DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – Full Exam Notes
UNIT 1 – Introduction to DBMS
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Definition of DBMS, advantages over file system, data modeling, three level architecture
(external, conceptual, internal), components of DBMS, introduction to data models:
hierarchical, network, relational; comparison; ER model, attributes, keys, relationships.
UNIT 2 – Relational Database & SQL
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Relational model concepts (tuples, attributes, domains), relational algebra (select, project,
join, union, difference, cartesian product), relational calculus, SQL fundamentals: DDL, DML,
DCL, TCL; PL/SQL concepts, cursors, stored procedures, functions, triggers.
UNIT 3 – Normalization
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Introduction, 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, dependency preservation, multivalued dependencies &
4NF, join dependencies & 5NF, DKNF.
UNIT 4 – Advanced Topics
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Database recovery (types of failures, log-based recovery, checkpoints), concurrency control
(locking, timestamp ordering, 2PL), database security, integrity constraints, distributed
databases (structure, fragmentation, replication, allocation).