Chapter Objectives (Section 6.1 ~ 6.

4)
 Determine the internal moment at a section of a beam
 Determine the stress in a beam member caused by
bending

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 Applications
• The girders of this
bridge have been
designed on the basis
of their ability to resist
bending stress
• What other structures
require knowledge of
bending stress?
– Hoists
– Truck beds
– Fulcrums
– Aircraft wings
– Building floors
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 6.1 Shear and Moment Diagrams
• Beams are slender members that
support loadings applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal
axis
– Typically beams are long and have
a constant cross-section, but
irregular cross-sections can be
analyzed too
– Commonly classified according to
how they are supported
• Simply supported bean
• Cantilevered beam
• Overhanging beam

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 6.1 Shear and Moment Diagrams
• Due to the applied loadings, beams develop an
internal shear and bending moment that varies
along the axis of the beam
• Important to find maximum shear and moment
in beam
– Shear force and bending moment diagrams help us
do this
• Functions must be determined for each region of beam
between any two discontinuities of loading

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 Sign Convention for V-M Diagrams
• We will use an agreed sign convention for
developing shear and moment diagrams
– Depends on which end we section from

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 Procedure for Constructing
Shear and Moment Diagrams
• Support Reactions
– Determine reactive forces and couple moments acting on beam
and resolve forces into components acting perpendicular and
parallel to beam’s axis
• Shear and Moment Functions
– Specify coordinate system with x having origin at left end
– Section beam at each distance x and draw FBD of one of the
segments
• Default to showing V and M acting in positive sense
– Shear, V, is obtained by summing forces perpendicular to the
beam’s axis up to the end of the segment
– Moment, M, is obtained by summing moments about the end of
the segment
– Shear and Moment Diagrams
– Plot shear diagram (V vs x) and moment diagram (M versus x)
below FBD for beam

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 6.2 Graphical Method for V-M
Diagrams
Regions of distributed load:

Change in shear = area under distributed

loading

∆𝑉𝑉 = � 𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Change in moment = area under shear

diagram

∆M = ∫ V ( x )dx

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 Procedure for V-M Diagrams Based
on Relations of w, V, and M
• Support Reactions
– Determine support reactions and resolve forces into components acting perpendicular and parallel
to beam’s axis
• Shear Diagram
– Establish V and x axes (x=0 at left end of beam) and plot known values of V at both ends of beam
– Notice how values of distributed load vary along beam (e.g. +/- increasing or +/- decreasing) and
realize these values indicate how shear diagram will slope (dV/dx = w). Begin by sketching slope at
ends.
– If a numerical value of V is TBD at a point, find this value using method of sections and equation of
force equilibrium, or by using ∆𝑉𝑉 = ∫ 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
• Moment Diagram
– Establish M and x axes and plot known values of M at both ends of beam
– Notice how values of shear diagram vary along beam (e.g. +/- increasing or +/- decreasing) and
realize these values indicate how moment diagram will slope (dM/dx = V). Begin by sketching
slope at ends.
– At the point where V=0 then dM/dx=0, so this will point of max or min moment
– If a numerical value of M is TBD at a point, find this value using method of sections and equation of
moment equilibrium, or by using ∆𝑀𝑀 = ∫ 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Note that if w is uniform, V will be linear and M will be parabolic
• Plot shear diagram (V vs x) and moment diagram (M versus x) below FBD for beam

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 EXAMPLE 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 6–12a.

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 EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• The reactions are shown on the
free-body diagram in Fig. 6–12b.

• The shear at each end is plotted first,

Fig. 6–12c. Since there is no
distributed load on the beam,
the shear diagram has zero slope
and is therefore a horizontal line.

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 EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions
• The moment is zero at each end,
Fig. 6–12d. The moment diagram
has a constant negative slope of
-M0/2L since this is the shear in the
beam at each point. Note that the
couple moment causes a jump in the
moment diagram at the beam’s
center, but it does not affect the
shear diagram at this point.

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 EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown in Figs. 6–13a and 6–14a.

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 EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions

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 6.3 Bending Deformation of Straight
Member
• Note how grid lines distort when bending moment applied
about axis perpendicular to axis of symmetry
– Horizontal lines become curved
– Vertical lines remain straight, but undergo rotation
– Material is stretched on bottom of bar and compressed on top of bar
• Neutral surface occurs between 2 regions of distortion where
horizontal fibers will not undergo change in length. Neutral axis lies
along neutral surface.

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 6.3 Bending Deformation of Straight
Member
Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible

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 6.3 Bending Deformation of Straight
Member
• We can consider how
bending moment distorts
a small element of beam
located a distance x
along the length of beam
• Line segment Δx does
not change its length, but
Δs located a distance y
above neutral surface will
contract and become Δs’
• Relationship for normal
strain may be developed
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝜀𝜀 = lim 𝜀𝜀 = − 𝜀𝜀 = − 𝜀𝜀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Δ𝑠𝑠→0 Δ𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌
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 6.4 Flexure Formula
• We can develop an equation
relating the stress
distribution within a beam to
the bending moment acting
on its cross-section
– Assume material behaves
linear elastically, so Hooke’s
law (σ=Eє) can be used to
develop stress distribution
𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎 = − 𝜎𝜎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑐
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 Moment of Inertia
• Similar to our discussion in
previous chapter, we introduce the
moment of inertia of the cross-
sectional area about the neutral
axis, I
• What’s the difference between I
and J?
– Moment of inertia of an area is a
geometric property calculated about
an axis
– Polar moment of inertia of an area is
calculated about a pole 0 or z-axis
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑦𝑦2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑥𝑥2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐽𝐽0 = � 𝑟𝑟2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
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 6.4 Flexure Formula
• Bottom 2 equations
are flexure formula
– σmax = maximum normal stress (M R )Z = ∑MZ;
in member, which occurs at
y 
point on x-s farthest away from M = ∫ ydF = ∫ y (σdA) = ∫ y σ max dA
neutral axis A A
c 
– M = resultant internal moment, σ max
c ∫A
determined from method of M= y 2 dA
sections and equations of
equilibrium, and calculated Mc
about the neutral axis of x-s σ max =
I
– c = perpendicular distance from
the neutral axis to point farthest My
away from neutral axis
σ =−
I
– I = moment of inertia of x-s area
about the neutral axis
– y = arbitrary perpendicular
distance from neutral axis
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved
 EXAMPLE 3
The simply supported beam in Fig. 6–26a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 6–26b. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress
distribution over the cross section at this location.

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 EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m,
occurs at the center.

• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the

centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 6–26b.
(
I = ∑ I + Ad 2 )
[
= 2 121 (0.25)(0.02 ) + (0.25)(0.02 )(0.16 ) +
3 2
][ 1
12
(0.02)(0.3)3 ]
(
= 301.3 10 −6 m 4)
My
σB = − B ; σb =
( )
22.5 103 (0.17 )
= 12.7 MPa (Ans)
I ( )
301.3 10 −6

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 EXAMPLE 3 (cont.)
Solutions
• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 6–26d.

• At point B,
My
σB = − B ; σB = −
( )
22.5 103 (0.15)
= −11.2 MPa
I ( )
301.3 10 −6

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