Chapter Objectives (7.1-7.
3)
Determine shear stress in a prismatic beam
Determine the shear flow in a built-up beam
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Applications
• Railroad ties act as • Shear connectors
beam supporting large prevent concrete slab
transverse shear from slipping on liner
loadings surface
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7.1 Shear in Straight Members
• Beams support an internal
shear and a moment
– This shear is a result of a
transverse shear stress
distribution acting over the
beam’s cross section
– Due to complementary
property of shear, this
results in corresponding
longitudinal shear stress
acting along length of beam
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7.1 Shear in Straight Members
• Application of load causes
boards to slide when not
bonded together
• Longitudinal shear stress
prevents boards from sliding
when bonded together
– As a result, shear strains
develop in a non-uniform
distribution, causing cross-
section to warp
• When a beam is subjected to both
bending and shear, the cross-
section will not remain plane as
assumed in flexure formula
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7.2 The Shear Formula
• We obtain shear-stress
distribution by indirect manner
due to its complexity
• Consider horizontal force
equilibrium for a small volume
element
– Stress distribution on each side
of element forms only couple
moment and no force resultant
• We can section the element to
analyze shear stress on top
portion of element
– We want to find shear stress on
sectioned plane located a
distance y’ from neutral axis
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7.2 The Shear Formula
• Resultant moment differ by dM
and horizontal equilibrium will
not be satisfied unless shear
stress acts over bottom
sectioned plane
• We neglect effect of warping
due to shear
– Applicable for slender beams
Note:
1. Warping” violates the assumptions
of “plane section remains plane” in
flexure and torsion formulae
2. “Warping” is negligible in “slender
beam”
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7.2 The Shear Formula
VQ
τ=
It
where Q = ∫ ydA = y ' A'
A'
• τ = Shear stress in member at point located a distance y from neutral axis.
This stress is assumed to be constant and therefore averaged across the
width, t, of the member.
• V = Shear force, determined from M.O.S. and Eq. of Eq.
• I = Moment of Inertia of the entire cross-sectional area calculated about the
neutral axis
• t = Width of member’s cross section, measured at point where τ is TBD
• A’ = Area of top (or bottom) portion of the member’s cross-section, above
(or below) the section plane where t is measured
• � = Distance from neutral axis to the centroid of A’
𝑦𝑦𝑦
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Limitations of Shear Formula
• Shear formula should be used on straight
prismatic members made of homogenous
material that has linear elastic behavior
– Internal resultant shear force must be directed
along an axis of symmetry
• Should not be used to determine shear
stress under the following conditions:
– On cross-sections that are short or flat
– At points of sudden cross-sectional changes (i.e.
stress concentrations)
– Across a section that intersects the boundary of
the member at an angle other than 90o
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Procedure for Applying Shear Formula
• Internal Shear
– Section member perpendicular to axis at point where
shear stress is TBD and find V at the section
• Section Properties
– Find location of neutral axis, and determine I of the entire
x-s area about neutral axis
– Pass imaginary horizontal section through the point where
shear stress is TBD and measure width, t, of x-s at this
section
– Area above or below width is A’, so Q can then be
determined
• Shear Stress
– Calculate shear stress using shear formula
– Suggest to establish direction of transverse shear on
volume element of material located at point where it is
calculated
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EXAMPLE 1
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig.
7–11a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80kN, plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beam’s cross-
sectional area.
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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis
is
1
I = (0.015) 0.23 ( )
12
1
+ 2 (0.3) 0.023( ) + (0.3)(0.02)(0.11 ) = 155.6(10 ) m
2 −6 4
12
• For point B, tB’ = 0.3m, and A’ is the dark
shaded area shown in Fig. 7–11c
QB ' = y ' A' = [0.11](0.3)(0.02 ) = 0.66 10 −3 m 3 ( )
τ B' = =
( )
VQB ' 80 103 0.66 10 −3 (
= 1.13 MPa
)
It B ' (
155.6 10 −6 (0.3) )
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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• For point B, tB = 0.015m, and QB = QB’,
τB =
VQB
=
( ) (
80 103 0.66 10 −3
= 22.6 MPa
)
It B −6
( )
155.6 10 (0.015)
• For point C, tC = 0.015m, and A’ is
the dark shaded area in Fig. 7–11d.
• Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,
QC = ∑ y ' A' = (0.11)(0.3)(0.02 ) + (0.05)(0.015)(0.1) = 0.735 10 −3 m 3 ( )
• Thus, τ C = τ max =
VQc
=
( )
80 103 (0.735) 10 −3
= 25.2 MPa
( )
ItC (
155.6 10 (0.015)
−6
)
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7.3 Shear Flow in Built-Up Members
• Sometimes members are “built-up”
from several composite parts in order
to achieve a greater resistance to loads
• If loads cause members to bend, then
fasteners must be used to keep parts
from sliding
• We need to design fasteners to resist
shear force
• Shear flow ≡ shear force per unit length
along longitudinal axis of a beam
VQ q = shear flow
q= V = internal resultant shear
I I = moment of inertia of the entire cross-sectional area
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7.3 Shear Flow in Built-Up Members
• Spacing of
fasteners can also
be determined
𝑁𝑁
𝐹𝐹 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑠𝑠(𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚
F (N) = maximum shear force fastener can support
q (N/m) = shear flow
s (m)= fastener spacing
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EXAMPLE 2
Nails having a total shear strength of 40 N are used in a beam
that can be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, Fig.
7–18. If the nails are spaced at 90 mm, determine the largest
vertical shear that can be supported in each case so that the
fasteners will not fail.
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Since the cross section is the same in both cases, the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis is
1
I= (30) 503 − 2 1 (10) 403 = 205833 mm 4
( ) ( )
12 12
Case I
• For this design a single row of nails holds the top or bottom flange onto
the web.
• For one of these flanges,
Q = y 'A' = (22.5)(30)(5) = 3375 mm3
VQ
q=
I
40 V (3375)
=
90 205833
V = 27.1 N (Ans)
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EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Case II
• Here a single row of nails holds one of the side boards onto the web.
• Thus,
Q = y 'A' = (22.5)(10 )(5) = 1125 mm3
VQ
q=
I
40 V (1125)
=
90 205833
V = 81.3 N (Ans)
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Copyright ©2014
©2014 Pearson
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Education, All
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