Chapter Objectives (Section 5.1 ~ 5.
4)
Determine the shear stresses in a circular shaft due to
torsion
Determine the power transmitted in a shaft under
torsion
Determine the angle of twist
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.1 Torsional Deformation of a
Circular Shaft
• Torque is a moment that
tends to twist a member
about its longitudinal axis
– In what applications is
torque design critical?
• Drive shafts
• Drill shafts
• Hubs and keyseats
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
APPLICATIONS
• Excessive torque applied to a tubular drive shaft for a truck resulted in
yielding of material
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.1 Torsional Deformation of a
Circular Shaft
• Notice how longitudinal grid lines distort into helix when
torque is applied
• Assumptions:
– Linear elastic deformation
– Plane section remains plane and undistorted
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.1 Torsional Deformation of a
Circular Shaft
• When a shaft is fixed at one end and torque applied to its other end
the original plane becomes skewed
• Angle of twist increases along length of shaft away from fixed end
• Shear strain increases linearly from 0 at axis of shaft to a maximum
at the outer boundary
𝜌𝜌
𝛾𝛾 = 𝛾𝛾
𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.2 The Torsion Formula
• When an external torque
is applied to a shaft, it
creates a corresponding
internal torque within the
shaft
• For linear elastic
materials, Hooke’s law
applies, 𝜏𝜏 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 , and a
linear variation in shear
strain and shear stress ρ
T = ∫ ρ (τ )dA = ∫ ρ τ max dA
develops along any radial A A
c
line ρ τ max
τ= τ max T= ∫ρ
2
dA
• J = polar moment of c c A
inertia for cross- τ max =
Tc
sectional area J
Tρ
Similarily, τ =
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved J
Polar Moment of Intertia
• For solid shaft:
C C C
1 4
2
( )
J = ∫ ρ dA = ∫ ρ 2πρdρ = 2π ∫ ρ dρ = 2π ρ
2 3
A 0 4 0 0
π
J= c4
2
π
• For tubular shaft: J =
2
(c 4
o − ci4 )
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
Procedure for Analysis
• Internal Torque
– The internal torque is found at a point on the axis
of the shaft using the method of sections and
equation of moment equilibrium applied along the
shaft’s axis
– If the torque varies along the shaft’s length, a
section should be made at an arbitrary position x
along the shaft and internal torque represented
as T(x)
– If several constant external torques act on the
shaft, then the internal torque in each segment of
the shaft, between any two external torques, must
be determined
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
EXAMPLE 1
The pipe shown in Fig. 5–12a has an inner diameter of 80
mm and an outer diameter of 100 mm. If its end is tightened
against the support at A using a torque wrench at B,
determine the shear stress developed in the material at the
inner and outer walls along the central portion of the pipe
when the 80-N forces are applied to the wrench.
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The only unknown at the section is the internal torque T
∑ M y = 0;
80(0.3) + 80(0.2) − T = 0
T = 40 N ⋅ m
• The polar moment of inertia for the pipe’s cross-sectional area is
J=
π
2
[(0.05) − (0.04) ] = 5.796(10 ) m
4 4 −6 4
• For any point lying on the outside
surface of the pipe,
ρ = c0 = 0.05 m
Tc0 40(0.05)
τ0 = = = 0.345 MPa (Ans)
J (
5.796 10 −6 )
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• And for any point located on the inside surface, ρ = ci = 0.04 m
Tci 40(0.04 )
τi = = = 0.276 MPa (Ans)
J 5.796 10 −6
( )
• The resultant internal torque is equal but opposite.
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.3 Power Transmission
• Shafts and tubes are often
used to transmit power
developed by a machine
(e.g. motors)
– Thus, they are subjected to
a torque that depends on
the power generated by the
machine and angular speed
of the shaft
• We can design shafts when
we know the power 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑇𝑇𝜔𝜔
transmitted and allowable 𝑃𝑃 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
shear stress for the 𝐽𝐽 𝑇𝑇
material =
𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.4 Angle of Twist
• We can develop a
formula for determining
the angle of twist φ(phi)
of one end of a shaft with
respect to its other end
dx
dφ = γ
ρ
T (x )
dφ = dx
J ( x )G
• For constant torque and
x-s area
TL
φ=
JG
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
5.4 Angle of Twist
• Sign convention for both internal torque and angle of
twist uses right-hand rule
– Positive if (right hand) thumb directs outward from the shaft
(or away from section for MOS) while fingers curl in direction
of the torque
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
Multiple Torques
• If a shaft is subjected to
multiple torques, or the x-s
area or shear modulus
changes abruptly from one
region of the shaft to the
next then we can apply the
constant torque and x-s
area formula to each
segment of the shaft and
add the angles of twist
algebraically
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝜑𝜑 = �
𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
Procedure for Analysis
• Angle of Twist
– When the circular x-s area varies along
shaft’s axis, the polar moment of inertia must
be expressed as J(x)
– If J or T suddenly changes between the ends
of the shaft, then the angle of twist for each
segment must be determined
– Verify sign convention using RHR
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved