j(x2 +{Y2-yif
or, side = 1 unit
or, =(X2 -Xi)^ +(yj -yj^
s 13^ =[3-(-9)]2 +(3-fl)^
So, area of equilateral triangle = (side)^
4 = 12^ +(3-a)2
4^ cm^ 13^ -12^ =(3-a)^
(1)' =
4 4
(3-a)" =5"
Required area of the triangle is cm^ (3-a)= + 5
4
a =-2 cmorS cm
Examples The cylindrical milk bottle is of radius 2 cm and
Example 5 What is the slope of the line joining the points
I height 5 cm. Find the capacity of milk in the given bottle. I P(-2,3)andQ(2,7)?
Also find curved surface area.
Sol. Let the given points be :
Sol. Given, radius (r) = 2 cm and height (h) = 5 cm
P(-2,3) = (Xi,yi)
We know that the capacity of the cylindrical bottle is
Q(2,7)=(x2.y2)
known as the volume of the cylinder.
W2 -Yi)
The volume of the cylinder with radius ‘r’ and height ‘h’ Is Slope of the line PQ =
Tur^h. (X2 -Xi)
22 9 (7-3) 4
-=1
Volume = — x2^ x5
7 [2-(-2)] 4
22 440
= =x20 =

II Percentage
7 7
=62.86 cm^
(i) Suppose original value is x. Then n percentage of x is
Hence, the capacity of the given milk bottle is 62.86 cm^. n

Curved surface area

(X).
100
= 27trh = (27c)(2)(5)
For example:
= (207i)cm^ (a) 100% of X is X
(b) 200% of X is2x

II Coordinate Geometry (c) 500% of X is5x

(d) 16% of X is0.16x
(i) Distance formula The distance between two points
(Xi, yi)and(x2,y2)is given by (e) 3% of X is 0.03x
n

d = ^j{x2 -xif +{y2-yif Note In (a) to (e) we have used

Uoo
X.
Basic Mathematics 09

(ii) Increase has no limits. You can increase my salary 1%, ( Final value - Initial valued X 100
15%, 200%, 500% etc. depending upon my Initial value
performance, age and looks ©. But decrease has limits.
Final value
Maximum decrease may be 100%. You can decrease -1 X 100
my salary. Maximum upto 100% Initial value

(iii) Percentage decrease Following table will explain what Note Percentage change may be zero, positive or negative.
we want to convey. If final value > initial value, then percentage change is positive.
Percentage Percentage Example 8 Find percentage change if value changes from 40
[Link]. New value
decrease remaining I to 50.
1 20% 80% 0.8x Final value
Sol. Percentage change = -1 X 100
2 34% 66% 0.66x Initial value

3 5% 95% 0.95X ^50

—-1 (100)= + 25%
4 1% 99% 0.99X 40

(vi) If there is a relation between two quantities x and y.

(iv) Percentage increase
Percentage change in x is given and we have to find
New value percentage change in y. Then following two cases are
Percentage Increased
[Link].
(= original value + increased possible :
increase value
value) Case 1. When given percentage change in x is large
1 16% 0.16X 1.16x In this case first find the new value of y corresponding to
changed value of x and then apply the formula.
2 125% 1.25 X 2.25X
Final value
3 4% 0.04 X 1.04 X Percentage change = -1 xlOO
Initial value
4 300% 3x 4x
Case 2. When percentage change in x is very small
y^ =4X
n m fi
Example 6 If original value is 150. Then, find If we have a formula or y OCX

(a) 10% (b)4% (c)125% (d) 300% Percentagechange in x is given and percentagechange in y is
of this value. asked then we can use the approximate result,
10
Sol. (a) 10% of 150 = (150) = 15 m (% change in y) = n (% change in x)
100 Following example will illustrate this concept.
4 ^ Example 9 Relation between kinetic energy K and
(b) 4% of 150 = — (150) =6
100 I momentum pof a particle is
(c) 125% of 150 =
125
(150) =187.5
p = .j2Km
100 Find percentage change in p, if
300 (a) K is increased by 1 %
(d) 300% of 150 = (150) =450
100 (b) K is decreased by 36%
1

Example? Original value is 60. It is Sol. (a) PxVk [m = constant] or p cc/<2

(a) increased by 20% As % change is small,
(b) decreased by 25%
Find new values.
(% change inp) = - (% change inK)
2
20
Sol. (a) 20% of 60 = (60) = 12 = -(+1%) = +0.5%
100 2

So the new value is. Therefore, momentum will increase by 0.5%.

60 + 12=72 (b) K is decreased by 36%. Therefore, new value of K is
(b) After decreasing 25% only 75% is left. So, the new 64% of its original value or
value is. K'=0.64K
r75
(60) = 45 p'=V2K'm
100

Change in value
= ^2(0.64K)m
(v) Percentage change = X 100
Original value = 0.8^2Km
10 Mechanics-1

Now, percentage change in momentum then in both equations y oc x.

Final value Therefore in both cases, ifx is doubled then y will become
-1 X100
Initial value two times. But proportionality constant in first case is 2 and
in the second case it is 4. Due to the different values of
0.8^2/^ proportionality constants values ofy will be different for
-1 xlOO
different values ofx and vice-versa.
V2Km
For example, forx = \
= -20% y = 2 in first case and
Therefore, momentum will decrease by 20%. y = Ain second case.
For X -2
y = 4in first case and
II Ratio Division y = 8 in second case
Following examples will illustrate the concept what we want (v) IfR Qc then this implies that R will become - -times if his
h 2
to convey. R tu
doubled and vice-versa. This also implies that — = ~
Example 10 Tom has a height of 4 ft and Jerry 5 ft. We have R, h,
I to divide f 500 between them :
(vi) IfRcc h^, then this implies that R will become 4-times if his
(a) In direct ratio of their heights, doubled. But h «^fR. So, h wilt become -Jl-times if R is
(b) In inverse ratio of their heights, doubled. So, vice-versa does not apply here.
\2

(c) In direct ratio of square of their heights, Further, R xh^ means. — =

(d) In inverse ratio of square of their heights. ^2
SoL. Let us represent Tom by 1, Jerry by 2, height by h and (b) R oc-
ruppes byR. h
(a) Given R cch Rj fh_5
R = kh (k is called proportionality constant) R2 h, ~4
. Ri khi _4 f5) 2500
R. = - (500) =
R2 kfi2 fi2 5 19 9
Now total ratio Is (4 + 5) = 9 2000
and - (500) =
Rj: Out of 9 value of Rj is 4 9
4
Out of lvalue ofR. will be —
^ 9 (c) R och^
Out of 500 value of R^ will be ●
''4^
- (500) =
2000
«2 h Sj “25
^9 9
Total ratio is 16 + 25 = 41
2000
Ri = 16 8000
9 Rj = — (500) =
41 41
f 5) 2500
R2: SimilarlyR, = - (500) = 25^ 12500
V9 9 and R2 = — (500) =
41 41
Note Points

(0 R X h means ifh is doubled then R is also doubled.

(d)Rx^
\2 rn\2
Ratio of Ry' h2 5 25
(Hi) R^ = (Amount to be divided)
Total ratio ^ h 4J 16

Similarly, Total ratio is 25 +16 = 41

Ratio of ffj f 25 12500
«2 = (Amount to be divided)
R^= — (500) =
Total ratio
41 41
(iv) Meaning of proportionaiity constant ^16^ 8000
If we have two equations, and R2 = — (500) =
41 41
y =2x and y = 4x
 MODULE 2 Exercise
Mensuration
1. Find the area of a triangle with sides 3 cm, 3 cm and 6. Momentum of a particle is decreased by 20% without
4 cm. change in its mass. Find the percentage change in its
2. Find the volume of a tent, which is in the form of a kinetic energy.
right circular cone, with radius and height 24m and 7. Kinetic energy of a particle is decreased by 3% without
10 m respectively. Also find its curved surface area. change in its mass. Find the percentage change in its
momentum.
3. Circumference of a circle is 10 cm. Find its area.
8. Kinetic energy of a particle is increased by 50% without
Coordinate Geometry change in its mass. Find the percentage change in its
momentum.
M. (a) If the distance between the points A {2, -2) and
6 {-1, x) is 5, find the value of x.
Ratio Division
(b) Find slope of a line AB, if A = (2,4), B = (6,10).
9. Height of Kartik is 5ft and of Atharva 4ft. Divide
?1000/- in inverse ratio of square of their heights.
Peroentage Change 10. Weight of Chintu and Pintu are 60 N and 80 N. Divide
5. Momentum of a particle is increased by 2% without ? 2000 in direct ratio of square of their weights.
change in its mass. Find the percentage change in its
kinetic energy.

Answers
o3. ——cm
175 2
1.2V5cm^ 2.6034.28mM961.14m2
22
4.
(a)* = 2or-6 (b)|
„9. ,? —
16000 and?
^.25000
5.+4% 6.-36% 7.-15% 8. + 22% (approximately) —
41 41
10.?720 and?1280

See hints on pages 38 and 39.

 MODULE 3

Trigonometry
II Measurement of an Angle Negative angle If the angle goes in clockwise direction,
An angle Is a shape in geometry that is formed when two then It is called a negative angle.
rays are joined together at a single point. The point where Initial side
O- A
two rays meet is called the vertex of the angle and two rays
Vertex
are called the arms of the angle.
%
Definition of Angie fiy;
B
The angle measurement between the two rays can be
(ii) Negative angle
denoted using the Greek letter 9, a, pete.
'8

Terminal side. Units of Angle

A degree usually denoted by °(the degree symbol), is a unit
Angle of an angle in which one full rotation equals 360 degrees.
O, ■A It Is not an SI units. The SI unit of an angle is the radian. A full
Vertex t
Initial side rotation equals 2n radians (or 360°).
Positive angle If the angle goes in counterclockwise Thus,
direction, then it is called a positive angle. 360°=27rradian

K
or 1° = radian
180
180
1 radian = 57.3°
n

Vertex

(i) Positive angle

Important POINTS
1. 1 radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle 2. 180° 270°
A
by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to the radius ■*A ^A
B 0
of the circle.

B-

0 ■>A
I = r A

B
Basic Mathematics 13

3. =b^ + Pythagoras theorem

sin0=—,
h’
b
COS0=-
330* h’
P
tan0=—
330* = -30“ b

4.
tan0 = sin0 _ 1
cos 0 cot 0
' Degree 30* 45* 60“ 90“ 180“ 270“ 360‘
cot0 =
cos0_ 1
71 71 7t 71 71 3;t 2tc sln0 tan0
Radian
6 4 3 2 2 1 h
sec 0=—
COS0
L _ . b
5.
1 h
cosec 0=—
sin0 p

6. =lmin
60j

1"
ly = lsec
b 60

Values of Different Angles For example:

For 0* sin 30“ = ^=1
AC ~2
BC
tan 60® =
AB

For 37“ and 53“

For 0 = 0®. we can see that, AB = 0 and BC = AC

Thus,
sin0 = AB _ 0 = 0
ac”ac
BC
cos 0 = = 1 (as 6C= AC) From the shown triangle we can find values of 37“ and 53“.
AC
For example:
AB 0
tan0 = — =0 AB 3
tan 37® =
BC BC
AC 5
1 1
Note: cosec 9 = — = 00, For 45“
sin 0 0

Similarly we can find sec 0 and cot 0.

For 30“ and 60“

tan 45° =
c

sin 45® =
From this triangle we can find any value of 30® or 60®.
14 Mechanics-1

For 90“ Example 1 Explain whether following values are positive or

I
negative.
(a) cot 20° (b) cos 110° (c) tan 210° (d) sin (-60°)
(e) sin 270°
Sol. (a) 20 ° lies in 1st quadrant. In (st quadrant all are
C
positive. Hence cot 20° is positive.
For 0 = 90°, we can see that (b) 110° lies in 2nd quadrant. Only sine and cosine are
AC=AB and BC = 0 positive in 2nd quadrant. Hence, cos 110°is negative.
(c) 210° lies in 3rd quadrant. Only tan and cot are
ThuS; sin 90°= ^ =1 (as AB= AC)
AC positive in 3rd quadrant. Hence, tan 210° is positive.
AB AB (d) -60°or 300° lies In 4th quadrant. Only cos and sec
and tan 90° = = 00

BC 0 are positive in 4th quadrant. Hence, sin (-60°) is

negative.
Note The values of above angles in tabular form are given below.
Value of 180° will be discussed later. (e) 270° is the boundary of 3rd and 4th quadrant.
Further, value of sin Gin both quadrants is negative.
Table
Hence, sin 270° is negative.
sinO
Angle sin 6 COS0 tan 9 =
COS0 Values of Some Other Angles
Following table will help you in finding values of some other
0° 0 1 0
angles not given in above table.
30° 1/2 y/3/2 1/V3 sin(9O°+0) = cos0 sin(18O°-0) = sin 0 sin(-0) = -sin 0

37° 3/5 4/5 3/4 cos(9O°+0) = -sin0 cos(180° - 0) = - cos 0 cos(- 6) = cos 0
tan(90°+ 0) =-cot 0 tan(180° - 0) = - tan 0 tan(-0) = -tan 9
45° I/V2 l/v'2 1
sin(9O°-0) = cos0 sin(180°+ 0) = -sin 0
53° 4/5 3/5 4/3 cos(90°-0) = sin6 cos(18O°+0) = -cos0

60° V3/2 1/2 V3 tan(9O°-0) = cot0 tan(180°+ 0) = tan 0

90° 1 0 00 Example 2 Find the values of

I
(a) tan 120° (b) cos 300°
180° 0 -1 0
(c) sin 210° (d) cos 180°

Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule (e) sin 270°

90° Sol. (a) 120° lies in 2nd quadrant. In this quadrant tan is
positive. Hence, tan 120° should be positive.
lind quadrant 1st quadrant
sin All Further,

0° tan 120° = tan (180° - 60°) = + tan 60°

180°
360°
=+Vs
Ilird quadrant IVth quadrant Alternate method
tan cos

tan 120° = tan (90° + 30°) = + cot 30°

270° =+Vs

■ In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. (b) 300° lies in 4th quadrant and cos is positive in this
quadrant.
■ In second quadrant, only sin0 and cosec 0 are positive.
■ In third quadrant, only tanO and cot0 are positive. Hence, cos 300° should be positive.
● In fourth quadrant, only cos0 and sec0 are positive. Further,
Remember as All Silver Tea Cups. cos 300° = cos (-60°) = + cos 60°
1
Note In 1st quadrant angle 9 lies between 0° and 90°. Similarly in = + -
lInd quadrant 0 ties between 90° and 180° and so on. 2
Basic Mathematics 15

(C) 210° lies in 3rd quadrant and sin Is negative in 3rd Cosine Graph
quadrant. Hence, sin 210° should be negative. cos 0
Further, 1
sin 210° = sin (180° + 30°) = - sin 30°
0.5- -●
1
* *■ 9
2
90< 180° >70° : 360°
(d) 180° is the boundary of 2nd and 3rd quadrants and -0.5-

cos is negative in both quadrants. -1-

Hence, cos 180° should be negative.
Further, cos 180° = cos (180° + 0°) = - cos 0°=-1
(e) 270° is the boundary of 3rd and 4th quadrants and sin^ 0 cos^ 9
sin is negative in both quadrants. Hence sin 270°
1 1
should be negative. Further,
sin 270° = sin (- 90°) = - sin 90° = -1 A'A'A 0 0
Alternate method
sin 270° = sin (180° + 90°) = - sin 90° = -1
Example 3 Find the values of - sin 0
! -COS0
(a) cos(-45°) (b) tan 210°
1
1
(c) sin 300° (d) cos 120
o

Sol, (a) cos(-45°) = cos 45° = -^

0
0
-J2
-1
-1
(b) tan 210° = tan(180° + 30°) = tan30° = 4
Vi
Vi (I) (sine) max = (cos 0) max = 1
(c) sin300° = sin(-60°) = -sin60° = -
2
00 (sin0)^i„=(cose)^i, =-l
(d) cos 120° = cos(180° -60°) = -cos60° = -- (iil) As 0 increases from 0° to 90°, sin 0 increases, but cos 0
2 decreases,

Example ^ Find the values of (iv) For small values of 0 (in radian)
I
(a) sin 420° (b) sin 405° (c) tan 390° sin0«0,tan0«0and cosOal
p;
Sol. (a) sin 420° = sin (360° + 60°) = sin 60° = — Example 5 Find approximate value of sin 2°.
I
2 Sol. For small value of 0 (In radian)
1 sln0»0
(b) sin 405° = sin (360° + 45°) = sin 45° =
Vi 2 X 7C
sin 2° = sin radian = sin — rad
(c) tan 390° = tan (360° + 30°) = tan 30° = 4 180 90

Vi n 22/7
90 90
Sine and Cosine Graphs « 0.035

Sine Graph Example 6 Given y = 4 + 3 sin 0

sin 0t I
Plot y versus 0 graph with (0° < 0 < 360°).
1- Sol. (sin 0) = 1 at 0 = 90°
max

0.5- /max = 4 + (3) (1)=7

(sin0)^i, =-l at 0=270
o

+ 0
90° i 180° : 270° : 360° y,i,=4+3(-l) = l
-0.5- ●
Therefore y varies between 7 and 1 (sinusoidally).
-I" Further at0 = O° sin0 = O => y = 4
at0 = 9O°, sin0 = l => y=7
16 Mechanics-1

ate = 180°, sin 0 = 0 =>y = 4 (iv) sin(A + 6) = sinAcosB + cos AsinB

at0=270°,sine=-l => y=l sin2A =2sinAcosA [putB=A]
at 0=360°,sin 0 = 0 => y=4 A
sinA =2sin— cos—
A

Therefore y versus 0 graph is as shown below. 2 2

yt (v) sin(A-B) = sinAcosB-cosAsinB

7 sin0°=0 [put 6 = A]
(vi) cos(A + B) =cosAcosB-sinAsinB
4 i-
cos2A = cos ^ A - sin^ A [putB=A]
= 2cos^A-l [sin^A = l-cos^A]
1
= l-2sin^A

0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

e (vii) cosA = cos^ —-sin^— =2cos^ —-1 =l-2sin^ —
2 2 2 2

(vili) cos(A -6) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

Example 7 Given y = -2 -4 cos 0 cosO° = cos^A + sin^ A = 1 &)UtB=A]
(a) Find minimum and maximum value of y. tanA + tanB
(b) Plot y versus 0 graph (0° < 0 < 360°). (ix) tan(A+B) =
1-tanA tanB
Sol. (a) (cos 0) = 1 at 0 = 0° and 360°.
max
2tanA
y = -2-4(l) = -6 = y^i„ tan2A = [putB=A]
1-tan^A
(cos 0)^i„=-l at 0 = 180°
A
y=-2-4(-l)=+2 = y max 2 tan-
2
/max =2 and y^in=-6 tanA =
A
(b) l-tan^^
■]
2

Angle Value of cos 6 Value of y where, | (x) tan(A-B} =

tanA - tanB

y = - 2 - 4 cos 0 1 + tanA tanB

0° 1 -6 tan0° = 0 [put 6 = A]
C+D C-D
90° 0 -2 (xi) sinC + sinD =2sin cos
2 2
180° -1 +2
. C-D C+D
slnC-sinD=2sin cos
270° 0 -2
2 2
360° 1 -6 C+D C-D
cosC + cosD =2cos cos
2 2
Now y versus 0 graph corresponding to above table . C+D . D-C
is as shown below. cosC-cosD =2sin sin
2 2

+2- Example 8 Provethatl + tan^ 0 = sec^0.

270°
r
90° Sol.
0- 0
180° 360°
-2- ■t-

-6-

Note Sinusoidal means sine or cosine curve.

=h^

tan 0 = —, sec 0 = -
Some Other Important Formulas of Trigonometry b b
0) sin^0 + cos^e = l => sin^0 = l-cos^0
l+tan^ e = l+fi-=fl—
and cos^0 = l-sin^0 b^ b^
(ii) sec^0 = l + tan^0 => tan^0 = sec^ 0-1 = —= sec
2 n
0 Hence proved.
(iii) cosec ^ 0=l + cot^0 b^
Basic Mathematics 17

I
Example 9 Find the value of
sin 75 o_V3 + l
{a) sin 15° (b) sin 75° 2V2
SoL (a) We can write sin 15° = sin (45° - 30°)
Example 10 Find value of cos 120°, using the formula of
We have sin (A - B) = sin A cos 6 - cos A sin B I cos 2A.
sin 15° = sin (45°-30°) Sol. 2A=120°
= sin 45°- cos 30° - cos 45° ● sin 30°
A =60°
1 Vi 1 1 Vi-i
Now,cos2A=2cos^ A-1
V2 2 V2 2 2V2
cos 120° =2(cos 60°)^-1
sin 15" = ^
2V2 -1
V2
(b) We can write sin 75° = sin (45° + 30°)
We have sin (A + B) = sin A cos 6 + cos A sin B Ans.
2 2
sin 75° = sin (45°+ 30°)
= sin 45° ● cos 30° + cos 45° ● sin 30° Note: 120° lies in 2nd quadrant Value of cos 9 in 2nd quadrant is
negative. So, cos ^20° should be negative and we are getting
_j_ 1 _Vi+i cos 120°=
2 Vi 2 2a/2 2

Important POINTS
(i) sin^0?isin0^ butsin^0=(sin0)^
(ii) If a+p=90°, then
sin a = cos p
For example.
sin2° = cos 88°

cos 15° = sin75°

sin 10° = cos 80°

(iii) If a + p = 180°,then
sin a = sin p This is called sine rule,
cos a = -cos Pand (v) If tan 0=1, then we can write 0 = tan"^(l).
tan a =-tanp Although we know that in this case one answer of 0 is
For example. 45°.
sin 30° = sin 150° 1 1
Similarly if sin 0=—, then 0 = sin"^ —
cos 120°=-cos 60° and 4 4J
tan 45° =-tan 135° 1 f i
Ifcos0=—,then0 = cos~^ —
(iv) In the below triangle, 3 5
 Miscellaneous Examples
Ex.1
From the above diagram angle
A circular arc Is of length rccm. Find angle 2n
subtended by it at the centre in radian and degree. 0 = 4x3O° = 12O°=—rad Ans.
3

The correct options are (a) and (c).

Ex. 4 Given that sin 0 = —. Find the values of cos 0 and

4
tan 0.
Sol.

Sol. 0 (in radian) =

radius 6 cm 6
180'=’
As 1 rad =
K

K 180°
So, 0= —X = 30' Ans.
6 7C
In AA6C, sin0 = —
4
Ex. 2 The moon's distance from the earth is 360000 km
and its diameter subtends an angle of 42' at the eye of the A6=l and AC = 4
observer. Find the diameter of the moon.
BC=7(4)^ -(1)^ =Vl5
Sol. Here, angle is very small so diameter arc
BC Vis
Now, cos0 = Ans.
Here 0 = 42' = 42 X —
AC ~ 4
60 AB_ 1
and tan0 = Ans.

= 42 X — X
K 7ti
rad BC "Vis
60 180 1800
22
Ex. 5 In right angle
So, diameter = R0 = 360000 X —
1800^ 7
= 4400 km Ans.

Ex. 3 When a clock shows 4 o’clock, how much angle do

its minute and hour needles make?
n 2k
(a) 120° (b) — rad (c) —rad (d) 160° triangle ABC if AB =x, then prove that AC = xsin0
and BC = xcos 0.
Sol. AC
Sol. (i) = sin0
AB

AC = AB sin0 = xsin0
BC
(ii) = COS0
AB

BC =A6 COS0 =xcos0

 MODULE 3 Exercise
1. In a circle of radius 4 m, find the angle of an arc of 6. Find the value of tan 105®.
length 1 m subtended at centre. 7. Find the value ofcos67°.
2
2. If tan 9 = -, then find the values of cos 0 and sin 0. 8. Find the value of cos 105°+ cos75°.
5
9. Find the value of
3. Find approximate value of tan3°.
(a) sec^ 0-tan^ 0
Which of the following values are positive?
(b) cosec^ 9 - cot^ 0-1
(a) cos 120° (b) sin210°
(c) tan 240° (c) 2sin45°cosl5°
(d) cos 315°
(d) 2 sin 15° cos 45°
5. Find the value of
(a) cos 120° (b) sin240° 10. Draw the following sinusoidal graphs
(c) tan (-60°) (d) cot 300° (a) y'=2-3cos0
(e) tan 330° (f) cos (-60°) (b) y=-3 + 4sin0
(g) sin (-150°) (h) cos (-120°)

Answers
1. (0.25) radian [Link] 0 = L,sin0 = -|
■M
3. 0.052 4. (c) and (d)
1 1 . V3 + 1
5. (a) -- (b)
T ~3T ®-2 ® "2 2

7 f4V3-3 8. Zero 9. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c)

V3+ 1 V3-1
'I 10 ) 2
(d)
2

10.
5
(3) 2
-»0
-1

See hints on pages 39 and 40.

 MODULE ^

Differentiation
II Generai Points List of Formulas
(i) As far as Physics is concerned we only need formulas of (li) — (x") = nx
n-l
(0 — (constant) = 0
differentiation and their applications. In Mathematics dx dx
you will read differentiation in detail. So, in Physics you
need not to go in detail of differentiation. (iii) dx
x)or^(lnx)=~
dx X

(ii) Suppose we have two variables x and y and they are

(iv) — (sinx) = cosx (V) — (cos x) =-sin X
related to each other by some equation. Then we can dx dx
say that y is a function of x or x is a function of y. They
are represented as: (vi) — (tanx) = sec^ X (vii) — (cot x) = - cosec ^ X
dx dx
y = f(x) or X = f (y)
Let us take the first equation y = f(x) and they are (viii) — (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
related to each other by the following equation(s):
(ix) — (cosec x) = - cosec X cot X
dx
or y = sinx
(X) -(e^)=e^
or y=x^ +e'' + 5 dx
22
Now for different values of x we get different values Note K or — is a constant. Similarly there is an another constant
of y.
e (« 2.7183). So, according to formula (i) of the above list,
For example: according to first equation, y = x^, their differentiation with respect to any variable should be
y = 0ifx=0, y = lif x=±l, y = 4ifx=±2 and so on. zero. For example,
(ill) If y is a function of x and we want to differentiate y —in)
dx
= 0, —
dx
(e) = 0 or—(e)
dy
= 0 but-^(e’‘)
dx
= e\
with respect to x, then we will write — or — (y).
dx dx
Example 1 Using formula (ii) from the above table,
Similarly, if y is a function of 9 and we want to
dy differentiate x, 5x, x ^, 6x ^, x ^, 2x ^ with respect to x.
differentiate y with respect to 9. then we will write —
d9
Sol. (a)—(x)= —(x')=lx° = 1 or —(x) = l Ans.
d , .
or —(/)-
dx dx dx
d9
(b) —(5x)=5A(x)=5(1)=5
dx dx
Ans.
(iv) If we want to differentiate y with respect to x two
dV —(5) = 0 but — (5x) 0
times, then we will write Note
dx
dx
dx^
dy dV (c) —{x^)=2x' = 2x or —(x')=2x Ans.
(V) If y = f(x), then — is also written as fix). Similarly dx dx
dx dx^
asr(x). (d) — (6x ^) = 6— (x 2) = 6(2x) = 12x Ans.
dx dx
(vi) dx does not mean d times x. Similarly —f(x)does not
dx (e) A(x3)=3x"
dx
Ans.

— times f(x). "dx" (read as dee-ex) is an

(f) A{2x^)=2—(x^)=2(3x=^)=6x^
mean
dx Ans.
dx dx
infinitesimally small change in x.
 Basic Mathematics 21

dy Answers
Example 2 Find —, when
I dx
1. 3x^ + lOx + 3 2. 9x^-9
{a)y=Vx 2 6
+ 4sec X —
(b)y=x^+x''+7 X

(c) y =x^ + 4x -1/2 -3x"^

See hints on page 40.
Sol. (a)y=Vx
Multiplication and Division Ruies
dx dx dx
1
(i) 4- (*) ● f2 ('<)} = fi M 4- h M + fi (x) — fi M
dx ax dx
Ans.
2 2 2-v/x f2M~hM -fiM —f2W
d fi(x) dx dx
(b) yrix^+x'^+y (ii)
dy d , s 4 dx fjlx) (f2(x)}^
— =—(x^ +x^ +7)
dx dx Example tj Differentiate the following functions with respect
d / 5\ d , 4. d I tox
—(x'*) + —(x^) + —(7)
dx dx dx
(a) X sinx (b) —
= 5x^^ +4x^ +0=5x^ +4x^ Ans. sinx

(c) y = X ^ + 4x
-1/2
-3x”^ Sol. (a) — (x sin x) = x — {sin x) + sin x — (x)
dx dx dx
^
dx
= A(x2+4x-'/^-3x-^)
dx = x cos X + sinx (1)

= -^(x^) + -^{4x -1/2 = x cos X + sin X

dx dx
)-^(3x-^)
dx sinx — (x)-x —(sinx)
d / 2\ .. d , -1/2 (b) -
X ^ dx dx
—(x ) + 4—(x )-3—(x-^)
dx dx dx
dx sin X (sinx)2
-3/2 (sin x)(l) -X (cos x)
=2x- -(4)x -3(-2)x"^
2 sin^ X
-3/2
= 2x-2x + 6x ^ Ans. sinx - X cos X

sin^ X
Example 3 Given y = L + 6e* dy
-2sinx + rt. Find —.
I dx dy
Example 5 If y = tanx, then using the division rule find —.
Sol.^=‘' = + 6e* -2sinx + jc
I dx

dx dx Vx Sol.y = tanx =
sinx

1 cosx

5_l(x'2)
dx
+ 6A(e*)-2-i(sinx)
dx dx
+ -l(7i)
dx
cosx -^(sinx) - sinx-^(cosx)
dy dx dx
1

i (X 2
^ dx (cosx)^
=5 ) + 6(e*)-2(cos x) + 0
2J cosx ● cosx -sinx(-sinx)
3
cos^x
= _£x"2+6e* -2 cos X Ans. cos^x + sin^x 1 2
2 r—= sec X Ans.
cos^x cos X

INTRODUCTORY Exercise 1 dy
Example 6 If y =e*lnx .Find —.
r dx
1. Find the differentiation of y =x^ + 5x^ + 3x + 7 with respect
to X. SoL.-^=-i(e^
dx dx
Inx)
2. Differentiate y =x (3x^ -9) with respect to x.
d(lnx) de''
+ lnx-
3. Giveny=sVx+4tanx-6lnx+ e. dx dx
dy ^1
Find —.
dx
= e^ ●- + lnx -e* =e* —+ lnx
X Vx
22 Mechanics-1

Second
INTRODUCTORY Exercise 2
This is also known as chain rule.
1. Find the derivatives of y =(x^ +1) (x^ + 3). Suppose y =(cos x^)
2. If y=Vxtanx, then find”.
dx
Here, cos x

dy So, first we will differentiate cos function and then x^

3. If y=(sinx) Inx, then find—. function. Finally we will multiply the results. Thus,
dx

— (cos x^) =[-sinx^][2x]

Answers dx
tanx
1. 5x‘’+3x^ + 6x 2. \/xsec^x + = -2x sin x^
2Vx
sinx
Similarly,
3. + (lnx)cosx
X —(sin ) =[cos e* ][e* ][2x]
dx
x2
See hints on page 41. =2xe" cos e

Three More Concepts of Differentiation Example 7 lfy=[x^ +3x + 2]^ + [Inx ^].Then, find dx
First
Sol. Using the chain rule, we have
Suppose y as a function of x is of following type:
y = (6x-4)^ => y = V4x + 4 ^=3(x^+3x
dx
+ 2)^-^-(2x + 3} + 4
X
●2x

1
/= I ^ y = sin(3-6x)
VSx + 2 =3(2x+3)(x^+3x+2)^+- Ans.
X
(4x - 5)
y =e etc.

Then multiply with coefficient of x and differentiate by

Examples If y = {(x^ +2x)'''^}, then find —.
dx
assuming (6x -4) or (4x + 4) or (3x + 2) or (3 -6x) or (4x -5)
Sol. Using the chain rule, we have
simply as x.
For example ^=-(x^+2x)2"\2x
dx 2
+ 2)
(i) —(6x -4)^ =(6)[3(6x -4)^] =18 (6x -4)^ -1/2
dx = (x + l)(x^+2x) Ans.
. _ . 1
Third
(ii) —(V4X + 4) = — (4x + 4) 2
dx dx dy
If y = f(x) and we wish to find —, then
1-1 dt
= {4) i(4x
2
+ 4)2 dy dy Y dx Vdx^
= —fix)
1
dt dx 1 dt dx . V dt
2
= 2{4x + 4) 2 = dy
■v/4x + 4
Example 9 Given, y=3x^. Find the value of —.
dt
1
1 rSol., —
dy = f —
dyYdx''
(iii) — = —(3x+2)"2 dt
—
dx\dt
dx VSx + 2 dx

/ -1-1
= (3) -- (3x+2) 2
A(3x3)1^=9x<^^
dx dt dt
21
3 dy
3 Example 10 If y = sin (6x + 2), then find —.
-2(3x + 2)'2 = 3
dz
2
d . /z dx'\
2(3x+2)2 soi.^=f^y^ — sin(6x + 2) —
dz dx j{,dz dx dz

(iv) — sin(3-6x)=(-6)cos(3-6x) fdx

dx = (6) cos (6x + 2) —
dz
= -6 cos (3-6x)
dx
(v) = 4e
(4X-5) = 6 cos (6x + 2) —
dz
dx
 Basic Mathematics 23

INTRODUCTORY Exercise 3 Similarly slopes of lines in figures (v) and (vi) are of similar
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. types. Those are taken negative slopes. But magnitude of
(a)(2x + 3)* (b)ln(5x + 2)
slope of line in figure (vi) is more than the magnitude of
slope of line in figure (v).
2. If y=4e* 2x dy
then find ~. The above nature of slope (zero, infinite, positive, negative,
dx
less slope, more slope) is best represented by tan 0. As we
3. If y =(x^ +1)^^^, then find —. increase 0 from 0° to 180°.
dx
tan0° or tan 180° = 0
If y = cos x^, then find —. As 0 increases from 0° to 90°, tan 0 is positive and increases
dx
from 0 to oo.
5. Ify=x^,then find—. tan90° = x
dt
As 0 increases from 90° to 180°, tan 0 is negative and its
Answers magnitude decreases.

1. (a)12(2x + 3)® (b)—^ '-2x Thus the slope of a line is the tangent of the angle made by
2. 8(x-l)e''
5x + 2 the line with positive x-axis in the anti-clockwise direction.
y
5.(3X^)^
X
3. 4.-3x^ sinx^ Slope of line
(x^+1)1^2 dt m = tan 0

See hints on page 41. 0

0
Uses of Differentiation
Slope is also represented by m. The following figures will
There are mainly two uses of differentiation:
illustrate the theory.
First
Slope of a graph Slope of a graph is just like slope of a hill.
Slope of a straight line Slope of a straight line graph is
constant at every point. This constant value may be zero,
infinite, positive or negative.
■*x
Let us take an example.
0 = 0° or 180°

Slope or m =tan 0°or tan 180

= 0

■*x ■*x
(i) (ii)
X- Xt

■+X

■+X ●>x
(iii) (iv) 0 = 90°
X- X- Slope or m = tan 90° = oo
Xt X-

■*x
(V) (vi) ,02
■♦X
Slope of line in figure (i) is zero. Slope of line in figure (ii) is
infinite.

Slopes of lines in figure (iii) and (iv) are of similar nature. 01 and 02 both are less than 90°.
They are taken positive slopes. But slope of line in figure (iv) So, slope or tan 0 is positive for both.
is more than slope of line in figure (Ml). But02>0j => tan02 orSlopej >tan@i orSlopej
24 Mechanics-1

y- Slope of a General Graph

As we discussed above, slope of a straight line is constant at
every point. This constant may be zero, positive, negative or
infinite.

Slope of any other graph keeps on changing point to point

1

-»x ■*x

Slope of a curve at some point is the slope of the tangent line

at that point.
90° <01 and 02 <180° The following figure will illustrate the concept.
So, slope or tan 0 is negative for both. But 02 > 0i-
|tan02l or iSlopejl <| tan 0J or |Slopeil
Example 11 Find slope of the following lines.
y- y-

The graph is a circle.

■♦X
(i) (Slope) atl = tan 45° = + l
y- y-
(Slope) at 2 = 0
(Slope) at 3 = tan 120° = - tan 60° = - Vs
(Slope) at 4 = 00

Note If y = fix), then we can plot a graph between x and y. If we

,45°
differentiate y with respect to x or if we ifnd then the

y- y-
quantity ^
dx
is nothing but the slope of the graph. Let us take
two examples.
fO y = 4x + 7
^ = A = constant
dx

Slope = constant
(Vi)
Since slope is constant So, graph corresponding to the
equation y = 4x+7 is a straight line,
Sol. Slope of line in figure (i) = 0 (ii) y=2x^
3 dy
^ = 4x = fix)
Slope of line in figure (ii) = tan 37° = — = 0.75 dx
4
Slope = fix)
Slope of line in figure (iii) = tan 45° = 1 dv
Atx = 1—or slope = 4
Slope of line in figure (iv) = tan 120° dx

= - tan 60° = - Vs dy
Atx = 2,-f-or
dx
slope = 8
Slope of line in figure (v) = tan 135°
= -tan45° Second
= -l Maximum or Minimum Value
Slope of line in figure (vi) = oo. Suppose y is a function of x. Or y = f(x).
Note Slope can also be calculated as: Then we can draw a graph between x and y. Let the graph is
as shown in figure.
y-

a
m
= tane= -f
6

0
Basic Mathematics 25

Then from the graph we can see that at maximum or

Further,
dV =50
dx^
minimum value of/slope or — to the graph Is zero.
dx y J
dy
or - has positive value at x = -.
Thus, dx 2 5
—
dx
= 0 at maximum or minimum value of y.
dy Therefore, y has minimum value atx =-.
By putting — = 0, we will get different values of x. At these 5
dx
d^y Substituting X = --lIn given equation, we get
values of x, value of y is maximum if j (double
dx
differentiation of y with respect to x) is negative at this value ^min =25 - + 5-10 Ans.

d^y. l5j V5
of X. Similarly, y is minimum if jis positive. (b) y=9-(x-3)^ =9-x^ -9 + 6x
dx
dy
dV
or y=6x-x^ .. dx
= 6-2x
Thus, = -ve for maximum value of y
dx^ For minimum or maximum value of y, we will
dy = 0
substitute
and
dV dx
= +ve for minimum value of y
dx^ or 6-2x=0 or x=3

Note At constant value ofy also

dy
= 0 but in this case d'y IS: To check whether value of y is maximum or
dx dx^ minimum atx =3, we will have to check whether
zero.
dV- ..
— IS positive or negative.
Example 12 Find maximum or minimum values of y dx
I corresponding to following equations. d^y = -2
(a)y=25x^ +5-10x dx^
(b)y=9-(x-3)2 dV
or
- is negative at x = 3. Hence, value of y is
Sol. (a) For maximum and minimum value, we can put dx
^=0. maximum. This maximum value of y is,
dx
=9-(3-3)" =9 Ans.
dy
— =50x-10 = 0
Note (x-3)^ is a square quantity. Minimum value of any square
or
dx
quantity is zero.
1
X =- ymax = 9-Kx-3)^l™
5
=9-0=9

Important POINTS
1. If y=x^then —=2x => dy=(2x)-dx y' = x'^ =(2.001)^ = 4.004001
dx
dy=y'-y = 0.004001
This implies that according to the equation, y =x^, if we
Now, (2x)dx =(2 X 2)(0.001) =0.004
change the value of x by a small amount dx, then change
in value of y is dy, which is equal to (2x) dx. Here x is the So, we can see that, dy *(2x)dx
value at that point. dy
2. — means rate of change of y with respect to x. Or,
dx
For example.
If X =2 and dx = 0.001, then change in the value of y per unit change in x. This is the
reason why differentiation of any constant quantity is
x'=(x + dx) = 2.001 always zero. Because the constant quantity Is not
Now, y=x^=(2)2=4 changing.
 Miscellaneous Examples
r.. ● dy . dx . dy
L., 3bt^ 3b
Ex.l \fy = cos ^ X, then find —. Dividing — by —, we get — =
dx dt dt dx 4at^ 4at
Sol. We know that cos 2x = 2 cos ^ x -1
1 + cos 2x
Ex. 5 If f(x)=x cos X, find f"(x).
cos^x =
2 Sol. Using the product rule, we have
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get f' (x) = x— (cosx) + cos X ~ (x)
dx dx
= -x sinx + cos X
dx dx dx 2
To find f"(x), we further differentiate f' (x):
H (cos2x)
dxl.2 i 2 dx f ”{x) = — (-X sin X + cos x)
dx
1
= 0 + - (-sin2x) 2 = - sin 2x = -x— (sin x) + sin X — (-x) + — (cos x)
2
dx dx dx
Alternate method: = -X cos X - sin X - sin x = -x cos x -2 sin x
y =cos^x =(cos x)^
Ex. 6 Find the minimum value of y =5x^ 2x + l.
dy d[(cosx)^] = 2 (cos x) 2-1 (-sin x) dy
dx dx Sol. For maximum or minimum value, = 0
dx
= -2 cos X sinx =-sin2x

Ex. 2 lfy =
sinx dy
, then find —.
dx
5(2x)-2(l)+0 = 0 => x=^
X + cos X
1 dV
d(sinx) . d(x + cosx)
Now atx =- = 10 which is positive so value of y is
(x + cos x) sinx 5 dx^
Sol.
dy dx dx
minimum atx =-.
dx (x + cos x)^ 5

(x + cosx)cosx - sinx (1-sinx) f iV 2 -

,
+1=-
4 Ans.
Therefore, y^in =5 -
(x + cosx)^ 5 is; 5

xcosx + cos^ X -sinx + sin^ x

Ex. 7 Divide a number 100 into two parts such that their
(x + cosx)^ product is maximum.
X cosx -sinx + sin^ x + cos^ x xcosx-sinx + 1 Sol. Let the two parts be x and (100 - x)
(x + cosx)^ (x + cosx)^ Product; P=x(100-x) = 100x-x^
x^ +1 dy ForP to be maximum or minimum.
Ex. 3 lfy = then find —. dP
x +1 dx = 100-2x=0 => x=50
dx
d(x^ +1) d(x + l) d^P
(x + 1) -(x'+l) = -2
dy dx dx
Sol. ^ dx^
dx (x + lf [Link] maximum atx =50.
(x + l)2x-(x^ +l)l_2x^ +2x-x^ -1 Dividing equally the two parts are (50, 50). Ans.

(x + 1)" (x + 1)" Important Result: If we have to divide a number in two

x" +2X-1 parts, so that their product is maximum then divide them
in two equal parts. Let us divide a number 10.
(x + 1)"
(i) In 9 and 1, product is 9.
Ex. 4 If X = at^, y =fat", then find —. (ii) In 8 and 2, product is 16
dx
(iii) In 7 and 3, product is 21
Sol. Differentiating x and y with respect to t, we get
(iv) In 6 and 4, product is 24
f!i=4ot^^=3fat^
dt (v) In 5 and 5, product is 25 and this is maximum.
dt
 MODULE ^ Exercise
1. Differentiate the following with respect to x. 5. Differentiate the following functions with respect to
X.
●xT-A- (a) x** + 3x^ -2x (b) x^ cosx
xr
2. Differentiate the following with respect to x. (c) (6X+7)'’ (d) e'^x^
{5x^ +6)(2x^ +4) (1 + x)
(e)
e''
3. Differentiate the following with respect to x.
6. Find the maximum or minimum value of y in the
^/x (x^ +7) functions given below,
^1. Differentiate the following with respect to 0. (a) y=5-(x-l)'
cosG TZ 71
(b) y=(sin2x-x),where — <x<—
(l-sin0) 2 2

Answers
1 1 1 L 1
1.
2Vx
2x2
3 2Vx
1 + -
xj
2.40x^ + 64x = 8x(5x^ + 8)
3.^(7. 5/,
1
4.
1-sin0
5. (a) 4x^ + 6x - 2 (b) 2XC0SX - x^slnx (c) 24(6x + 7f (d) 5e^x^ + e^x^ (e) xe'*

71 V3 TVs Tc'i
6- (a) /max = 5 at X = 1 (b) = at X = - ji/6 and y^a* = atx = 7r/6
^6 2 12 6 1

See hints on pages 41 and 42.

 MODULE 5

Integration
II General Points (vii) cosec^x dx = - cot X + c
(i) As far as Physics is concernedwe only need simple
(viii) sec X tan x dx = sec x + c
formulae in integration and their applications. In
Mathematics you will study integration in detail. So, in Ox) cosec X cot X dx = - cosec x + c
Physics you need not to go in detail of integration. 1

(ii) In simple words, integration is the reverse process of Note

(i) dx = Ix^dx = ~+c = x+c or dx = x + c
differentiation. Differentiation is breaking of 1 +1
C X x^
something into parts. Integration is summing it up. (ii) x-dx = - + c = — + c
1+1 2
(iii) Symbol of Integration is f(x) ● dx or f(t) dt. 2+ 1
x3
(iv) As we said above that integration is reverse process of (iiO \x^dx = ^2+1 + c = — + c
3
differentiation. So, let us take an example.
Example 1 Integrate the following functions with respect
— (sinx) = cosx ...(i) to X.
dx
ff 2
So, (cos x) ● dx = sin x ...00 (a) f(5x^ +3x-2) dx (b) 4sinx — dx
V x;
or (cos x) dx = sin X + c ...Oil)
Sol. (a) {5x ^ + 3x -2) dx = 5 x ^ dx + 3j xdx
Here, c is a constant, called constant of integration. 5x^ 3x^
-2 dx = H -2x + c
3 2
The value of this constant depends upon different
conditions given in the problem. For one set of 2^ dx
(b) 4sinx— dx=4 sinxdx-2 —
xj X
conditions its value may be -. For another set of
2 = -4cosx-2!nx + c

conditions it may be —. So, in general we write It only c. lExample 2 Find the value of (2 cos x+6x^) dx.
4

Now if we differentiate right hand side of equation (ii) or Sol. f(2cosx + 6x^)dx = 2f(cosx)dx + 6 (x^)dx
(iii), result is cos x in both cases.
x^
So, the general solution of (cos x) dx is (sin x + c) not = 2 [sin x] + 6 + c = 2 sinx + 2x^ + c
3

only sin X.

List of Simple Formulas Special Type of Function in Integration

X
n+l If we have the following types of functions in integration,
(i) x”dx = ~ + c (n^-l) (i) (6x-2)^dx
n +1
dx , , (ii) sin(2x + 4)"dx
(ii) — = loggX + c or Inx + c
X
1
(iii) sinx dx =-cos x + c (iii) dx
^-6x -2
(iv) cos X dx =sin X + c (5x-2)
(iv) J e dx

(v) e*dx = c* + c
Then we will divide by the coefficient of x and then integrate
(Vi) sec^x dx =tan x + c as usual. In differentiation we have multiplied by the
Basic Mathematics 29

coefficient of x. For example result of the above integrations 125 1

are as under.
3 3 3 3
flV6x -2)^
(0 (6x-2)^dx= - + c 124
. 6 3
3
(6x-2)' + c The correct option is (b).
18

(ii) sin (2x + 4) dx =

Tl"!
cos (2x + 4) + c Area Under a Curve and Definite Integration
\2) Suppose we have a function y = f(x) and the graph between x

( 1 1 and y corresponding to the above function Is as shown in

(Hi) dx = — logg (-6x-2) + c figure.
-6x -2

In (-6x -2)
+ c
-6

(iv) e'='-2>dx=fll(e 5x-2

)+c

Definite Integral
when a function is integrated between a lower limit and an 0
upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
X dx
If — f(x) =f'(x),then f'(x)dx is called indefinite integral and
dx ●’
●b
Now, we wish to find area of the graph between x = a and
f'(x)dx is called definite integral. X =b, then let us take a small element (or strip) at a general
Jo
point X of thickness dx. At coordinate x, value of
Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the variable y-coordinate is y which will be given by the function.
X.
Now area of small shown element = ydx =f(x)dx
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated If we sum up all areas between x =aand x =b, then
●b
between upper and lower limits as explained below; f (x)dx = shaded area between curve and x-axis.
a

■V(x)dx=|f(x)|‘=f(b)-f(a)
a
Example 5 Given y = 3x ^. Find area of the graph between
I
Note In indeifnite integral we get a function with constant of X =landx =2.
integration. In definite integration we get a value without Sol.
constant of integration. y t
Ji/4

Examples Find / = (sin x + cos x) dx.

r
0

n/A
n!A
SoLi = (sin X + cos x) dx = I - cos x + sin x | 0
0 X

(k\
-cos - +sin|- ^-{-cos(0) + sin(0)}
u 4JJ Graph corresponding to the given equation y =3x^ is as
1
Ll -{-1+0}=1 Ans.
shown In figure. Area of graph between x = 1 and x = 2
will be:
2 2 2

A= f(x)dx= ydx= (3x^)dx

Example^ The integral x^dx is equal to 1 1 1
I
1 -i2

125 124
(a) (b) (c)i3 (d)45 = (3) — = [x']f
3 3 L U yji
*l5
X^ = [(2)’-(l)^]=(8-l)
Sol. fx^ dx =
3 -7 units
1 Ji
 Miscellaneous Examples
(b)x-i
1 1

Ex. 1 B Solve the integral / = f sin^ xdx. (a)x^ (c) e“" +

2x
(d)—^
X x^ 2x+3
0
n
I/' 1-COS2X
(e) cos {4x + 3) (f) cos^x
1 - cos 2x
Sol. sin^xdx = dx V sin^x = n+l

0 0
2 2 Sol. (a) fx^dx= — + c V x"dx=- + c

n " 71
4 ●' n+l
1 sin2x

2
0
dx-
|(cos2x)dx =-
0
X -

2 Jo (b) X- dx V f — dx =lnx + c
x; X
1 (sin27t-sin 0) n
(k-0)-
2 2 2 -Inx + c
2

Ex. 2 B Solve 2x

3
(c) e~" +
(a) (ax^+bx + c)dx (b) e* dx 2x -2+1 ax
e X ax e
0 -1 + + c e + c
n/2 2 -2 + 1 a

(c) cos X dx
1
-ti/2 + C

3 2 X
ax^ bx^
Sol. (a) f (ax ^ + bx + c) dx = 3 2
+ CX
(d)
dx in(2x + 3)
+ c
0 /o ■' 2x+3 2

a(3)= , b(3)" + c(3)-0 =9a+ -b + 3c

9
(e) cos(4x+3)dx =
sin(4x+3)
+ c
3 2 2 4

1 1 + cos 2x
(b) e^dx =e*|!.i = e^ -e ^ = e — (f) cos ^ X dx = dx
e
2
-1
n/2 fl- dx
^ + cos 2x
n/2 . 7Z r-K^ = dx
(c) COS X dx = sin x| -Ji/2 = sin — sin =1+1=2 2 2
2 2 j 1 r sin 2x
-n/2
_x sin2x + c =- X + + C

Ex. 3 B Integrate the following with respect to x. ~2 2x2 2l 2 y

MODULE 5 Exercise
1. Integrate the following functions with respect to t yt

(a)|(3t^-2t) dt
(b) (4cost+t^)dt

(c) f(2t-4rdt 15 1 2 3
+x

dt
{d)f(6t-l)
Answers r.
2. Integrate the following functions
m/2 1
(a)|^2tdt (b)
It/6
sinx dx 1.(a)t^-t^ + c (b)4sinf + D + c (c)- 0 6(2t-4)
3 + ^

(or^
<●71

(d) cosxdx ln(6t-1) V3-1

J4 X JO I- c 2. (a) 4 (b) (c) ln(2.5) (d) 0 (e) -1
6 2

(e) J^^(2t-4)dt 19
3. —
3
3. Calculate the area enclosed under the curve f (x) = x^
between the limits x = 2 and x = 3. See hints on page 42.
 MODULE 6

Graphs
II General Points
(i) A graph is always drawn between two quantities, say x
and y.
(ii) The graph may be straight line, parabola, ellipse, circle
etc.

(iii) The shape of the graph, (whether it Is straight line,

circle or parabola etc.) depends upon the equation
between x and y.
(iv) In differentiation we have already discussed about the
slope of a graph (denoted by m).
Straight Line Graph
(V) X and y-Intercepts The point where the graph cuts (i) Linear Equation a iinear equation is an algebraic
the x-axis is called x-intercept and the point where equation between one or two variables where each
the graph cuts the y-axis is called y-interceptCy. On variable has a power of 1. Following are some of the
x-axis value of y at every point is zero. Therefore, to examples of linear equations.
find x-intercept put y = 0 in the given equation
2y-3 = 0
(between x and y) and find the value of [Link] value is
x=7
. Similarly to find y-intercept Cy put x = 0 in the given
equation and find the value of y. This value of y Is 2x-3y + 8 = 0
called the y-intercept Cy. In case of straight line graphs, (ii) Any linear equation always represents a straight line
y-intercept is very important and there it is also graph.
represented by C (or c) only.
(iii) A straight line graph may be of following four types.
(iv) In the given equation if y = 0 by putting x = 0
(or vice-versa), then the graph passes through origin. Type 1.
(vii) In the given equation if y is positive for positive values x=±c
of X, then graph is in 1st quadrant. Similarly if y is
Here c is a constant.
negative for positive vaiues of x, then the graph lies in
4th quadrant. This equation represents a straight line graph parallel to
y-axis.
Example 1 For the given straight iine equation,
r Example 2 Plot a graph corresponding to the equation.
X -2y + 4 = 0, find x and y-intercepts and then draw this
straight line graph. I x-6 = 0.

SoL. x-intercept Sol.x - 6 = 0

Putting y = 0 in the given equation, we get x = -4. X =6

Therefore x-intercept is, Cj, =-4 Therefore value of x at every point on the straight line is
y-intercept 6. The graph is as shown below.
Putting X = 0 in the given equation, we get y = 2.
Therefore y-intercept is,
Cy=2
■>x
Graph We have obtained x and y-intercepts. So, the 0 6
straight line will pass through these two points. The
straight iine is as shown below.
32 Mechanics-1

Type 2. The straight line graph is as shown below.

/ = ±c
Here c is a constant. tan 9 = 2

This equation represents a straight line graph parallel to

x-axis.

Example 3 Plot a graph corresponding to the equation,

y + 2 = 0. {b)y + 4x=0 => y=-4x
Sol. y+2=0 => y = -2 Here, m = slope = tan 6 = - 4
Therefore value of y at every point on the straight line is So, 0 = tan“^ (-4)
-2. The graph is as shown below.
Slope is negative. So the angle 0 is obtuse {between
y-r 90°and 180°). The straight line graph is as shown
below.
0
■^x
-2

tan 9 = - 4

Type 3.
y = mx
Note a+ 0 = 180°
y =mx, represents a straight line passing through origin. tan a = - tan 0
Here, m = tan 0, is also called slope of the line, where 0 is the = -(-4)
angle which the line makes with positive x-axis, when drawn = + 4
in anti-clockwise direction from the positive x-axis towards
the line. Type
The two possible cases are shown In the figures given below. y = mx -I- c (General equation of straight line)
In figure (i), 0 <90°.Therefore, tan 0or slope of line Is y = mx -I- c, represents a straight line not passing through
positive. In Fig. (ii), 90° < 0 < 180°. Therefore, tan 0 or slope origin. Here, m is the slope of line as discussed above and c
of line is negative.
the intercept on y-axis (orCy).
y

(i) (ii)

Note That y = mx or y ccx also means that value ofy becomes 2

times, ifx is doubled. Or it will ramain — times ifx becomes
4

— times.
4

Example ^ Plot straight line graphs corresponding to

following equations
In figure (i): Slope and intercept both are positive.
(a)y-2x=0 (b) y + 4x = 0
In figure (ii): Slope is negative but intercept Is positive and
Sol. (a) y-2x = 0
In figure (iii): Slope Is positive but intercept is negative.
y=2x
Note (i) That in y = mx + c,
Comparing this with the standard equation, y = mx, y does not become two times, ifx is doubted.
we get X Y
(ii) —+ ^b = Ms equation of a straight line in the intercept
m = slope = tan 0 = 2 or 0 = tan ^(2) a
form, where a and b are intercepts on x and y axis,
Slope is positive, so the angle 0 is acute (<90°).
respectively.

r
Basic Mathematics 33

Method 2 Using —+ — = 1
a b
2x 3y , X ^=1
-=1 => - +
12 12 6 -4

ciorc^ =6 andborCy =~4

Example? Plot the line -3x -5y = 15.

This can also be written as, — + — = 1

X y Sol. Method 1 Given 5y = -3x -15
Whenx=0, y = -3 c,=-3
Example 5 Draw straight lines corresponding to following Wheny = 0, x=-5 => Cx=-5
r
equations. 5..
y

(a) y = 4x + 2 4-.

(b)y=6x-4 3--

Sol. (a) In y = 4x + 2,slope Is + 4 and y- intercept is 2. The 2-

graph is as shown below. _4 -3 _2 -1

1--

>v^l—I—I—h H—I—I—t—I—»x

-1--

<2--
-3-
-4"

-5"

Method 2 ^
Using—+ - = 1:
a b

(b) In y =6x -4, slope is + 6 and y* intercept is - 4. -3x 5y = ,1

— ^
X
^ =1
Hence, the graph is as shown below. 15 15 (-5) (-3)

..aorc^ =-5andfaorCy =-3

Exponentially Decreasing and Increasing Graphs
-Kx
tan 0 = 6 (i) y=Ae represents exponentially decreasing graph,
0
4X
the value of y decreases exponentially from A to 0. The
~4 graph is as shown in figure.

4
Example 6 Plot the line 2x -3y = 12.
I
Sol. Mothodl Given 3y=2x-12
y = -x-4
3
2
Comparing y = mx+ c, we get m=tan0=- and c = -4. From the graph and the equation, we can see that
3
y =Aatx =0and y 0 as X —> 00.

(ii) y=A(l-e”'^), represents an ty

4
4-. exponentially increasing
3-- graph. Value of y increases
2-- exponentially from 0 to A. The
1-- graph is as shown in figure.
1 2 3 4 5
■I—I—I—I—I- ♦
0 From the graph and the
-1-- equation, we can see that y = 0 at x = 0 and y -> A as
-2- X ^00.

-3--
Note In the above equations y and x are variables and A and K
are constants. Values of these constants are different in
-5-- different situations (or problems). Following two examples
will illustrate the concept
34 Mechanics-1

Example 8 Velocity of a particle increases exponentially with

time from 2 m/s to 6 m/s. Plot a rough v -1 graph and
Other Important Graphs Used in Physics
write V -1 equation corresponding to it. Check the First
equation with graph at t = 0 and t = co. RectangularHyperbola
Sol. v-tgraph is as shown in figure, 1 k
v{m/s) xy = constant or yoc — or y =—
X X

6 Here k is a constant.
4 2
For example y = — represents a graph as shown in Fig (i).
X
2
Graph lies in 1st and 3rd quadrants. The reason is : if x is
2
t(s)
0 positive, then according to the equation, y =—, value of y is
X

also positive. Means 1st quadrant. Similarly if x is negative,

Above 2 m/s, the value 4 m/s increases exponentially.
then y is also negative. Means 3rd quadrant.
Hence, v-t equation is
y-r y
v=2 + 4{l-e"'‘*)
Here k is a positive constant, which will depend on
■>x
factors which are not given in the question.
Att = 0, v=2 + 4(l-e°)
= 2m/s (ase° =1) (i) (ii)

At t = oo, v=2 + 4(l-e^) From the graph we can see that y->0asx->ooorx->0as
-00
= 6 m/s (ase = 0) y -> 00.
4
Example 9 Acceleration of a particle decreases Similarly, y = — represents a similar type of graph in second
X
exponentially with time from 10 m/s^ to 6 m/s and fourth quadrants as shown in Fig. (ii).
Plot a rough a-1 graph. Write a-t equation and check the
equationwith graph at t = 0 and t = co. Note That in the above case if x is doubled y will become half
Sol. a -1 graph is as shown in figure. Second

a(m/s^ Parabola All quadratic equations represent parabolic

graphs.
10
(i) y xx^ or y =2x^, etc., represents a parabola passing
4
through origin as shown in Fig. (i).
6

f(s)
0 y oc
4X

Above6m/s^ the value4m/s^ decreases exponentially.

-kt
Hence, a-tequation iso =6 + 4e
(i)
Here, k is a positive constant.
0
Att = 0, a = 6 + 4e Note That in the parabola y =2x^ or y xx^, ifxis doubled, y will
become four times.
= 10m/s^ (ase° =1)
—® Graph x x y^ or x = 4y^ is again a parabola passing
At t = X, a = 6 + 4e
through origin as shown in figure 1.7 (ii). In this case if
= 6m/s^
—CD
(ase =0 ) y is doubled, x will become four times.
 Basic Mathematics 35

(ii) y =x^ +4orx = y^ -6will represent a parabola but Sol. (a) y = 4x^ Graph is a parabola. In 1st quadrant graph
not passing through origin. In the first equation is as shown below.
{y = x^ +4), if X is doubled, y will not become four yt
times.

Third
Circle
2 2 2 0
+ y-^ =a {a = constant)

This equation correspondsto a circle of radius ’o‘ and centre (b) X = 4y^ Graph is again a parabola. In 1st quadrant
at origin as shown below. graph is as shown below.
y-
y-

'a
■»x

4
(c) y = — Graph is a rectangular hyperbola. In 1st
x
Fourth quadrant it is as shown below.
Ellipse y
2 2
X , y
=1 (a and b are constants)

The above equation represents an ellipse. 0

■»x

(d) x^ + y^ = 16 The equation can be written as

+ y^ =(4)^
b
y-
0
4

-4’ '4
a - Semi major axis
-4
b = Semi minor axis

Note (i) Circle is a special case of an ellipse, for which semi minor Hence, the graph is a circle with centre at origin and
axis = semi major axis radius equal to 4.
b= a= radius
, . x^ y^
or

(ii) We have given brief introduction of only those graphs (e) — — =1 The given equation can be written as
16 9
which are used in Physics. In Mathematics you will study all
these graphs in detail. x^
+ =1
Example 10 Plot the graphs corresponding to the following (4)2 (3)2
I equations. y-
(a) y = 4x2 3

(b) X =4y2
-4 4
(c)y = - -3
X

(d)x2 + y2 = l6
Hence, the graph is an ellipse with semi-major axis
(e) — = 1 = 4, along X-axis and semi-minor axis = 3, along
16 9 y-axis.
MODULE 6 Exercise
1. For the equations given below, tell the nature of y
graphs,
(a) (b) y=-4x^+6 4

-4x 30°
(c) y=6e (d) y=4(l-e“^'‘)
(e} y=- (f) y=--
X X

2. Which of the following graphs do not pass through (c) (d)

origin?
7. Value of y decreases exponentially from y = 10 to
(a) y=2x+6 (b) y^-2x=0 y = 6. Plot a rough x-y graph.
(c) y^+3x^+5=0 (d) y+6x=0 8. Value of y increases exponentially from y = - 4
to y = + 4. Plot a rough x-y graph.
3. Check the quadrants for each part from where the
following graphs will pass, 9. The graph shown in figure is exponential. Write down
the equation corresponding to the graph.
(a) y=-4x^ (b) y=- y-
X
12
4. After finding x-interceptC^j and y-interceptCy, plot
the straight line corresponding to the
4
x-y equation given below.
6x-2y + 5 = 0
5. Draw rough graphs corresponding to the equations 10. The graph shown in figure is exponential. Write
(a) y=4x (b) y=-6x down the equation corresponding to the graph.
(c) y=x-i-4 (d) y=-2x + 4 y

(e) y=2x -4 (f) y=-4x-6

6
6. For the graphs given below, write down their x-y
equations

-4

H. In the equation y =6 + 4(1 - e what is the

45°
30°
X
maximum value of y ?
-kt
12. In the equation y = -4-6e what is the minimum
value of y ?
Basic Mathematics 37

Answers
1.(a) Parabola passing through origin (b) Parabola not passing through origin (c) Exponentially decreasing graph
(d) Exponentially increasing graph (e) Rectangular hyperbola in first and third quadrant
(f) Rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrant
2. (a) and (c) 3. (a) III and IV (b) III and I
4.
yy2.5

5
6

5. y y ty yt
/

4X
X

(a) (b) (c) (d)

y
y-

7
/■
\

(e) (f)

6. (a) y = X (b) y = - ~
V3
(c) y = -^
V3
+ 4 (d) y = - x + 2

7. y 8. y
10

6
■»x
●»x
-4

9. y = 4 + 8e . Here, K isa positive constant 10. y = - 4 + 10(1 - Here, /Cis positive constant
11.10 12. -10

See hints on page 42.

 Hints & SOLUTIONS
Module 1. 6. Given, logj (x -7) =1
1. We are given Using logarithm rules, we can write
\2 5^=x-7
R 1
S’=S =S 5=x-7
R+h h
1 + lL
R x=5 + 7

X=12
s
=3 1 + -
1 +-
hV R
7. logo m = n
R a
n
-m

As we are given h «R, hence — «i. o m

R
<3 <3

Using Binomial approximation, n-l m

2h^ a
we can write 5'asg 1-
R
Module 2.
f 1
2. We can write 1001 = 1000 1 +—
1.
1000

So that we have
-il/3 nl/3
1/3 r 1 + —1
(1001) = 1000 = 10 1 +—
1000 1000

=10(1 + 0.001)
1/3
= lofl + -x
3
0.001
=10.003333

3. 5^=125 Given, a = 3 cm and b = 4 cm

The area of the isosceles triangle is given by
As we know.
1 X bx
u nu =—1 X bx
u b'
a^ = c => loggC=b A =— a^-
Therefore,
2 2
1 4

logs 125 =3 1 I ^
=-x 4x , 3^ =2x
2 4
4. Given, iogjo 1 = 0
=2^/5 cm^
By the rule, we know.
logoC=b => a‘’=c Hence, the area of the given isosceles triangle is
2r/s cm^
Hence, 10° =1
2. A
5. Let,log432=x
4* =32 /
10 m h
(2^)*=2x2x2x2x2
2x=5
B I.
C
5 O'
X =-
2 24 m

Therefore, log432=^ We know that volume of the right circular cone is - icr h.
1
3
5
Basic Mathematics 39

1 22 1
V=-x—x24^x10 => V =603428
3 7 7. p = V^m or pccK^
Hence, the volume of the tent is 603428 m
(% change in p) = - (% change in K)
2
l = ^|h^ ^ =V(10}^+(24}^ =26 m
+ r

=-(-3%)
Curved surface area =nrl 2
f 22') = -1.5%
= — (24)(26)=1961.14m^
8. p=^f2Km ...(i)
3. C=27tr (C =Circumference) K'=1.5K
C
p' =V2K'm
2t:

Now, /A =7tr^
= V2 (1-5K) m ...(H)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= 71
C f c" (10)2 ^75 cm2 p'-1.22p
2;t 4;u 22 22
4x — Therefore percentage change in momentum is
7
approximately 22%.
4. (a) Let the given points be : 1
^2
16
9. Roc-4
A(2,-2)=(x„yJ h2 ^2 In. 5J 25
B(-l,x)=(x2,y2) 16 16000
R,= (1000)=?
Distance between A and B =^|[(x2-x^f +iy2-yif] 16 + 25 41

■■■ ^j[i~l-2f+ix+2)^]=5 and R2 =

25
:iooo)=?
25000
16 + 25 41
Squaring on both sides, we get
(3)2+{x+2)2=25 10. R oc w2

(x+2)2 =25-9
(x + 2)2=16 R2 "IsoJ ~16
X+2=±4 9
Ri = (2000)=? 720
Whenx+2=4,x=2 ^9 + 16
Whenx+2=-4,x=-6 16
R2 = (2000)=? 1280
9 + 16
(b) Slope
X2-X1 6-2 2

.,2
Module 3.
5. K=-^ or Kccp2 Arc
2m 1. Angle = =—=(025) radian
Radius 4
% change in K =2 (% change inp)
=2(2%) 2. x=V(5)2 + (2)2 =V29
=4%

6.K=^
2m

p'=0.8p

K' = P'^_(0.8p)2
2m 2m
2

=(0.64)-^
2m

= 0.64K

Hence, kinetic energy has been decreased by 36%.

 Mechanics-1
40

f [Link] C+D
3. tan3*=tan rad = 45*
2
180 J
3X 71 or C + D =90° ...0)
=0.052
C-D
180 = 15°
2
4. 240° lies in 3rd quadrant and tan in 3rd quadrant is
or C-D =30° ...(ii)
positive.
315° lies in 4th quadrant and cos in 4th quadrant is Solving these two equations, we get
positive, C=60°, D=30°
2 sin 45° cos 15° = sin 60° + sin 30°
5.
(a) cos 120° = - cos 60°=--
2 ■J3 +1 Ans.
2
(b) sin240° = sin(180° + 60°) = - sin60° = -
2 C-D rc+D^
(d) Apply sin C-sin D =2 sin —- cos

(c) tan(-60°) = - tan60° = S V 2 2 J

1 C=60° and D=30°
(d) cot(300°) = cot(-60°) = - cot60° = -
s .-. 2sinl5°cos45° = sin60°-sin30°
1
(e) tan330° = tan(-30°) =- tan30° = V3-1 Ans.
■ S 2

(f) cos(-60°)=cos60°=i 10. (a) ,ymax =5, when cos 0 = -l,

1
=-l,when cos9=+l
(g) sin(-150°) = -sinl50°=-sin30°=—2
(b) yrnin=-7,whensin0 = -l,
(h)cos(-120°) = cosl20° = -cos 60°=-- /max =+1- '^ben sin 0 =+1
2

6. tanl05°=tan(60°+45°) Module
tan60°+tan45°V3 + I Intpoductopy Exercise 1
~l-(tan60°)(tan45°) ”l-V3
1. Given, y =x^ + 5x^ + 3x + 7
7. cos67°=cos(30°+37°)
^=^(x^+5x^+3x+7)
={cos30°)(cos37°) -(sin30°)(sin37°) dx dx

V3Y4'\_|^lY3^ _d{x^) ^ d(5x^) ^ d(3x) ^ d(7)

2 k dx dx dx dx

4>^-3 =3x^+5(2x)+3 + 0
10 =3x^ + 10x+3
o\
ri05°+75°^ cos ^105°-75 2. Given, y=x (3x^-9)
8. cosl05°+cos75°=2cos
2 2
y=3x^-9x
=2(cos90°)(cos35°)
= 0as cos90° = 0 -9
dx

9. (a)sec^0 = l + tan^0 3. Given, y =3-s/x + 4tanx -61nx + e

sec^0-tan^0 = l 1

=3x2 + 4tanx-6lnx + e
(b) cosec^0=l + cot^0
cosec^O - cot^ 0-1 = 0 i-i
^=3fiy ^
+ 4sec X — + 0
6

(c) 2 sin 45° cos 15°

dx 2J X

C + D^\ rc-D 3 „
-r^ + 4sec X —
2 6
sinC + sinD =2 sin cos
2 ; 2 J ~2^ X
Basic Mathematics
41

Introductory Exercise 2 5. y=x^

1.
^[(x^ + l) (X^+3}]=(X^ + D—(x^+3) + (x^+3)
“X dx
^_dy dx = —(x^)
dt dx
d

dt dx
dx
dt

—(x^ +1) =3x^^

dx
dt
=(x^ + l)(3x^) + (x^+3)(2x)
=3x‘*+3x^+2x‘* + 6x
Exercise
r 1
=5x‘* +3x^ +6x Ans. X - 1 — d ^Z2 X 2
dx ^fx j dx
2. Using product rule, we get
-1 3

^
dx
= Vx-^(tan
dx
x) + (tan x)—(Vx)
dx
1 T +-X
-'’2
=-x
2
1
2
2

r 2 tanx
=vx sec x + _ 1 f, 1
2^^x ^ 1 +—
2Vx I, X
3. Using product rule,
2. ^[(5x2+6)(2x^ + 4)]
-^=(sinx)-^{lnx)
dx dx
+ (lnx)—(sinx)
dx
dx

sinx ={5x^ +6)^(2x^

dx
+ 4) + (2x^ + 4)—(5x^
dx
+6)
+ (lnx)cosx
X
=(5x ^ + 6) (4x) + (2x ^ + 4) (lOx) = 40x ^ + 64x
introductory Exercise 3
3.
^ [Vx (x ^ + 7}] = ^/^—(x ^ + 7) + (x ^ + 7)—Vw
1. (a) A
dx
(2x4-3)^ ax dx dx

=(2}[6(2x+3)=]
=Vx(2x) + (x^+7)f^
2Vx
=12(2x + 3}^
=^(7 + 5x")
(b) -l|n(5x+2)=—^
dx 5x+2
2Vx

4. A COS0 (1 - sin 0) -^{cos

d0
0) - cos 0—(1
d0
- sin 0}
2.
dx dx d0 l-sin0 (1-sin 0)2

= 4g(x2-2x) —(x2-2x)
X
_ (l-sin0)(-sin0) - cos 0 (-cos 0)
dx (1-sin 0)2
x^-2x
= 4e x(2x-2) -sin04-sin^04-cos^0
=8(x -l)e^^ - 2x
Ans. (l-sin0)^
l-sin0 1
1/2

dx dx (1-sin 0)2 l-sin0

i-i 5. (a)—(x''+3x^-2x)=4x^+6x-2
=V+iF
2
X—(X^4-1) dx
dx

(b) -^(x^cosx)=x^—(cosx) + (cosx)—(x^)

=-^(X^
2
+ l) 2x2x dx dx dx

=x^(-sinx)4-(cosx)(2x)
d/ X
Ans. =2x cosx -x^sinx
dx (x^4-l)^^^
>. —cosx'^
4. d 3 (c) -^(6x
dx
+7f =(6)[4(6x + 7)^] =24(6x + 7f
dx

=(-sinx^)(3x^) (d)^
dx
e
X..5
X =e '-^(x=) + x=—(e")
dx dx
=-3x^ sinx^ Ans. =e^(5x'*) + xV =5e^'’ + e-x
X..5
 Mechanics-1
42

dx
(l + x)-(l + x)4-(e'‘)
dx 6{2t-4)^
+ c

(e) —
dxt e'* (d)
dt
=-ln{6t-l) + c
1-1-x 6t-l 6
= -xe "

6.(a) [(x-l)"U„=0 atx=l 2. (a) j2tdt=[t^]J=[(2)^-(0)^] = 4

0

Vmax =5 atx =1 71

(b) y=(sin2x-x) (b) sinxdx=[-cosx]3

dy
— =2cos2x -1 It 6
dx 6

dV =-4sin2x
71 71
and cos — cos—
dx^ 3 6 2 2

dy 10 . /'lO^
Putting —= 0 , we get
dx (c) jf—=[lnx]“=llnl0-ln4]=ln
X
—
14
=ln(25)
2cos 2x-l=0
n
1
cos 2x =- (d) fcosxdx =[sinx]^=[sin7i-sin0]=[0-0] = 0
2
0
n
2x=±60°=±-
(e) f (2t -4)dt =2jtdt -4jdt=[t^ -4t]J
or
3
1 1 1

At2x= + 60°.
[Link] -ve, so value of y is maximum.
dx^ =[(2^-4x2)-(l^-4xl)]
=[-4 + 3] = -l
At2x=-60^
dx
j is positive. So value of y is
minimum. 3. ff(x)dx = fx^dx
2 2

y^=sin(+60°)-^
71 71 3 3 3
2
at 2x=—
2 6 3 19
— =6.333 Ans.
3
or X =7t/6

and ymin = sin (-60°) + — Module 6.

6

71
2. In (b) and (d) parts we get y = 0 by putting x = 0. Hence,
at X --
6 graphs (b) and (d) pass through origin.
71
Ans
3. (a) Forx = positive,y is negative. Hence IV quadrant.
l^min
6 2 For X = negative, y is again negative. Hence, III
quadrant,
Module 5. (b) For X = positive, y is positive. Hence, I quadrant.
3t^ 2t^ For X = negative, y is also negative. Hence, III
1. (a) J(3p-2t)dt=3jt^dt-2jtdt= ^ 2
+ c
quadrant.
=t^-t^+c 4. For findingC;,, let us put y =0, in the given equation. We
(b) [(4cost + t^)dt=4j(cos t)dt + jt^dt find,
5
Cx =
6
= 4sint + —+ c
3
-4 + 1
For finding Cy. let us put x = 0, in the given equation. We
1 (2t-4) find.
{c)\{2t-4)-''dt=- -4 + 1
+ c

Cy =+2.5