Asma Parveen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Asma Parveen of M.B.A. 1ST Year from KSVCEM College
Bijnor would like to express my special thanks of Gratitude to
my principal Prof. (Dr.) Amit Kumar Bansal and my teacher
Mrs. Laxmi Rani who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic "Information
Communication Technology" which also help me in doing a lot
of research which help increase my knowledge and skills.

Submitted By
Asma Parveen
M.B.A. 1ST Year
Roll no :-
KSVCEM, Bijnor
 Asma Parveen

PREFACE
This Project report on the topic " Information Communication

Technology " is an integral part of our course curriculum as per of

M.B.A. program.

The main objective of the report is to give one an opportunity to

correlate theory to practical and learning all which can learn through
practical experience to on the job situation and industrial environment.

Project report is the inseparable aspect of the professional course

today. This is the basic criteria which makes it mandatory for the
participants in any curriculum that he/she carries out in his/her own
thought and blends it with the official's data on the basis of which a
complete report is formulated.

Asma Parveen
M.B.A. 1st Year
Roll no:-
KSVCEM, Bijnor
 Asma Parveen

DECLARATION
This is to certify that Asma Parveen a Student of M.B.A. 1st Year of
KSVCEM College Bijnor Under the university AKTU. He/She has worked
under my supervision and guidance for his/her project work and
prepare a project report with the title " Information Communication

Technology ".

The project report which he/she is the submitting is his/her genuine

and original work to the best of my knowledge.

Date:- -07-2025

Signature:- ………………………….

Asma Parveen

M.B.A. 1st Year

Roll no:-

KSVCEM, Bijnor
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INDEX
Page no.
 Introduction 5-6
 Characteristics of computers 6-7
 Parts of a computer system ` 8-9
 Information processing cycle 9-11
 Use of ict in 11-16
 Industrial, technical and scientific uses 16-23
 Intput devices 23-26
 Onput device 26-32

 Functions of operating system 33-50

 Computer ethics and society 50-56
 Conclusion 60
 Bibliography 61
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INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT :-
Information and communications technology usually
abbreviated as ICT, is often used as an extended synonym for
information technology (IT), but is usually a more general term that
stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of
telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers,
middleware as well as necessary software, storage- and audio-visual
systems, which enable users to create, access, store, transmit, and
manipulate information. In other words, ICT consists of IT as well as
telecommunication, broadcast media, all types of audio and video
processing and transmission and network based control and monitoring
functions. The expression was first used in 1997 in a report by Dennis
Stevenson to the UK government and promoted by the new National
Curriculum documents for the UK in 2000. The term ICT is now also
used to refer to the merging (convergence) of audiovisual and
telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling
or link system. There are large economic incentives (huge cost savings
due to elimination of the telephone network) to merge the audio-
visual, building management and telephone network with the
computer network system using a single unified system of cabling,
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signal distribution and management. This in turn has spurred the

growth of organizations with the term ICT in their names to indicate
their specialization in the process of merging the different network
systems.

According to the European Commission, the importance of ICTs lies less

in the technology itself than in its ability to create greater access to
information and communication in underserved populations. Many
countries around the world have established organizations for the
promotion of ICTs, because it is feared that unless less technologically
advanced areas have a chance to catch up, the increasing technological
advances in developed nations will only serve to exacerbate the lready-
existing economic gap between technological "have" and "have not"
areas. Internationally, the United Nations actively promotes ICTs for
Development (ICT4D) as a means of bridging the digital divide.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

A computer is a general-purpose electronic machine that receives /

accepts, processes, stores and output data into meaningful information
A computer can also be defined as an electronic device operating under
control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and
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store the results for future use.

Characteristics of Computers:-

 Speed: The computers process data at an extremely fast rate, at

millions or billions of instructions per second. A computer can
perform a huge task in a few seconds that otherwise a normal
human being may take days or even years to complete. The speed
of a computer is calculated in MHz (Megahertz), that is, one
million instructions per second.
 Accuracy: Besides the efficiency, the computers are also very
accurate. The level of accuracy depends on the instructions and
the type of machines being used. A computer in other wards does
notmake any mistakes. For example a computer can accurately
give the result of division of any twonumbers up to 10 or more
decimal places
 Diligence: Computer, being a machine, does not suffer from the
human traits of tiredness and lack of concentration. If four million
calculations have to be performed, then the computer will
perform the last, four-millionth calculation with the same
accuracy and speed as the first calculation.
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 Reliability: Generally, reliability is the measurement of the

performance of a computer, which is measured against some
predetermined standard for operation without any failure.
 Storage Capability: Computers can store large amounts of data
and can recall the required information almost instantaneously
i.e. data can be retrieved whenever required.
 Versatility: Computers are quite versatile in nature. It can
perform multiple tasks simultaneously with equal ease. For
example, at one moment it can be used to draft a letter, another
moment it can be used to play music and in between, one can
print a document as well.
 Resource Sharing: In the initial stages of development, computers
used to be isolated machines. With the tremendous growth in
computer technologies, computers today have the capability to
connect with each other. This has made the sharing of costly
resources like printers possible. Apart from device sharing, data
and information can also be shared among groups of computers,
thus creating a large information and knowledge base.

Parts of a computer system

A complete computer system comprises of four distinct parts.

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 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 User

Data and Information :-

Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text

numbers, images audio and video.
Data is raw facts and figures by its self it doesn't provide anything
meaningful.
Information: Is processed data. It has meaning and is useful to one or
more people.

Information processing cycle

A computer processes input (data) into output (information). Most

people refer to the series of input, process, output and storage
activities as the information processing cycle.

Input :-
this is the first stage in the cycle. This stage involves collection
of data from the outside or also from within the system. The commonly
used input devices are keyboard, bar code readers, mouse,
scanners e.t.c .

Processing: This is the stage where by the computer works on the data
entered and makes it usable.
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Output: this is the stage in which the processed information is now

transmitted to the user. The output can be given inform of audio,
video, text and graphics. Results can be viewed on the screen or printed
on a physical medium.

Storage: after the data has been processed into information the results
can be kept for future use.

Binary number system

 Has two distinct digits, 0 and 1

 0 and 1 combine to make numbers.

Decimal number system

 Contains ten distinct digits e.g 0 up to 9.

 Digits combine to make larger numbers.

Digital data representation

 The form in which information is conceived manipulated and
recorded.

Bit (binary digit)

 It is the smallest possible unit of data a computer can recognize or

use.
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 In other words, it is the smallest unit of data representation.

 0 (off, No) OR 1 (on, Yes).

Byte
 The Smallest unit of data Storage.
 A byte is 8 bits, about one character of data.
 Half a byte is a nibble.

Bits and bytes

 One bit is a single 0 or 1.

 One byte consists of 8 bits.
 One kilobyte consists of 1,024 bytes approximately 1000 bytes.
 One megabyte is 1,024 kilobytes or approximately 1 million bytes.
 One gigabyte is 1,024 megabytes or approximately 1 billion bytes
One terabyte is 1,024 gigabytes or
 approximately 1 trillion bytes.

WORLD OF ICT :-

ICT is the tools and techniques used to capture, store, manipulate,

communicate and use information. Fully exploiting the capability of ICT
is of critical importance to the delivery of modern government and
businesses in a knowledge - driven economy .
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Use of ICT in

Education :-

Education is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills, in the

traditional model, people learn from others such as parents, teachers
and employers. Many forms of printed materials such as books and
manuals are used in learning. Today educators also are turning to ICT to
assist with education. As the cost of computers and other ICT tools
drops, many schools and companies can afford to equip labs
and class rooms with computers.

E- Learning :-

 Sometimes the delivery of education occurs at a place while the

learning occurs at other locations (distance learning). e.g.
Students can take classes on web. More than 70% of colleges in
developed countries offer some type of distance learning classes.
A few even offer entire degrees online.
 Students use software to assist with learning or complete
assignment.
 Through ICT there has been enhanced class room teaching
through use of presentations as well as projectors to deliver the
information in a more convincing way.
 Schools and Institutions use computers to typeset examinations.
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 Online registration and admissions: Most institutes and schools

have opened up websites which offer online registration and
admissions without visiting the institute physically.
 Ubiquitous learning (through virtual mentors / teacher)
 Research. Teachers and students use the internet to carry out
research on various topics.
 Communication (Teacher-students / Teachers - parents
communication) through e-mail.
 Online discussion (video-conferencing).

E- Commerce

E - Commerce is the general term used for companies trading online. It

is a shorter way of saying electronic trading. The “E” is for Electronic
and commerce means trading.

The prevailing E-commerce activities have been divided into 3 major

categories Business-to-Consumer (B2C).

In a Business-to-Consumer E-commerce environment, companies sell

their online goods to consumers who are the end users of their
products or services. Usually, B2C E-commerce web shops have an open
access for any visitor, meaning that there is no need for a person to
login in order to make any product related inquiry.
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1. Business-to-Business (B2B) :-

In a Business-to-Business E-commerce environment, companies sell

their online goods to other companies without being engaged in sales
to consumers. In most B2B E-commerce environments entering the
web shop will require a log in. B2B web shop usually contains customer-
specific pricing, customer-specific assortments and customer-specific
discounts.

2. Consumer-to-Business (C2B) :-

In a Consumer-to-Business E-commerce environment,

consumers usually post their products or services online on which
companies can post their bids. A consumer reviews the bids and selects
the company that meets his price expectations.

3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) :-

In a Consumer-to-Consumer E-commerce
environment consumers sell their online goods to other consumers. A
well- known example is eBay.

Health:-

Nearly every area of health care uses computers whether you are
visiting a family doctor for a regular check-up.

 Hospitals and doctors use computers to maintain patients

records.
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 Computers monitor patients" vital signs in the hospital room and

at home.
 Computers and computerized devices assist doctors, nurses and
technicians with medical tests.
 Doctors use the web and medical software to assist with
researching and diagnosing health conditions.
 Doctors use e-mail to correspond with patients.
 Pharmacists use computers to file insurance claims.
 Surgeons use computer-controlled devices to provide them with
precession during operations such as for laser eye surgery and
robot assist heart surgery.
 Surgeons implant computerized devices, such as pace makers
that allow patients to live longer.
 Many websites provide up-to date medical fitness, nutrition or
exercise information. These Websites
 also maintain lists of doctors and dentists to help you find the one
that suits your need.
 They have chart rooms so you can talk to others diagnosed with
similar conditions.
 Websites even allow you to order prescriptions online. An exciting
development in health care is telemedicine, which is a form of
long-distance health care.
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 Through telemedicine, Health care professionals in separate

locations have live conferences on

computers e.g. doctors at another location to discuss a bone X-ray live

images of each doctor along with the X-ray are displayed on each
doctor's computer.

Security :-

 Use of CCTV cameras to monitor supermarkets for shop lifters /

thieves and to monitor crucial buildings like banks, parliament e.
t. c.
 Use of traffic camera to track traffic offenders.
 Use of biometric devices like finger print scan, iris scan to keep
records of right employees.
 Mobile phones have tracking records used to track down rebels
and suspected criminal.
 Walkie talkies that are used in communication by armies and
police.
 Surveillance cameras that help in capturing criminals.
 Computers are used by police and other security agents in storing
databases for criminals.

.
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Industrial, technical and scientific uses

Many processes that were traditionally performed manually in the

manufacturing industry are now done using a variety of technologies.
Industries that manufacture products usually have large number of
employees and high capital expenditure capital includes factories ware
houses, machinery and computers.

1. CAD (Computer Aided Design) :-

Computers are used to design the
model of a product on the computer. This process is called Computer
Aided Design

2. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) :-

Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) refers to the use of computers to assist with manufacturing
process as fabrication and assembly. Often robots carryout processes in
a CAM environment,

3. Process control :-
Some entire manufacturing processes are now
fully automated and controlled by computer technology. One of the
best known examples is the car manufacturing process, where robots
build and process most of the infrastructure re with minimal human
input. Some companies have automated packaging processes that use
computer - operated packing machines capable of packing a wide range
of products, including perishable and easily damaged products like
fruits or vegetables.
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Implications of using icts

Social / ethical Positive implication :-

 ICT has enabled efficient and instant communication through the

use of TV, radios and telephones with comprehensive news.
 Elders were custodians of secrecy and indigenous knowledge,
technology has demanded that their Knowledge be drained and
stored in DB (Database) where much of it is moved to the public
Domain
 Fast and easy way of getting friends through social networks like
Face book, twitter e.t.c .
 Use of mobile money to pay bills, fees, and convey money to our
family members without incurring costs .
 E-policy, viewing policies online.
 Online Education where by people gets academic qualifications
online.
 People can communicate any time and at any place with the
introduction of phones.
 Information rich and easy access through the internet.
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Negative implications :-
 Social Networking has removed the boundaries of respect and
direct dialogue between and among youths and elders.
 Access of pornographic material and immoral movies by young
people through the internet has led to moral decay.
 Culture degeneration due the exposure of western culture.
 ICT has diluted traditional community religions.
 Information poor: not all people have access to computers thus
making it difficult to access
 information that can be got from computers.
 High level of unemployment as a result of introduction of ICTs in
most companies. ICT replace

Positive :-

 Establishment of ICT networks has led to more infrastructure

development e.g. more software applications have been
introduced to the market.
 Investment in mechanical ICTs, contributes to labour productivity
growth. Workers are trained to use the machines thus increasing
on the productivity level.
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 Through the use of ICTs, many countries have developed

databases that provide detailed and comprehensive data on the
performance of individual firms. This source of information can
helpestablish a link between firm performances.
 The effective use of ICT has helped firms gain market share at the
cost of less productive firms, which could raise overall
productivity.
 The use of ICT has helped firms to be innovative, e.g. by helping
them to expand their product range, customize the services
offered, or respond better to clients.
 ICT has helped to reduce inefficiency in the use of capital and
labour, e.g. by reducing inventories. These effects all lead to
higher productivity growth.
 Capital deepening as a result of investment in ICT. This is
important for economic growth business with enough capital tend
to succeed.
 Computers have automated most aspects of banking, and bill
paying and automotive productions. Before computers each bill
had to be typed in and the person actually had to pull up a
customer record from filing cabinets and mark it paid which was
very slow and expensive.
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Starting a computer :-
Turn on the power button on the system Unit then turn on the power
button of the monitor or visual display unit.

Booting :-
This is the process by which the computer loads system files into the
main memory. This process involves carrying out diagnostics test. Or is
the process of starting or restarting a computer.

Types of booting :-

1. Cold booting :- This is the starting up of the computer which has

not been on by turning on power buttons.

2. Warm booting :- This is the restarting of the computer. It is

known as system reset which can be done by processing the
resetting button.

Files and folders

A file is collection related information that is given a name and stored

so that it can be retrieved when needed. File names can contain two
characters including spaces.

A folder is a collection of files. A folder can also contain many sub-

folders.

Creating a folder :-
From the main option select new and then click folder. Type in the
name of the new folder.
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Or Right click on the desktop From the sub menu choose New then click
on folder By default a new folder will be created with a tittle new folder
Type the name of the new folder and press ENTER.

Renaming a folder:-
After selecting the folder Select rename from the file option Or click the
right button and select rename. Or Press F2 from the keyboard

Deleting a folder:-
Files deleted are put in the recycle bin. A recycle bin is a place for files
no longer needed. To delete a file do one of the following.

Then press delete on the keyboard From the message box “Are sure
you want to delete the folder” click OK.

How to retrieve deleted files:-

Double click on recycle bin icon and click on file you want to retrieve. It
will be restored back to its original location.
Open the recycle Bin, Right click on the folder / file you want to restore.
From the sub menu click on Restore

Emptying the recycle bin :-

Right click on the recycle Bin and then click empty recycle Bin
Double click on the recycle bin icon on the file menu click on the empty
recycle bin.

HARDWARE :-
These comprises of physical, electronic, electric and mechanical
components of a computer that help it to process data. They can also
be defined as parts / components of a computer that are tangible and
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occupy space. These components include input devices, output

devices, a system storage devices and communication devices.

Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a

peripheral device or device.
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INPUT DEVICES

An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter

data or instructions into the computer Six widely used input devices are
the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera and PC
video camera.

Mouse. Is a pointing device used to manipulate on screen objects. A

mouse is a small hand held device used for pointing. A mouse moves a
pointer on the computer screen. It acts like a finger, allowing you to
press buttons and select objects Using your mouse .

 Left Hand Button - Use to point and select.

 Right Hand Button - To open menus, commands.
 Using the scroll wheel.
 If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can use it to scroll through
documents and web pages. To scroll down, roll the wheel
backward (toward you). To scroll up, roll the wheel forward (away
from you).
 Cord - plugs mouse into computer.

Clicking (single-clicking):- To click an item, point to the item on the

screen, and then press and release the primary button (usually the left
button). Clicking is most often used to select (mark) an item or open a
menu. This is sometimes called single-clicking or [Link] click
to open a menu and to give more advanced instructions .
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Double-clicking:- To double-click an item, point to the item on the

screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two clicks are spaced too far
apart, they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather than as
one [Link]-clicking is most often used to open items on
your desktop. For example, you can start a program or open a folder by
double-clicking its icon on the desktop.

Drag. You can move items around your screen by dragging them. To
drag an object, point to the object on the screen, press and hold the
primary button, move the object to a new location, and then release
the primary [Link] (sometimes called dragging and dropping)
is most often used to move files and folders to a different location and
to move windows and icons around on your screen.

Keyboard :-
A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press
to enter data into a computer. This is an input device comprising of
alphabetical letters, numbers and other keys used to enter data into a
computer. Many computer keyboards have got four sections.

 Typing keys (Alphabetical key pad): Which include letters of the

alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks, and other basic keys.

 Numeric key pad: on the right side of the keyboard.

 Functional Keys: which are labeled with the letter F followed by a

number (Fl, F2 F12)

 Special keys on the keyboard

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 Enter Key (Execute key). It is used to accept a command or

execute a command. Or it is used to go to another line when
typing,

 Back space key. It is used to erase / rub characters to the left side
of the cursor.

 Space bar. It is the longest key on the keyboard and it is used to

insert spaces between word and characters.

 Caps lock. It is used to turn capital letters into small letters and
small letters into capital letters. When the caps lock is pressed a
caps lock light on the top right corner is turned on to indicate that
you are in capital letters to switch to small letters press the caps
lock button again,

 Shift key. It is used to activate characters on top of the buttons, it

can also turn in either small letters or capital letters dependin g
on the keyboard case mode.

 Delete key. It is used to erase characters on the right side of the

cursor.


 Fl: It is used as help.

 Esc (escape): it is used to cancel an application under taken.
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OUTPUT DEVICES

This is any type of hardware component that conveys

information one or more people. Commonly used output devices
include display devices, printers, speakers and headsets, fax machines
and fax modems, multifunction peripheral data projectors e.t.c. Output
is data that has been processed into useful form. The computer
processes input (data) into information (Output). The out put, which
can be easily understood and used by human beings, are of the
following two forms:-

1. Hard Copy: The physical form of output is known as hard copy. In

general, it refers to the recorded information copied from a
computer onto paper. Hard copy output is permanent and a
relatively stable form of output. This type of output is also highly
portable. Paper is one of the most widely used hard copy output
media.

2. Soft Copy: The electronic version of an output, which usually

resides in computer memory and/or on disk, is known as soft
copy. Unlike hard copy, soft copy is not a permanent form of
output. It is transient (lasting for a short period of time) and is
usually displayed on the screen. This kind of output is not
tangible, that is, it cannot be touched. Soft copy output includes
audio and visual form of output, which is generated using a
computer .

Printers:-

A printer prints information and data from the computer onto a

paper. The quality of a printer is determined by the clarity of a print it
can produce, that is, its resolution. Printers are divided into two basic
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categories: impact printers and non-impact printers. As their names

specify, impact printers work by physically striking a head or needle
against an ink ribbon to make a mark on the paper. This includes dot
matrix printers, daisy wheel printers, and drum printers. In contrast,
inkjet and laser printers are non-impact printers. They use techniques
other than physically striking the page to transfer ink onto the page.

STORAGE

Storage holds data, instruction and information for future use e.g.
computers can store lots and millions of customers' names and
addresses. A computer keeps data, instructions and information on
storage media e.g. floppy diskette, zip disk, USB flash disk, Hard disk,
memory cards and Tapes.

Primary Memory (Main Memory) :-

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which

computer is currently working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost
when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor
device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instructions required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It
is divided into two subcategories
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RAM and ROM.

.
A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for storing data,
program and program result. It is read/write memory. It is called
random access memory (RAM). RAM is volatile, i.e., data stored in it is
lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure.
Hence, a backup uninterruptible power system (UPS) is often used with
computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the
amount of data it can hold.

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can
only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
The information is stored permanently in such memories during
manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions as are required to start
computer when electricity is first turned on, this operation is referred
to as bootstrap. ROM chip are not only used in the computer but also in
other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.

Secondary Memory :-
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This type of memory is also known as external

memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used
for storing Data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines.
Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory
and then CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

The Motherboard :-
The motherboard, sometimes called a system
board, is the main circuit board of the system unit. Many electronic
components attach to the mother board others are built into it. A
desktop motherboard contains components that attach to it, including
the processor, adaptor cards, memory and other components on i
motherboard consists of one or more computer chips A computer chip
is a small piece of semi-conducting material, usually silicon on which
integrated circuits are itched.

SOFTWARE

Software is a set of instructions that drive a computer to perform

specific tasks.
These instructions tell the machine’s physical components what to do.
A set of instructions is often called a program.
When a computer is using a particular program, it is said to be running
or executing the program.
The two most common types of programs are system software and
application software.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE :-

Computer software is broadly divided into two categories namely.

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1. System software
2. Application software

System Software.

This consists of programs that control or manage the operation of the

computer and its devices. System software serves as an interface
between users, the application its software and the computer's hard
ware. System software is computer software designed to operate the
computer hardware and to provide maintain a platform for running
application software.

Examples of system software include:-

1. The operating system

2. Utility Programs
3. Programming language

OPERATING SYSTEM :-

This is a set of programs containing instructions that co-ordinate all the

activities among hardware resources.

 In otherwords, an operating system is a computer’s master

control program.
 It provides a user with the tools (commands) that enable him/her
interact with the computer.
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 It also acts as a primary controlling mechanism for the computers

hardware.
 Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application
program on their computer.
 Classification of operating system
 Real-Time operating Systems:
 Refers to multitasking operating system that aims at executing
real-time applications.
 A real time application is an application that responds to certain
inputs extremely quickly.
 Very fast and relatively small operating systems.
 Built into a device, not loaded from a disk drive.
 Used in MP3 players, Medical devices such as medical diagnostics
equipment, life-support
 systems etc. single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems:
 Allows a single user to perform just one task at a time
 Take up little space on disk
 Run on inexpensive computers
 Examples include; MS-DOS and Palm OS for palm handheld
computers.
 Single-User/Multi-Tasking Operating Systems:
 Allows a single user to perform two or more functions at once.
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 Commonly used on personal computers.

 Examples include; Microsoft Windows and MAC OS.

Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems:-

1. Allows multiple users to use programs that are simultaneously

running on a single network server.
2. Here, each user is given a user session on the server.
3. UNIX, Linux are examples.
4. Maintenance can be easy.
5. Requires a powerful computer.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 The operating system manages the computer devices (Device
manager)
 It conducts the process of booting or starting the computer
(starting a computer)
 It acts as a file manager (file management):Operating systems
often provide users with the
 capability of managing files, viewing graphics files, uninstalling
programs, scanning disks.
 It acts as an interface between the computer and the
user(providing a User interface)
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 It provides the means for proper user of the resources like

monitor, memory, input and output
 devices,
 It interprets the program instructions one at a time (managing
programs):
 Some operating systems support only one running program at a
time others support thousands of
 users running multiple programs.
 It loads the user program into the memory.
 It gives instruction to display the results on the monitor.
 It also manages me printing process: me operating system
determines the order in which jobs are processed. A job is an
operation that the processor manages.
 Memory management: the purpose of memory management is to
optimize the use of Random
 Access [Link] operating systems allocates, assigns data and
instructions to an area of the memory while they are being
processed.
 Configuring Devices: A driver is a small program that tells the
operating system how to communicate with a specific device.
When you boot the computer, the operating system loads
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 each device's driver. These devices will not function without their
correct drivers.
 Controlling a network: Some operating systems are network
operating systems.A network OS is an operating system that
organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share
 resources on a network resources including hardware, software,
data and information. It has more security features than other OS.

Examples of operating system:-

 Windows XP
 Windows2000
 Fedora
 Ubuntu
 Linux
 UNIX
 Novel Netware
 Macintosh
 Window server

TYPES OF USER INTERFACE:-

The two most common types of user interfaces are graphical and
command line.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI):-

These are interfaces which use icons, small pictures and viewable
images to issue commands. You are provided with a coloured screen
with lines (bars) each representing a program and a mouse.
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COMMAND LINE USER INTERFACE

These are interface where commands are issued by typing special keys
on the keyboard, a user is provided by a blank screen with a blinking
cursor called a prompt. Example includes DOS, Linux.

2) Command Line Interface

Older interface used in MS-DOS, Linux, UNIX
User types commands at a prompt to execute tasks.
User must remember all commands.
Windows also has an optional command prompt that can be used by
administrators to run non-GUI programs for managing and
troubleshooting windows.

Utility program:-
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A utility program is a type of system software that performs specific

task usually related to managing a computer its devices or its programs.
Utility software: Utility software is a kind of system software designed
to help analyses, configure, optimize and maintain the computer
Most operating systems include several utility programs,

Utility programs:-

 Defragmenting Utility
 Anti-virus Utility
 Time Utility
 Date Utility
 Copying

APPLICATION SOFTWARE.

It consists of programs that perform specific tasks to a user. Application

software is used for a variety of reasons.

1. As a business tool.
2. To assist with graphics and multimedia projects
3. To support home, personal, and educational activities.
4. To facilitate communication

Most application software are available as packed software that can be

purchased in a software shop or the web. Application software is
available of forms. i.e. packages (off-shelf) custom, shareware,
freeware and public domain.

Packaged software (off-shelf) :-

This is a mass produced, copy written
retail software that meets the needs of wide variety of users not just a
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single user or company. Application software are available in general

nature .

Custom software:-
These are software designed to meet the needs of
a particular organization or user (consumer) and performs function
specific for the business or industry. Sometimes the company cannot
find package software that meets its requirement so it orders for a
custom software.

Shareware:-
This is a copy written software that it is distributed free for
a trial period To use a share ware program beyond that period you
send the payment to the person or a company that developed that
program.

Free ware :-
This software is provided at no cost to a user by an individual
or a company.

Public ware:-
Is an application software that is designed for the public.
Starting and interacting with an application software To use application
software you must instruct the operating system to start the program.

INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

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The Internet Is a global system of Interconnected computer networks

that use the standard Internet /’protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several
billion devices worldwide Internet is a massive network of networks,
connecting millions of computers via protocols, hardware and
communication channels.
The Internet Is a global network of networks that enables people to
communicate and share resources Through the Internet society has
access to Information from all around the world, It offers many
Conveniences. The magnificence of the Internet Is you can access It
from a computer anywhere.

Some of uses of the Internet:-

 Access a wealth of Information, news and research material

 Communicate with others around the world
 Bank and Invest
 Shop for goods and services
 Download and listen to music or download and watch movies
 Take a course or access other educational material
 Access sources of entertainment and leisure such as online
games, magazines and holidays
 Planning guides
 Access other computers, mobile phones or PDA and exchange
files
 Share and edit documents with others in real time
 Provide information, photographs, audio clips or video clips
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The Internet services

To support these and other activities, the Internet provides a variety of

services that include: www: (World Wide Web / web).

E-mail: sending and receiving of electronic messages (text, sound, video

and graphics) on the internet.

File transfer: an Internet standard that allows us to upload and

download files with other computers on the Internet. Some FTP sites
limit file transfers to individuals who have authorized accounts (user
names and passwords).

Chat room: is an online forum where people can chat online (talk by
broadcasting messages to people on the same forum in real time).
Sometimes these venues are moderated either by limiting who is
allowed to speak (not common), or by having moderation volunteers
patrol the venue watching for disruptive or otherwise undesirable
behaviour.

Instant messaging: a real-time Internet communications service that

notifies you when one or more people are online and then allows you
to exchange messages or files or join a private chat room with them. To
use IM you install software from an instant messaging service,
sometimes called an instant messenger (ICQ, Skype, AIM, MSN,
Jabber, ...). Instant messaging is by far the most common form of
communication in recent times, it can (exchange text, voice, video).
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Newsgroups: A newsgroup is an online area in which users conduct

written discussion about a particular subject. To participate in a
discussion, a user sends a message to the news group, and other users
in the newsgroup read and reply to the message.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) e.g. This service allows the Internet to one or
more of Internet users who are hooked to the same channel at the
same time see the text that you type on your computer, and the texts
of other active users typing on his computer.

Voice / Video Communication – Skype Social networks e.g. LinkedIn',

'Myspace', 'Tumblr', „Instagram, TWITTER, BLOG Search Engines i.e.
Apple, google, yahoo, bingo, e.t.c Web-Hosting (DATACENTER)

E-MAIL (Electronic Mail)

This is the transfer of electronic messages from one geographical

location to another using computers and computer related
computerized devices. Some websites such as MSN Hotmail, G-mail and
Yahoo, provide free email services, to use these web-based email
programs, you connect to the website and set up an e-mail account
which typically include an e-mail address and a password.

Structure of an e-mail :-

Username @ Domain name. Top level domain

Nakaferoshanita @ yahoo. com (nakaferoshanita@[Link])

Examples of e-mail addresses

 namitalarehema@[Link]
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 nantongosylvia@[Link]
 aganasjaffar@[Link]

User name: This is a unique combination of characters, such as letters
of alphabets or numbers that identifies a specific user
Domain name: This is the name of the search engine, website e.g.
yahoo, hotmail, my way

Advantages and disadvantages of internet.

Advantages :-

Faster Communication:-
The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy
communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Now,
you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is
sitting in the other part of the world.

Information Resources :-
Information is probably the biggest advantage that Internet offers.
Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of
information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet.

Entertainment:-
This is another popular reason why many people prefer to surf the
Internet. In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in trapping
the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just
surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have
discovered.

Social Networking:-
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One cannot imagine an online life without Facebook or Twitter. Social

networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one
day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great medium to
connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from
finding long-lost friends, you can also look for a job, business
opportunities.

Online Services:-
The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online
services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can
book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., and
right from your home.

Powerful search engines:-

Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries.
Information at various levels of study. Everything from scholarly articles
to ones directed at children.
Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any topic. Ability to
get wide range of opinions. People can find others that have a similar
interest in whatever they are interested in.
The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone
in the country.
Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video
conference with anyone in the world who also has access.
Friendships and love connections have been made over the internet by
people involved in love/passion over similar interests.
Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have
readily available help for homework.
News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously. Commentary, on
that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is also available
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Disadvantages of internet:
 Virus Threat: Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on
their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get
activated if you click a seemingly harmless link.
 There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can
post anything, and much of it is garbage.
 There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get
unsuspecting people in dangerous situations.
 Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing
problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones.
 Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too
easily.
 Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing,
and then realize far more time has passed than you realized.
Internet and television together of added to the more sedentary
lifestyles of people which further exacerbate the obesity problem.
 Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy essays and
pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be
able to do.
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 There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on

the internet to take advantage of people.
 Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal
computer and ruin valuable data.
 Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.
 It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just
how uneducated so many people have become in today's society.

Internet service providers :-

Is large organization/ company that provides internet access to an

organization or individual Examples of internet service providers in
Uganda

 MTN
 Africa online
 Uganda one
 Uganda telecom
 Infocom
 Warid
 Orange
 Broadband

Uniform resource locator (url / web address) :-

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This is a unique address of a web page.

The URL tells the browser where to locate the names and sometimes
the path to a specific web page or location on a web page.
For example the home page for Pimbas secondary school web site has a
web address of
[Link] A web browser retrieves a web page such as
Pimbas s. s home page.
Example of a web address / URL [Link] http: //
[Link].
Http: // [Link].
Protocol host / domain name top level domain.

WWW (World Wide Web) :-

This consists of worldwide collection of electronic documents. Each

document on the web is called web page.
The World Wide Web (WWW): The part of the internet called the web
is a multimedia-based technology that enables you to access more than
just text. That is you can download art, audio, video and animation and
also engage in interactive games.
Is a collection of internet resources such as hyperlinked text, audio, and
video files, and remote sites that can be accessed and searched by
browsers.
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Web page:-
This is a file of information created and stored on a web server.
A webpage can also be defined as an electronic document on the web;
it can contain t audio (sound) and video.

Website:-
A website is a collection of related web pages and associated items
such as documents and pictures owned by an individual or organization
on a web server.

Examples of web browsers.

 The more widely used web browsers are:
 Microsoft internet explorer
 Mozilla
 Safari
 Netscape
 Opera
 Google chrome

Search engine:-
This is a program designed to help a user find web sites
and web pages. Search engines are particularlyhelpful in locating
specific web pages about certain topics of web pages for which you do
not know the exact web address. Search engines are programs that
search documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the
documents where the keywords were found. A search engine is really a
general class of programs; the term is often used to specifically describe
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systems like Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that enable users to
search for documents on the World Wide Web.

SEARCH ENGINE WEB ADDRESS :-

 Yahoo [Link]
 Google [Link]
 AltaVista [Link]
 HotBot [Link] Looksmart
 looksmart WebCrawler [Link] Overture [Link]

CLOUD COMPUTING (Store and share in the cloud) :-

(Save work files in Drive, access them from any device and share them
instantly with teammates. No more sending attachments or merging
different versions.)
Cloud computing consists of hardware and software resources made
available on the Internet as managed third-party services. These
services typically provide access to advanced software applications and
high-end networks of server computers.

Types of Cloud Computing :-

Service providers create cloud computing systems to serve common

business or research needs. Examples of cloud computing services
include:
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virtual IT - configure and utilize remote, third-party servers as

extensions to a company's local IT network software - utilize
commercial software applications, or develop and remotely host
custom built applications.
Network storage - back up or archive data across the Internet to a
provider without needing to know the physical location of storage.
Cloud computing systems all generally are designed for scalability to
support large numbers of customers and surges in demand.
Examples of Cloud Computing Services
These examples illustrate the different types of cloud computing
services available today:
Amazon EC2 - virtual IT Google App Engine - application hosting Google
Apps - software as a service
Apple MobileMe - network storage
Some providers offer cloud computing services for free while others
require a paid subscription.
Cloud Computing Pros and Cons Service providers are responsible for
installing and maintaining core technology within the cloud. Some
customers prefer this model because it limits their own manageability
burden. However, customers cannot directly control system stability in
this model and are highly dependent on the provider instead.
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Cloud computing systems are normally designed to closely track all

system resources, which enablesproviders to charge customers
according to the resources each consumes. Some customers will prefer
thisso-called metered billing approach to save money, while others will
prefer a flat-rate subscription to ensure predictable monthly or yearly
costs. Using a cloud computing environment generally requires you to
send data over the Internet and store it on a third-party system. The
privacy and security risks associated with this model must be weighed
against alternatives.

COMPUTER ETHICS AND SOCIETY:-

Definition of Computer Ethics:-

Ethics are a set of moral principles that govern an individual or a group

on what is acceptable behavior while using a computer.
Computer ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the usage of
computers and computer systems.
One of the common issues of computer ethics is violation of copyright
issues.
Duplicating copyrighted content without the author"s approval,
accessing personal information of others are some of the examples that
violate ethical principles.
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Internet Ethics for everyone :-

Internet ethics means acceptable behavior for using internet. We
should be honest, respect the rights and property of others on the
internet.

Access to Internet:-
The internet is a time-efficient tool for everyone that enlarges the
possibilities for curriculum growth.
Learning depends on the ability to find relevant and reliable
information quickly and easily, and to select, understand and assess
that information. Searching for information on the internet can help to
develop these skills. Classroom exercises and take - home assessment
tasks, where students are required to compare website content, are
ideal for alerting students to the requirements of writing for different
audiences, the purpose of particular content, identifying and judging
accuracy and reliability. Since many sites adopt particular views about
issues, the internet is a useful tool for developing the skills of
distinguishing fact from opinion and exploring subjectivity and
objectivity.

Ethical rules for computer users (IT code of conduct) :-

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 Some of the rules that individuals should follow while using a

computer are listed below:
 Do not use computers to harm other users.
 Do not use computers to steal others information.
 Do not access files without the permission of the owner.
 Do not copy copyrighted software without the author"s
permission.
 Always respect copyright laws and policies.
 Respect the privacy of others, just as you expect the same from
others.
 Do not use other user's computer resources without their
permission.
 Use Internet ethically.
 Complain about illegal communication and activities, if found, to
Internet service Providers and local law enforcement authorities.
 Users are responsible for safeguarding their User Id and
Passwords. They should not write them on paper or anywhere
else for remembrance.
 Users should not intentionally use the computers to retrieve or
modify the information of others, which may include password
information, files, etc..
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COMPUTER NETWORK

This is a connection of two or more computers via a communication

media to share resources. E.g. a group of computers can be sharing a
printer.
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are
connected to each other to share information and resources.

Types of computer networks :-`

There are three types of computer networks namely:-

Local Area Network (LAN)

This is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as a home, school computer lab, Office Building

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Is a high-speed network that connects local area networks in a
metropolitan area e.g. a city or town.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Is a Network that covers a large geographical area (such as a city,
country or the world) using a communication channel.
Wireless Local Area Network - a LAN based on WiFi wireless network
technology

Advantages of Networking over stand-alone computers

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 Facilitates communication: Using a network, people

communicate efficiently and easily via email, Instant messaging,
chat rooms [Link]
 Sharing hard ware: In a networked environment, each computer
on the network has access to hardware on the network e.g.
Printers, scanners e. t. c.
 Data and Information sharing: In a networked environment any
authorized computer user can access data and Information
stored on computers on the network.
 Sharing software: Users connected to a network has access to
software on the network. To support multiple users access of
software most Venders sell network version or site licenses of
their software.
 A network license is a legal agreement that allows multiple users
to access the software on a server.
 A site license is legal agreement that permits users to install the
software on multiple computers,

 Transferring funds called (Electronic Fund Transfer): It allows

users connected to a network to
 transfer money from one bank account to another via telephone
lines, Share same language.
 Asma Parveen

 Reducing on cost by sharing hardware like printers and software.

 It allows for tight control over who has access to what data.
 It enables online learning and collaborative research
 It allows access to free common databases and databanks like
free software, as in banks like ATM.
 It allows for advertising tools for products and services
 It allows access to more entertainment, leisure, clubs e.g. e-zoos.
 Has enabled improved travel service through e-books and e-
reservation.
 News updates can be got on climate, weather, politics, and sports.
Provides for online employment e.g. telecommuting.

Disadvantages of networks

 Security concerns, due to information being accessed in many

ways
 Viruses and malware which spread to all computers through the
network
 Single point of failure
 Need for an efficient handler
 There"s lack of independence in the operation of the computers

COMPUTER SECURITY RISKS COMPUTER VIRUSES, WORM AND

TROJAN HOUSE :-
Nearly every computer user is susceptible to the first type of computer
security risk. A computer virus, worm and Trojan horse.
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Computer virus: is a potentially damaging computer program that

affects or infects, a computer negatively by altering the way a computer
works without the user knowledge or permission. Once the virus infects
the computer, it can spread throughout any may damage files and
system software including operating system.

A worm: is a program that copies itself repeatedly, for example in

memory or on a network, using up resources and possibly shutting
down the computer or network.

Trojan horse. Is a program that hides within or out. Worm or Trojan

horse does not replicate itself to other computer.

Unauthorized use: is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved

or possibly illegal activities e.g. an employee using an organization's
computer to send personal e-mails.

Hardware theft and vandalism :-

 Hardware theft and vandalism are another type of computer

security risks.
 Hardware theft is the act of stealing computer equipments.
 Hard ware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying
computer equipments. e.g. somebody
 cutting a computer cable to individuals breaking into a school
computer lab and aimlessly smashing computers

Software theft:-
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Another type of computer security risk. Software theft occurs when

someone steals software media, intentionally erases programs or
illegally copies a program.

Software piracy :-

 This is unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted

software.
 Safe guards against software theft.
 License agreement. It is the right to use the software.
 Keep original software boxes and media in a secure location out
of sight.

Information theft :-

This occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information.

If stolen, the loss of information can cause as much damage as
hardware theft and software theft. Safe guards against information
theft. User identification and authentication Encryption: This is the
process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to
prevent unauthorized access. To convert the data to readable form you
Decrypt it

HEALTH CONCERNS OF COMPUTER USE:-

 Asma Parveen

Users are key component in any information system. Thus protecting

users is just as important asprotecting hardware, software and data.
Long-term computer use can lead to health complication. A muscles
Skeletal Disorder (MSD), also called Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI): is any
injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments and joints.
You can prevent this problem by taking frequent breaks during the
computer session to exercise your hands and arms To prevent injury
due to typing, place a wrist rest between the keyboard and the edge of
your desk. c) To prevent injury while using the mouse, place the mouse
almost inches from the edge of your desk.
Computer vision syndrome. You may have a computer vision syndrome
if you have any of these conditions sore, fired, burning, itching or dry
eyes, blue red or double vision, distance blurred vision after prolonged
staying at a display device.
Headache or sore neck, difficulty shifting focus between a display
device and documents, difficulty focusing on the screen image.
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Conclusion
Information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly
transforming the field of education, revolutionizing how we learn and
teach. From interactive learning experiences and tailored instruction to
enhanced access to information and resources, ICT is reshaping
education in countless ways. As we embark on this exciting digital
revolution, let us embrace the potential of ICT to unlock new
opportunities and empower learners of all ages. Together, let's prepare
ourselves and future generations for the challenges and opportunities
that lie ahead.

the landscape of Information and Communication Technology is

continuously evolving, leading to both exciting opportunities and
significant challenges. As we look to the future, it is vital for society to
 Asma Parveen

embrace the benefits of ICT while remaining vigilant about its potential
pitfalls. Stakeholders—including governments, businesses, educators,
and individuals—must work collaboratively to foster an inclusive,
ethical, and secure digital ecosystem. By doing so, we can unlock the
full potential of ICT to enhance our lives, drive economic growth, and
promote social cohesion, ensuring that the digital revolution serves the
greater good of humanity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Abdul, M.,(2014). Measuring Effectiveness and Efficiency of an

Academic Library's Collection and Services of the Central Library,
Allahabad University: Users’ Point of View International Information &
Library Review 46 (1-2), 31- 40.

2. Akhtar H., Kumar,k., & Parul (2009). Use of Internet services by the
users of science and technology libraries in Delhi (India): a survey
report; Library Student Journal 1-14.

3. Aldrich,D.M. Stefanelli,G Library services for the digital future.

Educuase Quarterly (http;//[Link])

4. All India Survey on Higher Education (2013) Government of India

Department of Higher Education New Delhi .
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5. Amy, C., & Jason, M., (2009). Taking Library Instruction into the
Online Classroom: Best Practices for Embedded Librarians, Journal of
Library Administration; 49(2)197-20.