Quadratic Formula:
−b ± √ b 2−4 ac
i. X=
2a
Discriminant:
ii. Disc. = b 2 4ac
Symmetric Functions of Roots of Quadratic Equation:
If a x 2+ bx+ c=0 , (a ≠ 0)
b
i. Then, α+β =
a
c
ii. And, αβ =
a
De Morgan’s Laws:
i. (A B) = A B
ii. (A B) = A B
Range:
i. Range = Xmax Xmin
OR
Range = Xm X0
Arithmetic Mean [Ungrouped Data]:
X
i. Direct Method: x̅ =
n
ii. Indirect Method:
Di
a) x̅ = A + [Where Di = (Xi A)
n
Ui Xi A
b) x̅ = A + × h [Where ui = ( ), and ‘h’ is class interval size]
n h
Arithmetic Mean [Grouped Data]:
fx
i. Direct Method: x̅ =
f
ii. Indirect Method:
fD
a) x̅ = A +
f
fu
b) x̅ = A + × h
f
c)
Median [Ungrouped Data]:
n+1 th
i. Case #01(Odd): x̃ = size of [ ] observation
2
1 n n+2 th
ii. Case #02(Even): x̃ = [ size of ( th + ) observations]
2 2 2
Median [Grouped Data]:
n
i. Discrete Data: Median = [ ]th observation
2
h n
ii. Continuous Data: Median = l + { c}
f 2
Where:
l = lower class boundary of median class
h = class interval size of the median class
f = frequency of median class
c = cumulative frequency of class preceding median class
Mode [Ungrouped Data] + [Discrete Grouped Data]:
i. Mode = Most Frequent Observation
Mode [Continuous Grouped Data]:
fm f 1
i. Mode = l + ×h
2 fm f 1 f 2
Where:
fm = frequency of modal class
f1 = frequency of class preceding modal class
f2 = frequency of class succeeding modal class
l = lower class boundary of modal class
h = class interval size of modal class
Geometric Mean [Ungrouped Data]:
log X
i. G.M. = Antilog [ ]
f
Geometric Mean [Grouped Data]:
f log X
i. G.M. = Antilog [ ]
f
Harmonic Mean [Ungrouped Data]:
n
i. H.M. = 1
X
Harmonic Mean [Grouped Data]:
f
i. H.M. = f
X
Degree to Radian:
❑
i. Measurement in Radians = Degrees × 180
Length of Arc:
i. l = r
Area of Circular Sector:
1 2
i. Area Of Sector = r
2
Trigonometric Identities:
i. cos2 + sin2 = 1
ii. 1 + tan2 = sec2
iii. 1 + cot2 = cosec2
Variance:
i. Ungrouped Data:
2
( X −x)
Var (X) = S2 =
n
OR
2 2
X X
Var (X) = S2 = ( )
n n
ii. Grouped Data:
2 2
fX fX
2
Var (X) = S = ( )
f f