Progressive Assignment

Section A: Cell Cycle and Cell Division – Fill in the Blanks

1. The stage between two successive mitotic divisions is called ______.

2. The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs is ______.

3. The division of cytoplasm is known as ______.

4. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by the formation of a ______.

5. The protein that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotes is ______.

6. The stage where chromosomes align at the equator during mitosis is called ______.

7. The structure that holds two sister chromatids together is called ______.

8. The phase where chromosomes decondense and nuclear membrane reforms is ______.

9. The spindle fibers are made up of ______.

10. The checkpoint that ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle is the ______
checkpoint.

11. The stage where crossing over occurs in meiosis is ______.

12. The pairing of homologous chromosomes is called ______.

13. The structure formed by paired homologous chromosomes is called a ______.

14. The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids is called ______.

15. The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate is ______.

16. The stage where sister chromatids separate in meiosis is ______.

17. The number of chromosomes becomes half in ______ of meiosis.

18. The term for failure of chromosome separation during cell division is ______.

19. The type of cell division that maintains genetic consistency is ______.

20. The type of cell division that introduces genetic variation is ______.

21. The stage where chromosomes are most condensed and visible is ______.

22. The enzyme that helps in DNA replication during S-phase is ______.

23. The phase where cell growth and organelle duplication occur is ______.

24. The phase where the cell prepares for division after DNA replication is ______.

25. The protein complex that holds sister chromatids together before anaphase is ______.

26. The structure that helps in spindle formation in animal cells is ______.
27. The stage where nuclear membrane disintegrates in mitosis is ______.

28. The stage where spindle fibers attach to kinetochores is ______.

29. The checkpoint that checks DNA damage before S-phase is the ______ checkpoint.

30. The checkpoint that ensures DNA replication is complete is the ______ checkpoint.

31. The type of meiosis seen in the formation of gametes is ______.

32. The stage where chiasmata are visible is ______.

33. The stage where chromosomes are least condensed is ______.

34. The process by which a cell exits the cell cycle permanently is called ______.

35. The protein that prevents premature entry into mitosis is ______.

36. The phase where RNA and proteins are synthesized but DNA is not replicated is ______.

37. The stage where homologous chromosomes undergo terminalization is ______.

38. The number of DNA molecules per chromosome at the start of mitosis is ______.

39. The number of DNA molecules per chromosome after S-phase is ______.

40. The stage where nucleolus disappears is ______.

41. The stage where nucleolus reappears is ______.

42. The type of spindle formed in plant cells is ______.

43. The type of spindle formed in animal cells is ______.

44. The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells is called ______.

45. The stage where chromosomes lose their individuality in mitosis is ______.

46. The stage where chromosomes regain their individuality is ______.

47. The stage where bivalents are formed is ______.

48. The stage where crossing over is completed is ______.

49. The stage where homologous chromosomes start repelling each other is ______.

50. The stage where chromosomes are most condensed in meiosis is ______.

Section B: Cell Cycle and Cell Division – True/False

1. Interphase is the resting phase of the cell cycle.

2. DNA replication occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

3. Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs through a cleavage furrow.

4. The M-phase checkpoint ensures proper chromosome attachment to the spindle.

5. Synapsis occurs during prophase of mitosis.

6. Crossing over takes place between sister chromatids.

7. Mitosis helps in genetic variation.

8. The centromere holds two sister chromatids together.

9. Spindle fibers are composed of actin filaments.

10. The G0 phase is a permanent exit from the cell cycle.

11. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in terms of chromosome separation.

12. Kinetochores are the sites where spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

13. The nuclear membrane disappears completely in prophase II of meiosis.

14. Chiasmata are visible during diplotene of meiosis I.

15. The G2 phase is the longest phase of the cell cycle.

16. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are active only when bound to cyclins.

17. Terminalization occurs during anaphase I of meiosis.

18. A diploid cell produces four haploid cells after meiosis.

19. The spindle apparatus is absent in plant cells.

20. p53 protein promotes uncontrolled cell division.

21. Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase II of meiosis.

22. The cell plate in plant cells is formed by vesicles from the Golgi apparatus.

23. Non-disjunction leads to unequal distribution of chromosomes.

24. DNA content doubles during the G2 phase.

25. Meiosis occurs only in reproductive cells.

Section C: Cell Cycle and Cell Division (Assertion-Reason Questions)

Instructions:

• Assertion (A): A statement given.

• Reason (R): An explanation for the assertion.
• Mark the correct choice:
o (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
o (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
o (C) A is true, but R is false.
o (D) A is false, but R is true.
 1. Assertion (A): DNA replication occurs in the S-phase of the cell cycle.
Reason (R): The cell prepares for division by doubling its organelles in the S-phase.

2. Assertion (A): Mitosis maintains the chromosome number in daughter cells.

Reason (R): Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis.

3. Assertion (A): Meiosis introduces genetic variation.

Reason (R): Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

4. Assertion (A): Cytokinesis in plant cells involves a cell plate.

Reason (R): Plant cells lack centrioles, so they cannot form a cleavage furrow.

5. Assertion (A): The G0 phase is a permanent exit from the cell cycle.
Reason (R): Neurons and muscle cells remain in G0 indefinitely.

6. Assertion (A): Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I of meiosis.

Reason (R): This reduces the chromosome number by half.

7. Assertion (A): The M-phase checkpoint ensures proper spindle attachment.

Reason (R): If chromosomes are misaligned, the cell delays anaphase.

8. Assertion (A): Chiasmata are observed during diplotene.

Reason (R): Chiasmata represent sites where crossing over occurred.

9. Assertion (A): Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are always active.

Reason (R): CDKs function independently of cyclins.

10. Assertion (A): Meiosis II resembles mitosis.

Reason (R): Sister chromatids separate in both processes.

SECTION D: The Living World – True/False Questions

1. Growth in living organisms is solely due to cell division.

2. Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms.

3. Consciousness is present only in higher animals like mammals.

4. Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Charles Darwin.

5. The scientific name of an organism must always be written in italics.

6. The first word in a scientific name represents the species.

7. Taxonomy is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

8. All organisms classified under the same genus must belong to the same family.

9. The term "Systematics" was coined by Linnaeus.

10. A taxon is a group of related organisms at any level in the hierarchy.

11. The species is the smallest taxonomic category.

12. Two organisms of the same order must belong to the same class.

[Link] International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the naming of animals.

14. The term "living fossil" refers to extinct organisms preserved in rocks.

15. A museum specimen must always be preserved in formalin.

16. Herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens.

[Link] are used in taxonomy for identification of organisms.

18. Dichotomous keys provide three choices at each step.

[Link] term "biodiversity" refers only to the variety of plant species in an area.

20. The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) is responsible for the conservation of animal species.

21. A genus may contain only one species.

22. The term "classification" is the same as "identification."

23. Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a species.

24. The term "taxon" can refer to any rank in the taxonomic hierarchy, such as family or order.

25. All living organisms reproduce only sexually.

SECTION E: The Living World – “Fill in the Blanks “Questions

1. The process of grouping organisms based on similarities is called ________.

2. The term used for the scientific naming of organisms is ________.

3. The branch of biology that deals with the study of evolutionary relationships is ________.

4. The basic unit of classification is ________.

5. The binomial name of humans is ________.

6. The first word in a scientific name represents the ________.

7. The book *Systema Naturae* was written by ________.

8. The term ________ refers to the evolutionary history of an organism.

9. The largest taxonomic category is ________.

10. The branch of taxonomy that uses biochemical data for classification is called ________.

11. A preserved plant specimen in a collection is called a ________.

12. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is abbreviated as ________.

13. The term ________ refers to organisms that have remained unchanged for millions of years.
14. The process of giving distinct scientific names to organisms is called ________.

15. The ________ is a tool used for identifying organisms based on contrasting characteristics.

16. The study of diversity of organisms and their relationships is called ________.

17. The term ________ refers to a group of related species.

18. The ________ is responsible for the conservation of plant species in India.

19. The ________ is a collection of preserved animal specimens.

20. The process of ________ involves assigning an organism to a particular taxonomic group.

21. The ________ is the lowest category in the taxonomic hierarchy.

22. The term ________ refers to the variety of life forms in a given region.

23. The ________ is a taxonomic rank between family and class.

24. The ________ is a system of classification based on observable characteristics.

25. The term ________ refers to the evolutionary development of a species.

26. The ________ is a taxonomic category between order and genus.

27. The term ________ refers to the arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities.

28. The ________ is a taxonomic rank between kingdom and class.

29. The term ________ refers to the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary
relationships.

30. The ________ is a taxonomic category between genus and order.