9A Reading

Pre- reading
1. What is climate change?
2. What causes climate change?
3. What are the effects of climate change?
4. What are we doing about it?

Read the passage.

A Climate change is simply: change in climate.
 What we should understand here is that climate as used in the title of
this lesson refers not to the climate of any particular country or part
of the world.
 It refers to the entire climate of this earth of ours.
 It means the climate of the whole world is changing.
 To be specific, the average temperature of the earth is rising,
slowly and steadily.
 And our earth is getting warmer and warmer from year to year.
 This phenomenon, or happening , is called global warming.
B Climatologists, scientists who carry out scientific
studies of general weather conditiond, say that greenhouse
gases ( carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone,
fluorinated compounds, and water vapour in our earth’s atmosphere act
as blanket and have kept our earth constantly warm enough for over
four billion years for living things to be able to live.
 Without these gases as a blanket, the temperature of the earth
would be 33℃ cooler than we can stand, and most living things
would not be able to survive.
C Today, climatologists agree that carbon dioxide levels
in the atmosphere have gradually risen.
 So have the levels of other greenhouse gases.
 As a result, the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, its oceans
and landmasses is increasing day by day.
D Now, what is making this global temperature rise?
 Who is responsible for it?
 Frankly speaking, we are responsible for it.
 Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s, we have
been burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to produce
energy to run our cars, trains, ships, planes and many other energy-
consuming inventions.
 The more fuels we burn, the higher the carbon dioxide level in the
atmosphere, and the warmer the earth gets.
E In addition, we cut down many trees, forgetting or not caring
that trees use carbon dioxide in the air to manufacture food,
and thereby keep the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
at a safe level for all.
 With fewer and fewer trees, not only does the level of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere rise, but there is increasing soil erosion, which in
turn leads to loss of vegetation.

F Then, with the rise in the temperature of the atmosphere,

there is a relative rise in the temperature of oceans.
 This is turn causes more and more glaciers and sea ice to melt,
which in turn causes sea levels to rise, flooding many coastal regions
leading to loss of property and life.
 Then there are the EI Nino and La Nina, warm and cold
currents respectively of the South Pacific Ocean, that bring
about severe changes in the climatic pattern resulting in
changes in temperature, snow, and track and intensity of storms.
G All of those are undesirable results of the increase in the
temperature of the earth.
 What are we doing to prevent the temperature from rising
higher or to stop it completely?
 What should we do?
 Many governments of the world are taking all possible
measures to reduce emission of carbon dioxide, and to devise
Feasible ways to utilize solar power, wind power, and thermal power
instead of burning fossil fuels.
 As responsible citizens, we ourselves should stop using fossil fuels,
plant more trees, and do our utmost to keep our planet earth green and
clean.
Comprehension
A. Which paragraph (A-G) best answers each question ( 1-7)
below?
1. What causes climate change?
2. Can climate change be prevented?
3. What is climate change?
4. What happens when the temperature rises?
5. How do greenhouse gases function?
6. Why are trees important?
7. What is the current situation of the earth?
B Fill each blank with an appropriate phrase or clause.

1. Global warming means the earth __________ .

2. Living things are able to live beceause _________ blanket the
earth and have kept it constantly warm.
3. The temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, its oceans and
landmasses has risen because 𝐶𝑂2 levels in the atmosphere ______.
4. The energy we need to run cars, trains, ships and planes comes
from ________ .
5. An increase in soil erosion can lead to ________ .
6. Severe changes in the climatic pattern are caused by ________ in
the South Pacific Ocean.
7. We should use solar power, wind power and thermal
power to ________ .
C Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What does “It’’ in line 6 refer to ?

2. What do climatologists study?
3. Why is the earth’s atmosphere compared to a blanket?
4. What happens when the level of greenhouse gases rises?
5. What does “its” in line 22 refer to?
6. What does “which” in line 31 refer to?
7. What are the EI Nino and La Nina?
[Link] should we do to prevent the rise in the earth’s
temperature or to stop it completely?
9. What will you do to help prevent climate change?
9B Vocabulary
Expressions Related to Climate Change
Put the expressions below in the correct boxes. An example is given for
each.

• burning fossil fuels • loss of property and life • soil erosion

• cutting down trees • loss of vegetation • emission of
• stop using fossil fuels • occurrence of EI Nino and La carbon dioxide
• floods Nina • weather patterns
• glaciers and sea ice • planting more trees change severely
melt • reducing emission of carbon • utilizing solar
• storms dioxide power, wind
power, etc.
 Causes Effects
• burning fossil • floods
fuels Climate
change

Ways to prevent it
• reducing emission of
carbon dioxide
9C Grammer
The Future Tense

 The future tense [ will+ 𝑉( −𝑖𝑛𝑓) ] is used to speak or write about:

 what we think or believe will happen.

e.g. You will fail if you do not study.
 He will tell you when he gets here.
 What will happen when it is too hot?

 decision made at the present time.

e.g. The room is stuffy.
 I will turn on the fan.
 I’m hungry.
 I will make myself a sandwich or two.
 I don’t want to see him.
 So I won’t come to the party tomorrow.

A. Complete each sentence, using the future tense with an appropriate

phrase below.

bring me a nice present see the dentist

close the window miss the train
take swimming lessons not take long
throw a big party stand first
enjoy the delightful view buy some bread
1. Mother has a severe toothache; she _________ .
2. Father has gone to Paris to attend a conference. I think
he _________ when he comes back.
3. Nyo Nyo will get a long holiday this summer; she _________.
4. Kyaw Lwin will be fifteen on 27𝑡ℎ October; he ___________ on that
day.
5. Hurry up please. Otherwise we _________ .
6. He studies very hard. I think he __________ in the final examination.
7. It’s cold in here; I ___________ .
8. If I hav time, I _________ on my way home.
9. Please wait for a few minutes; I __________ .
10. Let’s stop here for a while. We _________ over the vallery.
Conditional Clauses
A conditional clauses is a type of subordinate clause, most
Commonly introduced by the conjunction if or unless.
e.g. If I study hard, I will pass the exam.
I will pass the exam if I study hard.

Study the form of conditional clauses.

B Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If the temperature falls below zero, water (freeze).
2. If you visit Scotland, you (see) Edinburgh Castle.
3. Unless you sleep well at night, you (not, feel) good the next
morning.
4. He (lend) her the money if she had asked for it from him.
5. You wouldn’t have fallen unless there (not be) a banana skin on the
ground.
6. If you get there early enough, you (have) a chance to choose
the seats you want.
7. If you ate too much, you (gain) weight.
8. If everyone (work) faster, we could finish our work in time.
9. Unless the sales (increase), we’d have to close the shop.
10. If his parents (not, support) him, he would have had to find a part-
time job.

9D Listening and Speaking

A. Listen to the recording and say whether the following statements
are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
1. Forests are homes to millions of animals.
2. There cannot be streams anad rivers in forests.
3. We shouldn’t live near forests.
4. People who live near forests have no income.
5. We get timber and wood from forests.
6. Tourists visit forest areas to see nature at its best.
7. We can prevent climate change if there are trees.
8. Trees can stablize the climate.
9. Trees absorb carbon dioxide.
10. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide are bad gases.
Expressing Opinions
Study the language phrases used to express opinions.

Personal General

In my opinion … Some people say that …

In my experience … Many/ Most people think/
Speaking for myself … believe that …
Personally, I think … Everybody knows that …
I (strongly) believe that … According to scientists …
I really feel that … The thing is that …
If you ask me … The point is that …
B. Complete the dialogue with the expressions given below.

(a) I agree (e) personally, I think

(b) in my opinion (f) the point is that
(c) I know what you mean (g) that’s what I think
(d) of course it is (h) that’s very true

A : Hey, did you hear that? A new parking site is going to be built
in the park over there.
B : Really? But (1) _______ , that’s crazy. What we need is more
trees.
(2) ________ cars should disappear. They pollute the air and
they make too much noise.
A : (3) _________ we can’t live without cars today. Without
cars , how will you get to work?
B : I can take the bus.
A : Yes, (4) _________ , but we use cars for so many purposes.
B : (5) ________ , but we can always find other alternatives.
A : You have a point there, but if we didn’t have cars, we would
need better public transport.
B : Yes, (6) __________ .
A : But still, having a car is so convenient.
B : (7) _________ , I know. But we can’t have everything, can we?
A : Exactly. (8) _________ too. We can’t have everything. Still, so I
prefer having a car.
C. In pairs, practise the dialogue.

9E Writing
Expository Writing

 An expository writing is an argument which can offer two opposing

perspectives.
 The writer needs to establish his opinion on a topic and persuade his
opinion by exploring the reasons why each view may or may not be
valid.
 The writer usually maintains a calm and neutral stand throughout the
text to establish an unbiased and informative argument.
Steps in writing an expository essay
1. Define your topic
 Before you begin your essay you need to define what the topic
is.
 Expository essay topics can be about anything, but they are primarily
used to argue ideas about controversial topics like climate change or
controlling diseases.
 You should decide which side you are supporting.
2. Outline
 A well- structured expository essay requires a well-structured
outline.
 The outline includes:
Introduction : clearly states the topic and explain why it is important.
Body : contains the arguments and logic for both sides.
Conclusion : establishes your personal stand on the argument.

Write an expository essay on “Public transportation is better

than private transportation for the environment”, using the prompts
given below:

 solve air pollution and noise pollution problems

 save energy
 slow down the process of climate change
 reduce traffic jam
 reach our destination faster
 meet new people on pur journey
 REVIEW 3
A. Complete each sentence with the appropriate word given in
the box. There are two extra words you do not need.
competitive costly decomposers erosion forgetful fossil
gravy resist solar various unique using

[Link] new furniture can be very ________ , so why don’t we think

of buying used items?
2. My grandfather is getting very _________ in his old age.
3. Graduates have to fight for jobs in a highly ________ market.
[Link] building is _________ because all the others like it were
destroyed.
5. Teenagers may find it difficult to ________ peer pressure.
6. Many fungi and bacteria are important _________ in food chains.
 7. ________ fuels are non-renewable and rapidly running out.
8. We are ________ up the earth’s resources at an alarming
rate.
9. The calculator I am currently using runs on _______ power.
10. As the roots of these trees go deep and are strong, they prevent
soil ________ .
B. Rewrite the sentences according to the instructions given in
brackets.
1. If these shoes fit me, I _______ ( buy) them. (Complete the sentence,
using the correct tense of the verb given in brackets.)
2. If I ________ (listen) to the news last night, I would have known the
good news earlier.(Complete the sentence, using the correct
tense of the verb given in brackets.)
3. If I were rich, I _________ (help) the poor and the needy as
much as I can. (Complete the sentence, using the correct
tense of the verb given in brackets.)
4. You can find rental car companies in all airports around the world
and in most cities.(Change the sentence into the Passive voice.)
5. They painted not only the outside of the house but also the inside.
(Change the sentence into the Passive voice.)
6. They will sort out the problem as soon as possible. (Change the
sentence into the Passive voice.)
7. Carnivores eat meat, herbivores eat plants, and omnivores eat
both meat and plants. ( Rewrite the sentence, omitting the verbs
where necessary.)
8. Mee Mee likes shopping online; Zaw Zaw likes chatting online and
Si Si likes watching movies online. (Rewrite the sentence, omitting
the verbs where necessary.)
9. What subject _______ (you, study) currently in school?
(Complete the sentence, using the correct tense of the
verb in brackets.)
10. Every morning, customers _________ (line up) outside the front
door of the bakery. (Complete the sentence, using the correct
tense of the verb in brackets.)
11. These days, the police _________ (watch) every move the suspect
makes. (Complete the sentence, using the correct tense of the
verb in brackets.)
12. It is natural that young children ________ (cling) onto their
mothers for everything. (Complete the sentence, using the correct
tense of the verb in brackets.)
POEM 3
Pre-reading

1. What comes into your mind when you see the title of the poem,
‘Song’ ?
2. Do you like songs? If so, why? If not, why?
3. Name the kinds of songs you know.
 Song
When I am dead, my dearest,
Sing no sad songs for me;
Plant thou no roses at my head,
Nor shady cypress tree:
Be the green grass above me
With showers and dewdrops wet;
And if thou wilt, remember,
And if thou wilt, forget.

I shall not see the shadows,

I shall not feel the rain;
I shall not hear the nightingale GLOSSARY
Sing on, as if in pain: cypress = a tall and narrow evergreen tree
And dreaming through the twilight nightingale = a small brown European bird that
That doth not rise nor set, sings beautiful songs
Haply, I may remember, twilight = the time of day just after sunset or
And haply may forget. before dawn, when the Sun is below the
Christina Rossetti horizon
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. Copy out the rhyming words in the poem.

2. Copy out the ‘old’ English words used by the poet.
3. What does each ‘old’ English word mean?
4. To whom do you think Christina Rossetti says all these things?
5. What are the things she does not want people to do when she is
dead and gone?
6. Why do you think she tells people not to do these things?
7. Why does she think that the nightingale sings?