Chapter Objectives
Determine stresses developed in thin-walled pressure
vessels
Determine stresses developed in a member’s cross
section when axial load, torsion, bending and shear
occur simultaneously.
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Applications
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
8.1 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
• Stresses acting in wall
can be analyzed given
these assumptions:
1. Inner-radius-to-wall-
thickness (r/t) ratio ≥ 10
2. Stress distribution in
thin wall is uniform or
constant
• Limitations:
– Radial stress is ignored
– External pressure is
ignored
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8.1 Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
• There are 2 stresses present in this case of a
cylindrical pressure vessel
– Hoop/Circumferential Stress
– Longitudinal Stress
pr
Hoop direction : σ 1 =
t
pr
Longitudinal stress : σ 2 =
2t
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Spherical Vessels
• Similar result as longitudinal stress is
developed for spherical vessels
pr
σ2 =
2t
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8.2 State of Stress Caused By
Combined Loadings
• Procedure for Analysis
– Assume material is homogenous, linear elastic, and
St. Venant’s principle applied
– Internal Loading
• Section member perpendicular to its axis at the point where
the stress is TBD
– Use equations of equilibrium to obtain internal normal and shear
force components, and bending and torsional moment components
• Force components should act through the centroid of the x-s,
and moment components should be calculated about
centroidal axes, which represent the principal axes of inertia
for the x-s
– Stress Components
• Determine the stress component associated with each
internal loading
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REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES
• Normal force P leads to:
P
uniform normal stress, σ =
A
• Shear force V leads to:
VQ
shear − stress distribution, τ =
It
• Bending moment M leads to:
My
longitudinal stress distribution, σ = − (for straight beam)
I
My
or σ = (for curved beam)
[Ae(R − y )]
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REVIEW OF STRESS ANALYSES
• Torsional moment T leads to:
Tρ
shear − stress distribution, τ = (for circular shaft)
J
T
τ= (for closed thin - walled tube)
(2 Amt )
• Resultant stresses by superposition:
Once the normal and shear stress components for each
loading have been calculated, use the principal of
superposition to determine the resultant normal and shear
stress components.
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EXAMPLE 2
A force of 15 kN is applied to the edge of the member shown in
Fig. 8–3a. Neglect the weight of the member and determine the
state of stress at points B and C.
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• For equilibrium at the section there must be an axial force of 15 000 N
acting through the centroid and a bending moment of 750 000 N•mm
about the centroidal or principal axis.
P 15000
σ= = = 3.75 MPa
A (100 )(40 )
• The maximum stress is
Mc 75000(50 )
σ max = = = 11.25 MPa
I 1
(40)(100)3
12
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• The location of the line of zero stress can be determined by proportional
triangles
75 15
=
x (100 − x )
x = 33.3 mm
• Elements of material at B and C are subjected only to normal or uniaxial
stress.
σ B = 7.5 MPa (tension) (Ans)
σ C = 15 MPa (compression) (Ans)
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EXAMPLE 4
The member shown in Fig. 8–5a has a rectangular cross
section. Determine the state of stress that the loading produces
at point C.
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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The resultant internal loadings at the section consist of a normal force, a
shear force, and a bending moment.
• Solving, N = 16.45 kN, V = 21.93 kN, M = 32.89 kN
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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The uniform normal-stress distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force.
• At Point C, σ c =
P 16.45 103
= = 1.32 MPa
( )
A (0.05)(0.25)
• In Fig. 8–5e, the shear stress is zero.
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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Point C is located at y = c = 0.125m from the neutral axis, so the normal
stress at C, Fig. 8–5f, is
σc = =
(
Mc 32.89 103 (0.125) ( ))
= 63.16 MPa
I 1
[
2 (0.05)(0.25)
3
]
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EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The shear stress is zero.
• Adding the normal stresses determined above gives a compressive
stress at C having a value of
Mc
σc = = 1.32 + 63.16 = 64.5 MPa
I
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