Chapter Objectives

 Determine the elastic deformation of an axially loaded

member
 Apply the principle of superposition for total effect of
different loading cases
 Deal with compatibility conditions
 Use ‘force method’ of analysis
 Understand thermal stress, stress concentrators and
residual stress

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 APPLICATIONS

Most concrete columns are reinforced with steel rods; and

these two materials work together in supporting the applied
load. Are both subjected to axial stress?

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.1 Saint-Venant’s Principle
• Localized deformation
occurs near ends of a bar
with applied load
• At some minimum distance
(section c-c) the localized
deformation vanishes and
stress distribution across
the cross-section is uniform
– Distance should at least be
equal to largest dimension
of the loaded cross-section
• This is the essence of
Saint-Venant’s Principle

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 4.2 Elastic Deformation of An Axially
Loaded Member
P(x ) dδ
σ= and ε =
A( x ) dx

• We can calculate the displacement, δ, at P(x )  dδ 

the end of a bar with varying cross = E 
A(x )  dx 
section and differing load at both ends
– Provided these quantities do not exceed P( x )dx
dδ =
the proportional limit, we can relate them A( x )E
using Hooke’s Law, i.e. σ = E ε L
P( x )dx
• For constant cross-sections and constant δ =∫
A(x )E
external force applied at both ends, the 0

displacement can be simplified

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝛿𝛿 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.2 Elastic Deformation of An Axially
Loaded Member

• If multiple axial forces are applied along

the length of a bar, then we can apply the
displacement equation to each segment
and then sum the displacements together
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝛿𝛿 = �
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.3 Principle of Superposition
• Superposition can be used to simply problems
having complicated loadings
– This is done by dividing the loading into components,
then algebraically adding the results
• Two conditions must be satisfied to apply
principle of superposition
1) Loading, N, must be linearly related to the stress or
displacement that is TBD (i.e. Hooke’s law is
obeyed)
2) Loading must not significantly change the original
geometry or configuration of the member (i.e.
deformation is small)

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.4 Statically Indeterminate Axially
Loaded Members
• When the force equilibrium
condition alone cannot
determine the solution, the
structural member is called
statically indeterminate
• In order to solve statically
indeterminate problems a
compatibility or kinematic
condition is applied
𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴/𝐵𝐵 = 0
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴(2𝑚𝑚) 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 3𝑚𝑚
− =0
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.5 Force Method of Analysis for
Axially Loaded Members
• It is also possible to solve
statically indeterminate
problem by writing the
compatibility equation using
the superposition of the
forces acting on the free body
diagram
– This is the flexibility or force
method of analysis

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 EXAMPLE 4
The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 4–17a has a diameter of 10
mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before it is loaded there is
a gap between the wall at B’ and the rod of 0.2 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and B’. Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200GPa.

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©2014 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, All
All Rights
Rights Reserved
Reserved
 EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• Using the principle of superposition,

(→)
+
0.0002 = δ P − δ B (1)
• From Eq. 4-2,

δP =
PLAC
=
[ ( )]
20 103 (0.4)
= 0 . 5093 10 −3
( )
AE 2
[ ( )]
π (0.005) 200 109
F L FB (1.2)
δ B = B AB = = 76.3944 10 −9 FB ( )
AE π (0.005) 200 10
2 9
[ ( )]
• Substituting into Eq. 1, we get

( )
0.0002 = 0.5093 10 −3 − 76.3944 10 −9 FB ( )
( )
FB = 4.05 103 = 4.05 kN (Ans)

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Copyright ©2014
©2014 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, All
All Rights
Rights Reserved
Reserved
 EXAMPLE 4 (cont.)
Solutions
• From the free-body diagram,

(+ →) ∑ Fx = 0
− FA + 20 − 4.05 = 0
FA = 16.0 kN (Ans)

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Copyright ©2014
©2014 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, All
All Rights
Rights Reserved
Reserved
 APPLICATIONS
Thermal Stress Stress Inelastic Axial
Concentration Deformation

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.6 THERMAL STRESS
• Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction δT is linearly
related to the temperature increase or decrease ΔT that
occurs. 𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇 = 𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

α = linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material

∆T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
L = original length of the member
δ T = algebraic change in length of the member

• If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of

the member, i.e. ΔT = ΔT (x), or if α varies along the length,
then
δ T = ∫ α∆T dx

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.7 STRESS CONCENTRATION
[Link]

• The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the

maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
σ max
K=
σ avg

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 4.7 STRESS CONCENTRATION
• K is independent of the material properties
• K depends only on the specimen’s geometry and the type
of discontinuity
• Note relationship between r and K

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