Contents

Course Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Week 1: Module 1 - Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Week 1: Module 2 - Basic Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Week 2: Module 1 - Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Week 2: Module 2 - Discrete Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Week 3: Module 1 - Circular Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Week 3: Module 2 - Continuous Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Week 4: Module 1 - Differential Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Week 4: Module 2 - Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Week 5: Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Week 5: Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 1 - 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Answers for Week 1: Module 1 - Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Answers for Week 1: Module 2 - Basic Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Answers for Week 2: Module 1 - Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Answers for Week 2: Module 2 - Discrete Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Answers for Week 3: Module 1 - Circular Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Answers for Week 3: Module 2 - Continuous Random Variables . . . . . . . . . 56
Answers for Week 4: Module 1 - Differential Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Answers for Week 4: Module 2 - Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Answers for Week 5: Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation . . . . . . . . . 60
Answers for Week 5: Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 1 - 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Week 7: Graph Answers for Weeks 1 - 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Week 8: Exam Formula Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Notes:

• This booklet will gradually grow from week to week as the material from both
modules is added each week.

• all the graphs and diagrams for weeks 1 - 6 appear at the end in ”week 7”

• A formula sheet for use in assignments is given at the end - this is the same as the
one which will be provided in the final exam.

• log(x) is used in this course to mean loge (x) or ln(x)

• A calculator symbol will appear next to questions which require technology

to answer the problem, however most of the questions in this book can be done
without one.
2 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Aims of the course

MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online is a mathematics subject designed for
students who have successfully completed VCE Mathematical Methods 1/2 or equivalent,
but have not passed VCE Mathematical Methods 3/4. This subject is not for credit within
the University of Melbourne, but meets the pre-requisite requirements for entry into the
Bachelor of Science or Commerce.
The course is divided into two modules and depending on your background you may need
to do one or the other, or both. If doing both over the Summer Semester they would need
to be done concurrently. The two modules are:

1. Functions and Calculus - 6 weeks.

2. Probability - 4 weeks.

Students completing both modules will:

• understand fundamental concepts of number systems and counting techniques, and

be able to use logic and set notation;

• understand the fundamental concepts of probability and be able to calculate proba-

bilities for discrete and continuous random variables, including binomial and normal
probabilities;

• understand the concepts of mathematical function, domain, range, and inverse func-
tion;

• be able to apply transformations and the ideas of sum, difference, product, and com-
posite functions to graphing polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric
functions;

• understand the derivative as a limit and use the product, quotient, and chain rules
of differentiation with polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic func-
tions, and apply these techniques to graph sketching and optimization problems;

• understand the process of integration as anti-differentiation and be able to find defi-

nite and indefinite integrals of polynomials, exponential, and trigonometric functions
with application to calculating the area of a region under a curve and between curves.
Course Information 2014 3

Structure of Course
Each week you will have the following in each of the modules:

• Video Lectures - these will be available on the LMS and will usually be approximately
3 - 4 hours split up into a number of different topics. You need to watch these and
take appropriate notes as needed.

• Practice Sheets - these are also available on a topic basis and provide the absolute
minimum number of problems you need to do to practice the techniques shown in
the lectures. Answers to each question are given but only the starred problems have
fully worked video solutions which explain each step.

• Further practice questions - these can be found in this booklet or in any year 12 text
- just make sure to choose similar questions that do not rely on calculators to solve.

• Assignment - You will have an assignment on the week’s work in each module which
will need to be completed and scanned and sent as one pdf to the lecturer to be
marked for feedback on your progress. Do NOT just take photographs of the work
you have done - one single pdf file is required. If you have a tablet you may be able
to write your responses directly on the tablet and save as a pdf and send that. The
assignments combine to make up 24% of your assessment.

• Video Conference Sessions - these will be available for one hour each week and
you will all be invited to attend via your computer, tablet, mobile phone or other
electronic devices if you have some questions to ask about the work that week.

• Examination - at the end of the course you will be required to attend an examina-
tion centre to sit a three hour written examination on the two modules. This will
constitute 76% of your assessment grade.

• Lecturer: Liz Bailey

Room G46, Richard Berry building
Email: ebailey@[Link]
Telephone: 8344 5546

Calculators

A scientific calculator may be needed for some of these exercises, though it is a good
idea not to rely on technology too much. You may use a graphics calculator for
exercises but it is not generally necessary.

No calculators of any sort are allowed in the final exam. Most exercise
questions are written so that they can be done without a calculator.
8 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 1: Module 1 - Algebra

1. Using the binomial theorem expand the following expressions:
(a) (x + y)3 (b) (2x + 1)5
(c) (2x − 1)6 (d) (3x − 2)6
(e) (a + 3b)4 (f) (3a + 5b)4
1 5 1 4
   
(g) 2 + 2 (h) 5x −
x x

2. Simplify by expanding and collecting like terms where possible:

(a) (7x2 − 2x + 5) + (2x2 + 5x − 4) (b) (5y 2 − 2y + 1) − (y 2 − 3y − 7)

(d) 31 − 1 + e − − 13 − 1 + e−1



(c) x − {2x − [−x − (1 − x)]}
√ √ √ √
(e) 3 8 − 2 y + 12 8 − 34 y (f) (x + 8)(x − 2)
(g) (a + 5)2 (h) (x + 2y)2
√
(i) (x2 − 1)(2x) − x2 (2x) (j) 2(t + t)2 − 2t2 .

3. Factorise the following expressions by taking out the greatest common factor:

(a) 4x5 − 12x4 − 6x3 (b) 4x2 y 2 z − 2x5 y 2 + 6x3 y 2 z 2

(c) 7a4 − 42a2 b2 + 49a3 b (d) 12x4 y 3 − 18x3 y 7
3 1
(e) 30b−2 c4 + 18b−3 c (f) 2a 2 b−2 + 5a 2 b3

4. Factorise by grouping or using DOTS:

(a) 6ac + 3bc − 4ad − 2bd (b) 4a2 − b2

(c) 9x2 − 16y 2 (d) 25x2 − 4
(e) 3x2 − 6x + 4x − 8 (f) 12x2 + 8x − 15x − 10

5. Factorise these quadratic trinomial expressions:

(a) x2 + x − 12 (b) x2 − 10x + 24

(c) 2x2 + 7x − 4 (d) x2 − 4x − 32
(e) x2 − 10x − 24 (f) 3x2 − 13x − 10
(g) 6x2 + 11x − 10 (h) 4x2 + 4x − 3

6. Solve these equations using factorisation and the null factor law:

(a) x2 − 3x − 28 = 0 (b) 3x2 − 11x + 6 = 0

(c) 4x2 + 11x − 3 = 0 (d) x2 − 11x + 30 = 0

7. Solve these equations by completing the square:

(a) x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 − 5x + 3 = 0
(c) 1 − 3x − 2x2 = 0 (d) 4x2 − 8x = 1
Week 1 : Module 1 - Algebra 9

8. Solve these equations using the quadratic formula:

(a) x2 + 3x − 2 = 0 (b) 3x2 − x = 1

(c) 2x2 − 3x + 4 = 0 (d) 3 − 5x + 2x2 = 0

9. Polynomial division:

Divide the first polynomial p(x) by the second polynomial d(x). Express your
answer in the form p(x) = q(x)d(x)+r(x) where q(x) is the quotient polynomial,
and r(x) is the remainder polynomial.
(a) p(x) = x3 + x − 5, d(x) = x + 2
(b) p(x) = x4 − 3x3 + 2x2 − 4x + 1, x2 − 2x + 1
(c) p(x) = x4 − 3x2 + 1, d(x) = x2 − x + 3
(d) p(x) = x4 + 3x3 − 3x + 5, d(x) = x + 2
(e) p(x) = 3x3 − 5x2 + 10x − 3, d(x) = 3x + 1
(f) p(x) = 4x4 + 3x3 + 2x + 1, d(x) = x2 + x + 2
(g) p(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 + 5x − 2, d(x) = x3 + 2x − 3
(h) p(x) = 2x4 + 7x3 − 2x2 − 13x + 6, 2x2 + 5x − 3
10. The function f (x) = 2x3 + x2 − 13x + 6 can be written as f (x) = (x − 2)(ax2 +
bx + c).
(a) Use long division to find the values of a, b, and c
(b) Hence factorise f (x) into linear factors.
11. The Remainder Theorem:
For the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 − 4x2 + x − 1, what is the remainder when p(x)
is divided by:

(a) x − 2 (b) x + 1
(c) 2x + 1 (d) 3x − 2

12. The Factor Theorem:

Use the Remainder and Factor Theorems to fully factorise:
(a) p(x) = 2x3 − 5x2 + x + 2
(b) p(x) = x3 + 5x2 − 2x − 24
(c) p(x) = 6x3 + 5x2 − 13x − 12
13. Index laws – evaluation:

(a) Evaluate each expression without using a calculator:

(i) 23 × 22 (ii) 24 × 2−2 (iii) (23 )2
8 × 25 × 37
(iv) 163/2 (v) (64)−2/3 (vi)
9 × 27 × 81
(82 )5
(vii) 12)2
(2
(b) Evaluate each expression:
(−3)4 (−3)5
(i) 4−3 · 45 (ii) (2−1 )3 (iii) 9(9)−1/2 (iv)
(−3)8
10 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

14. Index laws – simplification:

(a) Simplify and express with positive indices

22n × 8n+1
(i) 34n × 92n × 273n (ii)
32n
(16x6 y −2 )−1/4
(iii) (x1/2 y −1/2 )−2 (iv)
x1/2 y −1/2
(b) Simplify each expression:
6a−5
(i) (64x9 )1/3 (ii) (2x3 )(−4x−2 ) (iii)
3a−3
50
(iv) y −3/2 y 5/3 (v) (2x3 y 2 )3 (vi)
(2−3 x−3 y 2 )2
15. Index and Logarithmic Equations:
Solve the following equations for x:

(a) 3x = 27 (b) 5x = 625

(c) 4−x = 1
64 (d) 5x × 252x−1 = 125
(e) 62x = 64 (f) 33x−4 = 35
 x−2
1
(g) (2.1)x+2 = (2.1)5 (h) 8x =
32
(i) log2 x = 3 (j) log3 27 = x
(k) logx 64 = 2 (l) log4 (3x + 4) + log4 16 = 5
 x−5
1
(m) 22x−3 = 32 (n) 23x × 83x+2 =
64
92x−1
(p) 9 32x − 10 (3x ) + 1 = 0


(o) = 81
33x+2 √
(q) (125 × 5x )x = 25x × 5x × 5 (r) 4x+1 + 4−x = 5 (** challenge)
(s) e2x − 3ex + 2 = 0 (t) 2 loge x + loge 6 = loge (7x − 2)

16. Interval notation:

Show each of the following intervals on separate number lines:
(a) (3, 6) (b) (−2, 5] (c) [−1, 4)
 
6 1
(d) − , − (e) (−1, ∞) (f) (−∞, 5].
5 2
Which intervals are open; closed; half-open; infinite?
Write the intervals as sets described in terms of inequalities.

17. Substitution into functions:

Let f be the function defined by f (x) = 5 − 2x
Let g be the function defined by g(x) = 2x2 − 5x + 4
Find values or expressions for:
(a) f (−2), f (0), f (3), f (2a), f (a − 1), f ◦ g(x)
Week 1 : Module 1 - Algebra 11

(b) g(0), g(1), g(−3), g(−a), g(a + 2), g ◦ f (x)

18. Domain and Range:

Consider the quadratic graph shown below:

(a) State the domain of the function in both interval and set notations
(b) Estimate the range of the function from the graph

19. Functions, domain and range:

For the graph of the function f given below:

(a) Estimate the value of f (0).

(b) Estimate the values of x for which
(i) f (x) = 2 and
(ii) f (x) = 0
(c) Estimate the domain of f .
(d) Estimate the range of f .
12 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

20. Composite functions:

Let f be defined by f (x) = 3x − 5 and g by g(x) = 2x2 + 7x − 3. Find :
(a) f (g(3)) (b) g(f (−2)) (c) f (g(x)) (d)g(f (x)).

21. Domains of composite functions: √

Let f be defined by f (x) = x2 − 4 and g by g(x) = 2x − 8.
(a) Find formulae for f (g(x)) and g(f (x)).
(b) What are the largest domains the functions f (x), g(x), f (g(x)), and g(f (x))
are defined on?

22. Slope or gradient of a line:

(a) Find the slope of the line that passes through the given pair of points:
(i) (4, 3) and (5, 8) (ii) (−2, 3) and (4, 8) (iii) (a, b) and (c, d).
(b) Given the equation y = −2x + 3, answer the following questions:
(i) If x increases by 1 unit, what is the corresponding change in y?
(ii) If x decreases by 2 units, what is the corresponding change in y?

23. Equation of a Line:

Find the equation of the line:
(a) that passes through (2, −3) and is parallel to the line y = 3x − 2
(b) that passes through (−1, 2) and is perpendicular to the line 2x − 3y + 5 = 0
24. Gradients from the graph:
Find the slope of the line shown in each of the following figures:
(a)

(b)
Week 1 : Module 1 - Algebra 13

(c) (d)

25. Sketching Linear Graphs:

Sketch each of the following lines and find its equation:
(a) The line through the point (3, −4) with a slope of 2.
(b) The line passing through the two points (1, 2) and (−3, −2).
(c) The line whose y–intercept is −1 and whose slope is −3.
26. Application of Linear Graphs — Taxi fares:
The cost of a taxi ride in Melbourne is given by the function
C = 3.20 + 1.9x
where x is the number of kilometers travelled and C is in dollars.
(a) Draw a graph of this line for a trip of up to 30 kilometers.
(b) What is the cost of a trip from Tullamarine airport to Melbourne university,
a distance of 22 km?
(c) What is the slope of the line and what does it mean?
27. Application of Linear Graphs — Spread of an organism
A certain kind of organism is released over an area of 5 square kilometres. It
grows and spreads over more area. The area covered by the organism after time
t is given by a linear function
A(t) = 1.1t + 5,
where A(t) is the number of square kilometres covered after t years.
(a) Find A(0), A(1), A(4), and A(10)
(b) Draw a graph of the area function over an appropriate domain
28. Graphs of quadratic functions:
For each of the following functions:
(a) f (x) = x2 + x − 12 (b) f (t) = (t − 1)2 − 4
(c) f (a) = −a2 + 4a − 4 (d) f (x) = x2 + 3x + 6
(e) f (p) = 3 + 4p − p2 (f) f (x) = x2 − 9
(i) find any x and y intercepts if they exist.
(ii) find the coordinates of the turning point,
(iii) sketch the graph of the function defined by the equation,
(iv) state the range of the function.
14 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

29. Sketching a Quadratic — completing the square:

For the function y = 3x2 + 6x + 1
(a) State the co-ordinates of the turning point, by completing the square.
(b) State the domain and range.
(c) Sketch the graph.
Week 1 : Module 2 - Basic Probability 15

Week 1: Module 2 - Basic Probability

1. Sets:
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, C =
{1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9}
Represent the sets A, B, and C on a Venn diagram and then find each of the
given sets:
(a) AC (b) B ∪ C (c) C ∪ C C
(d) C ∩ C C (e) (A ∩ C)C (f) A ∪ (B ∩ C)
(g) (A ∩ B) ∪ C (h) (A ∪ B ∪ C)C (i) (A ∩ B ∩ C)C
(j) AC ∩ (B ∩ C C ) (k) (A ∪ B C ) ∪ (B ∩ C C )(l) (A ∪ B)C ∩ C C

2. Intervals:
For U = R, A = (−2, 5], B = (1, ∞), and C = [0, 4], find
(a) A∩B
(b) B∪C
(c) (A ∩ B) ∩ C
(d) B C ∩ (A ∪ C)
(e) (AC ∪ B)C ∩ (B C ∪ C)
Hint - you may find it helpful to look at these sets on a number line
3. Venn Diagram I:
Superburger sells hamburgers with the choice of ketchup, mustard and relish.
One day they sold 256 hamburgers; 140 had mustard, 140 had ketchup, 84 had
ketchup and relish, 62 had mustard but no relish, 68 had ketchup and mustard,
38 had all three condiments and 20 had none. Show this information on a Venn
Diagram and thus find:
(a) the number sold with relish only?
(b) the number sold with no relish?

4. Venn Diagram II — Teacher attitudes:

In a survey of 2140 teachers in a certain metropolitan area, conducted by a
nonprofit organisation regarding teacher attitudes, the following data were ob-
tained:
– 900 said that lack of parental support is a problem (P ).
– 890 said that abused or neglected children are problems (A).
– 680 said that malnutrition or students in poor health is a problem (H).
– 120 said that lack of parental support and abused or neglected children are
problems.
– 110 said that lack of parental support and malnutrition or students in poor
health are problems.
– 140 said that abused or neglected children and malnutrition or students in
poor health are problems.
– 40 said that lack of parental support, abuse or neglect, and malnutrition
or poor health are problems.
Represent this information on a Venn diagram.
16 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

5. Evaluating Combinations and permutations:

Calculate the following

(a) P37 (b) C37 (c) P66

(d) C66 (e) C26 C14 (f) P68 ÷ P24

(g) P1n (h) C2n n

(i) Cn−2

(j) P2n n
(k) Pn−2 (l) Crn ÷ Cn−r
n

6. Arrangement of Books:
(a) In how many ways can nine different books be arranged on a shelf?
(b) In how many ways can 4 different red, 5 different blue and 3 different yellow
books be arranged if books of the same colour have to stay together?

7. Arranging in a Line:
In how many ways can four girls and three boys be arranged in a line so that:
(a) there are no restrictions
(b) the boys are always together.
(c) the boys and girls are in alternate positions

8. Number Plates:
How many different number plates for cars can be made (containing three letters
of the alphabet followed by three digits from 0 to 9) if:
(a) there are no restrictions
(b) no letter and no digit can be repeated

9. Choosing members for Committees:

A four-member executive committee is to be formed from a twelve-member
board of directors. In how many ways can it be formed?

10. Committee with restrictions:

Out of a group of 7 teachers and 5 students a committee of 7 is to be formed.
How many possible committees can be selected if both teachers and students
are to be on the committee, and the teachers are to be in the majority?

11. Book displays:

At a college library exhibition of faculty publications, three mathematics books,
four social science books, and three biology books will be displayed on a shelf.
(Assume that none of the books is the same).
(a) In how many ways can the ten books be arranged on the shelf?
(b) In how many ways can the ten books be arranged on the shelf if books on
the same subject are placed together?
Week 1 : Module 2 - Basic Probability 17

12. Teaching assistantships:

Twelve graduate students have applied for three available teaching assistantships.
In how many ways can the assistantships be awarded among these applicants if
(a) no preference is given to any student?
(b) one particular student must be awarded an assistantship?
(c) the group of applicants includes seven men and five women and it is stip-
ulated that at least one woman must be awarded an assistantship?

13. Rearranging letters:

In how many ways can the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI be arranged?

14. Making ”words”:

How many distinguishable words (arrangements of letters) can be made from
the letters of the word “WaggaWagga”

15. Probability from a Venn Diagram:

In a group of 50 students, 30 study Mathematics, 25 study Physics and 20 study
both Mathematics and Physics. Find the probability that a student chosen at
random studies:
(a) Mathematics but not Physics
(b) Physics but not Mathematics
(c) neither Physics nor Mathematics
note: a Venn Diagram might help
16. Cards:
A card is drawn at random from a standard pack of 52 playing cards, replaced
and then a second card is drawn. Find the probability that:
(a) the first card is an ace and the second is not a heart
(b) both cards are clubs

17. Solving a homework problem:

Three students work independently on a mathematics problem and their re-
spective probabilities of solving it are 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8 — find the probability
that the problem will be solved.

18. Marbles in Jars:

One jar contains 2 red marbles and 4 blue marbles and a second jar contains 4
red marbles and 3 blue marbles. One marble is selected at random from each
jar. Find the probability that exactly one of the chosen marbles is red.

19. Quality control:

A shelf in the Metro Department Store contains 80 coloured ink cartridges for
a popular ink–jet printer. Six of the cartridges are defective. If a customer
selects 2 of these cartridges at random from the shelf, what is the probability
that:
18 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

(a) both are defective?

(b) at least 1 is defective?
20. Quality control:
Electronic baseball games manufactured by Tempco Electronics are shipped
in lots of 24. Before shipping, a quality–control inspector randomly selects a
sample of 8 from each lot for testing. If the sample contains any defective
games, the entire lot is rejected. What is the probability that a lot containing
exactly 2 defective games will still be shipped?
Week 2 : Module 1 - Functions 19

Week 2: Module 1 - Functions

1. Transformations of Quadratic Graphs:
In each of the following, describe the transformations of f (x) = x2 that have
produced g and sketch each pair on one set of axes. You may need to factorise
the equation first.

(a) g(x) = −2(x + 1)2 (b) g(x) = 3x2 + 4

(c) g(x) = 21 (x − 2)2 − 1 (d) g(x) = x2 + 4x + 1

2. Transformations of y = x3 :
Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
(a) On the same set of axes:
(i) f (x) = x3 , (ii) f (x) = 3x3 , (iii) f (x) = −x3 .
(b) On the same set of axes:
(i) f (x) = x3 , (ii) f (x) = (x − 2)3 , (iii) f (x) = (x + 1)3 .
(c) On the same set of axes:
(i) f (x) = x3 , (ii) f (x) = x3 + 1, (iii) f (x) = x3 − 3.
(d) On the same set of axes: (i) f (x) = x3 , (ii) f (x) = 2x3 − 3.
(e) On the same set of axes: (i) f (x) = x3 , (ii) f (x) = (x + 1)3 − 1.
(f) On the same set of axes: (i) f (x) = x3 , (ii) f (x) = (x − 1)3 + 2.

3. More General Cubic Graphs:

In the following graphs you are not expected to find the turning points but
should have the general shape and approximate positions of the x and y inter-
cepts correct. From your knowledge of cubics sketch:
(a) f (x) = (x − 2)((x + 3)(x + 1)
(b) g(x) = 2(x − 1)2 (x + 2)
(c) (h(x) = −x(x − 3)(x + 4)

4. Determining Rules of Quadratic and Cubic Graphs:

Find the rules for the following graphs and express your final answer in fully
expanded form, either y = ax2 + bx + c or y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d.
(a) (b)
20 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

(c) (d)

5. One-to-one functions and inverses:

Are the following functions 1-1 assuming that all have a domain of R? Find
the rule for the inverse if it exists and justify your answer if it does not exist.
(a) f (x) = 3x − 5
(b) g(x) = 5x2 + 3
2x + 1
(c) h(x) =
3x − 1
(d) k(x) = 2(x − 3)3 + 1

6. Restricting Domain and finding Inverse Function:

Let f (x) = −3(x − 2)2 + 3, where x ∈ [a, ∞)
(a) Find the smallest value of a such that f is a one-to-one function.
(b) With this value of a state the range of f .
(c) Find f −1 and state the domain and range of f −1 .
(d) Sketch the graph of f and f −1 on the one set of axes.

7. Finding the Inverse Function:

Show that the function f : R → R, f (x) = 2x3 − 1 is 1-1 (it is an onto
function) and find its inverse f −1 (that is, the rule f −1 (x), its domain and
range (codomain)).

8. Graphs of Exponential Functions:

State the transformations that have occurred to f : R → (0, ∞), f (x) = ex to
form g(x), and then sketch the graph of y = g(x) and state its range. Don’t
forget to find x and y intercepts if they exist and to label any asymptotes with
their equation.
(a) g(x) = 1 − ex (b) g(x) = ex−1 − 2
(c) g(x) = 2e−x + 1 (d) g(x) = 3e2x
Week 2 : Module 1 - Functions 21

9. Graphs of Logarithmic Functions:

State the transformations that have occurred to f : (0, ∞) → R, f (x) = loge x
to form g(x), and then sketch the graph of y = g(x) and state its domain. Don’t
forget to find x and y intercepts if they exist and to label any asymptotes with
their equation.
(a) g(x) = loge (x − 1) + 2 (b) g(x) = 2 loge (−x)
(c) g(x) = loge (3 − x) (d) g(x) = 2 − 3 loge (x + 1)

10. Finding Inverse Exponential and Log Functions:

For each of the following functions (a) — (d):
(i) Find the inverse function f −1 and state its domain and range
(ii) Sketch the graphs of y = f −1 (x) and y = f (x) on the same set of axes
(make sure you have the same scale on both axes and you should also show
the reflection line y = x)
(a) f (x) = 1 − e−x (b) f (x) = 2ex − 3
(c) f (x) = loge (2x) + 1 (d) f (x) = loge (x + 3)
22 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 2: Module 2 - Discrete Random Variables

1. Coin Toss — Conditional Probability:

A fair coin is tossed four times. Given that there is at least one tail, what is
the probability that there are four tails?

2. Box of Chocolates:
Liz was given two boxes of chocolates for her birthday. Box 1 contained 5
walnut and 7 caramel chocolates. Box 2 contained 6 walnut and 12 caramel
chocolates. Liz has had a blackout and so chooses a box at random in the dark
and a single chocolate from that box. Find the probability that:
(a) Liz chooses a walnut chocolate.
(b) given that Liz chose a walnut chocolate, what was the probability that it
came from box 2?

3. General Conditional probabilities:

Let A and B be events in a sample space S such that P (A) = 0.6, P (B) = 0.5,
and P (A ∩ B) = 0.2. Find
(a) P (A|B)
(b) P (B|A)
(c) P (A|B C )
(d) P (B|AC )

4. Two trials:
An experiment consists of two trials. The outcomes of the first trial are A, B,
and C, with probabilities 0.2, 0.5, and 0.3, respectively. The outcomes of the
second trial are E and F , with probabilities 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. Draw a
tree diagram to represent this experiment. Use this diagram to find
(a) P (B)
(b) P (F |B)
(c) P (B ∩ F )
(d) P (F )
(e) Are B and F independent events? — give mathematical reason for your
answer

5. Coloured balls:
Five black balls and three white balls are placed in an urn. Two balls are drawn
in succession without any replacement. Note that a tree diagram may be useful.
(a) What is the probability that the second ball drawn is white?
(b) Given that the second ball drawn is white what is the probability that the
first ball drawn was also white?
Week 2 : Module 2 - Discrete Random Variables 23

6. Gun–control laws:
A poll was conducted among 250 residents of a certain U.S. city regarding
tougher gun – control laws after some recent accidents with guns. The results
of the poll are shown in the table, where
– F indicates the person was in favour of tougher gun control
– A indicates the person was against tougher gun control
– N indicates the person had no opinion about tougher gun control

Own only Own only Own a handgun

a handgun a rifle and a rifle Own neither Total
F 0 12 0 138 150
A 58 5 25 0 88
N 0 0 0 12 12
Total 58 17 25 150 250

If one of the participants in this poll is selected at random, what is the proba-
bility that he or she:
(a) favours tougher gun–control laws?
(b) owns a handgun?
(c) owns a handgun but not a rifle?
(d) favours tougher gun–control laws and does not own a handgun?
(e) owns only a rifle, given that they are against tougher gun controls?

7. Discrete Random Variable I:

A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
P (X = x) 0.1 c 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.05
Find:
(a) the constant c
(b) P (X > 2)
(c) E(X), the mean of X
(d) Var(X), the variance of X
(e) the standard deviation of X
(f) P (2 ≤ X < 5)

8. Discrete Random Variable II:

Given the following probability distribution for the discrete random variable
X:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P (X = x) c 2c 2c 2c + 3c c2 2 2c2 2
5c + c

(a) find the value of c

(b) Evaluate P (X ≤ 3)
(c) If P (X ≥ k) > 0.2, find the maximum value of k
24 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

9. Picking Socks:
John is colour blind and cannot tell green from red. In his draw he has four
green socks and six red socks. Let X represent the number of red socks he
picks. On Monday John randomly picks two socks (without replacement) from
his sock drawer.
(a) Find the probability distribution table for X
(b) Determine the probabilty that John has a matching pair of socks.

10. Insurance premiums:

A man wishes to purchase a 5–year term life insurance policy that will pay the
beneficiary $25,000 in the event that the man’s death occurs during the next 5
years. Using life insurance tables, he determines that the probability that he
will live at least another 5 years is 0.95. What is the minimum amount that he
can expect to pay for his premium? [Hint: the minimum premium occurs when
the insurance company’s expected profit is zero.]

11. Honesty:
A sample of university students was asked if they would return the money if
they found a wallet on the street. Of the 100 women asked, 90 said “yes”, and
of the 75 men, 55 said “yes”. Assume these students are representative of all
university students.
(a) Set this information out in a table, the columns showing ‘honesty’, ie.
whether a student would return the money or not, and the rows showing
‘gender’.
(b) What is the probability that a student is honest given that the student is
a female?
(c) What is the probability that a student is a male given that the student is
honest?
(d) What is the probability that a student is an honest male?
(e) Determine whether the events honesty and female are independent.

12. The Binomial Distribution:

For the random variable X which has a binomial distribution with n = 6 and
p = 0.1, find:
(a) P (X = 0)
(b) P (X = 2)
(c) P (x < 3)

13. Rolling a Die — The Binomial Distribution:

A fair die (numbered 1 to 6) is rolled five times and the number of fours that
occur in the five rolls is noted down. Find the probability of:
(a) only the first roll is a four
(b) exactly one of the five rolls is a four
(c) none of the rolls is a four
you may leave your answers in exact form
Week 2 : Module 2 - Discrete Random Variables 25

14. Multiple Choice Test:

On a test there are four multiple choice questions and each one has five possible
answers. Suppose Jessie guesses the answer to every question at random. Let
X be the number of questions guessed correctly.
(a) What are the parameters (values of n and p) for this Binomial Distribution?
(b) What is the probability that Jessie guesses every question correctly?
(c) If a student needs to get at least 75% for these questions to pass the test,
what is the probability of Jessie passing?

15. Drug side effects:

It is known that the probability of a drug causing side effects in a person in
0.2, what is the probability that at least two of a random sample of 10 people
will experience side effects?

16. Loaded Die:

A loaded die is rolled five times. The probability of getting a 6 on a single roll
is 13 . Let X be the number of 6s in the five rolls
(a) Write down the parameters for the distribution of X
(b) Calculate P (X = 4)
(c) Calculate the probability of at least two 6s
(d) Calculate E(X) and V(X)
26 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 3: Module 1 - Circular Functions

1. Basic Trigonometric Ratios:
For the given right-angled triangle with angles α and β as shown, find:
(a) cos α (b) sin β (c) tan α
(d) cosec α (e) cot β (f) sec β
β
25
7
α
24

2. Exact values:
Use the ‘two important triangles’ to find exact values for:
(a) cos π3 (b) tan π6 (c) sin π4
(d) cosec π6 (e) sec π4 (f) cot π3
(g) cos 2π
3 (h) sin 5π
4 (i) tan(− π3 )
(j) sin 5π
6 (k) tan 3π
4 (l) cos(− π6 )
(m) tan(− 2π
3 ) (n) cos 7π
4 (o) sin 25π
6

3. Solving Trigonometric Equations for x ∈ [0, 2π]:

Solve the following
√ trig equations for x ∈ [0, 2π]:
(a) tan x = − 3 (b) cosec x = 2
√
(c) 2 cos x − 1 = 0 (d) 4 cos x + 2 = 0
√ √
(e) 2 sin 2x + 1 = 0 (f) 4 cos 3x = −2 3

4. Solving Trigonometric Equations for other domains:

Solve the following trig equations for x in the given domain:
(a) 2 sin 2x = −1, x ∈ [−π, π]
(b) sin(3x) − cos(3x) = 0, x ∈ [0, π]
(c) 2 sin2 (2x) − 3 sin(2x) + 1 = 0, x ∈ [−π, 0]
Week 3 : Module 1 - Circular Functions 27

5. Graphs of trigonometric functions:

Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
(a) On the same set of axes:
(i) y = sin x (ii) y = 2 sin x (iii) y = 2 sin x + 1
(b) On the same set of axes:
(i) y = cos x (ii) y = cos 3x (iii) y = −2 cos 3x
(c) On the same set of axes:
(i) y = tan x (ii) y = tan(x + π4 ) (iii) y = tan(x + π4 ) − 3
(d) On the same set of axes:
(ii) y = sin 12 x 1 π



(i) y = sin x (iii) y = sin 2 x+ 3
(e) On the same set of axes:
(i) y = cos x (ii) y = −3 cos 2x (iii) y = −3 cos(2x+π)+
2

6. For the trigonometric equation f (x) = 3 cos(2x) − 1 where x ∈ [0, π]

(a) Describe the transformations of the standard graph that have produced
f (x)
(b) Find the period, amplitude and range of the function
(c) Hence sketch the graph of the functiony = f (x)
make sure you graphl the turning points carefully but
you do not need to find the exact x intercepts

7. For the trigonometric equation f (x) = 2 − sin(x − π6 ) where x ∈ [0, 2π]

(a) Describe the transformations of the standard graph that have produced
f (x)
(b) Find the period, amplitude and range of the function f
(c) Hence sketch the graph of the function y = f (x)
make sure you graph the turning points carefully

8. For the trigonometric equation f (x) = tan 12 x + π

4 where x ∈ [−2π, 2π]
(a) Describe the transformations of the standard graph that have produced
f (x)
(b) Find the period , domain and range of the function f
(c) Hence sketch the graph of the function y = f (x)
make sure you graph and label the asymptotes properly
28 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 3: Module 2 - Continuous Random Variables

1. Markov Chains
Jenny has a really sweet tooth and the chance of her having a chocolate bar
after dinner is 0.8 if she had one the night before. However there is only a
chance of 0.3 of her having a chocolate bar if she didn’t have one the night
before. She has a chocolate bar on Monday night (day zero).
(a) Write down the transition matrix associated with this situation.
(b) Write down the initial state matrix.
(c) What is the probability that she has a chocolate bar on Thursday?
(Use matrices or a tree diagram to answer this question)

2. In the monsoon season a town has tropical storms which can easily give more
than 100 mm of rain daily. If there is such a storm one day then the chance
of another the next day is 0.6 and the chance that it will be fine and sunny is
only 0.1. Given that there was a storm on Sunday find the probability that:
(a) There are storms for the next three days.
(b) There is a storm on Tuesday.
(c) There is at least one storm during the next five days.

3. Pinball Machine A pinball machine has two pins A and B. When the ball strikes
pin A it bounces off the wall and hits pin A again 50% of the time, otherwise
it hits pin B. When the ball strikes pin B it rebounds to hit pin B again only
20% of the time, otherwise it returns to hit pin A. What is the probability that
the ball is at pin B after three bounces if it starts at pin B (on bounce zero)?

4. Continuous Random Variable I:

The probability density function f has the rule
(
0.125, 1≤x≤9
f (x) =
0, x < 1 or x > 9

(a) Sketch the graph of f

(b) By evaluating the area under the curve show that this is a probability
density function
(c) Find P (2 < X < 6) and show this on your graph

5. Continuous Random Variable II:

The probability density function f has the rule

 24
, 3≤x≤6
f (x) = x3
 0, x < 0 or x > 2

(a) By filling in a table of values for x = 3, 4, 5, 6 sketch the graph of f

(b) By evaluating the area under the curve show that this is a probability
density function
(c) Find P (4 < X < 5) and show this on your graph
Week 3 : Module 2 - Continuous Random Variables 29

6. Cumulative Distribution
The continuous random variable X has a cumulative distribution function F
given by:
0 3x < 0



F (x) = 2 3
6x − 8x + 3x 4 0≤x≤1


1 x>1
1
Find the probability that X is smaller than 2

7. Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation

Find the mean, variance and standard deivation for the following probability
density function.
(
4 − 2x 1≤x≤2
f (x) =
0 x < 1 or x > 2

8. Life Expectancy
The life expectancy in hours for a particular brand of light bulbs is a continuous
random variable with a probability density function given by

 1 1
− x 0 ≤ x ≤ 200
f (x) = 100 20000
 0 x < 0 or x > 200

(a) Calculate the average (mean) life expectancy of one of these light bulbs.
(b) Find the probability that a light bulb will last for less than this average
time.

9. Median
Find the median of the continuous random variable with the probability density
function given by 
 3
x≥1
f (x) = x4
 0 x<1
30 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 4: Module 1 - Differential Calculus

1. Intuitive idea of limit from a graph:
For the function g(t) whose graph is

state the value of each of the following limits, if they exist. If they do not exist,
explain why.
(a) lim g(t) (b) lim g(t) (c) lim g(t)
+ t→0
t→0− t→0

(d) lim g(t) (e) lim g(t) (f) lim g(t)

t→2− t→2+ t→2

2. Finding Limit from above and below:

Evaluate lim f (x) and lim f (x), where
x→−1− x→−1+
(
1 − x, x < −1
f (x) = √
2 − x + 1, x ≥ −1

Does the lim f (x) exist? Justify your answer

x→−1
3. Evaluating Limits:
Evaluate the limit, if it exists.
(a) lim x2 − 3x + 5

x2 + x − 6
x→2 (b) lim
x→2 x−2

(x + h)2 − x2 x2 + 7x + 12
(c) lim (d) lim
h→0 h x→−4 x2 + 3x − 4

1
4+ x1 4
(e) lim (f) lim
x→−4 4+x x→3 (x − 3)2

4. Discontinuities:
Find the values of x at which the function

 x + 2, if x < 0
f (x) = ex , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x + 2, if x > 1


is discontinuous. At which of these points is f continuous from the right, from

the left, or neither? Sketch the graph of f .
Week 4 : Module 1 - Differential Calculus 31

5. Continuous Functions:
(a) For what value of the constant c is the function f continuous on R?
( 2
cx + 2x, if x < 2
f (x) =
x3 − cx, if x ≥ 2

(b) For what value of the constant k will f be continuous on R?

9 − x2


 , x 6= −3
f (x) = x+3

x = −3

k,

6. Differentiability:
Find the derivative of the folllowing functions from first principles.
1
(a) f (x) = 4x2 + 2x − 1 (b) g(x) =
x2
4
(c) (d) x3 − 3x + 5
t+1
7. Derivatives of polynomials:
Find the derivative of the following functions using the rules of differentiation:
(a) f (x) = −3 (b) f (x) = x5 (c) f (x) = x21
(d) f (x) = 3x2 (e) f (r) = πr2 (f) f (x) = 9x1/3
√
(g) f (x) = 3 x (h) f (x) = 7x−12 (i) f (x) = 5x2 − 3x + 7
3 √
3 7
(j) f (x) = −x3 + 2x2 − 6 (k) f (x) = 4x 2 + x5 (l) f (x) =
x
8. Derivatives of exponentials and logs:
Find the derivative of the following functions using the rules of differentiation:
(a) f (x) = 0.2x3 − 0.05x2 + x (b) f (x) = 3ex
x
(c) f (x) = e2x + x (d) f (x) = 2e 3 − x2
(e) f (x) = 4 log x (f) f (x) = x8 − 3 log x

9. Derivatives of trigonometric functions:

Find the derivative of the following functions using the rules of differentiation:
(a) f (x) = sin 2x + cos x3 (b) f (x) = 5 tan 3x
(c) f (x) = ex + x − 2 sin 4x (d) f (x) = 6 cos x + log x2 − 3 tan x
32 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

10. Product Rule:

Find the derivative of the following functions using the product rule:
(a) f (x) = 2x(x2 + 1) (b) f (t) = (t − 1)(2t + 1)
(c) f (x) = (3x + 1)(x2 − 2) (d) f (x) = (x3 − 1)(x + 1)
√
(e) f (w) = (w3 − w2 + w − 1)(w2 + 2) (f) f (x) = (5x2 + 1)(2 x − 1)
 
2 2
(g) f (x) = (x − 5x + 2) x − (h) f (x) = x3 ex
x
(i) f (x) = x2 log x (j) f (x) = ex log x
(k) f (x) = sin x cos x (l) f (x) = tan x log x
(m) f (x) = ex cos x (n) f (x) = (x3 − 2x2 − x + 5) tan x

11. Quotient Rule:

Find the derivative of the following functions using the quotient rule:
x−1 1
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = 2
2x + 1 x +1
2 √
s −4 x
(c) f (s) = (d) f (x) = 2
s+1 x +1
x2 + 2 u2
(e) f (x) = (f) f (u) =
x2 + x + 1 eu
2ex x
(g) f (x) = (h) f (x) =
x ex
log x 3 log x
(i) f (x) = (j) f (x) =
x x2
2 log x t
(k) f (x) = (l) f (t) =
x log t
cos x log x
(m) f (x) = (n) f (x) =
sin x tan x
4 tan v
(o) f (v) =
2 sin v − cos v
Week 4 : Module 1 - Differential Calculus 33

12. Composite Functions - The Chain Rule:

Find the derivative of the following functions using the chain rule:
(a) f (x) = (2x − 1)4 (b) f (x) = (x2 + 2)5
(c) f (x) = (2x − x2 )3 (d) f (x) = (2x + 1)−2
√
(e) f (x) = (x2 − 4)3/2 (f) f (x) = 3x − 2
√
3 1
(g) f (x) = 1 − x2 (h) f (x) =
(2x + 3)3
1
(i) f (t) = √ (j) f (x) = (3x2 + 2x + 1)−2
2t − 3
(k) f (x) = 2e3x−1 (l) f (x) = e−x
2
(m) f (x) = e−x (n) f (x) = (ex + 1)25
(o) sin(log 2x) (p) f (x) = (x − 1)e3x+2
(q) f (x) = log(2x + 1) (r) f (x) = log(4x2 − 6x + 3)
(s) f (u) = log(u − 2)3 (t) f (x) = log(x3 + 1)
(u) f (z) = sin(cos z) (v) f (y) = tan(log y)
(w) f (t) = sin2 (et ) (x) f (x) = (12 tan 2x − 3 cos 5x)5

13. Mixed Differentiation Problems:

Find the derivative of the following functions using the product, quotient and/or
chain rules:
√ √
(a) y = x2 + 4 (b) y = (x2 + 1) 2x − 1
2x3
(c) y = √ (d) y = loge (cos2 2x)
x
2 loge x
(e) y = (f) y = esin 2x
x
(g) y = e−x (x2 + 3) (h) y = sin2 (2x + 1)
(i) y = (2x − 3)5 (3x + 1)2 (j) (2x3 − 5)4 (3x + 2)3
34 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 4: Module 2 - Normal Distribution

1. Normal Distribution — using the 68-95-99.7 Rule

The graph below shows a normal distribution.

(a) What is its mean and standard deviation?

(b) Find P (X > 135)
(c) Find P (90 < X < 120)
(d) Find P (X < 90)

2. Blood Pressure:
The distribution of systolic blood pressures among a group of students of similar
ages is normally distributed with a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of
10. Find the percentage of students who have a systolic blood pressure:
(a) less than 130 (b) between 100 and 140
(c) between 90 and 140 (d) greater than 120

3. Standard normal probabilities:

d
The standard normal variable Z = N(0, 1). Make a sketch of the area under
the standard normal curve corresponding to the following probabilities and use
symmetry and the table to find the value of the probability:
(a) Pr(Z < 1.45) (b) Pr(Z < 1.37)
(c) Pr(Z < −1.75) (d) Pr(Z < −0.65)
(e) Pr(Z > 2.24) (f) Pr(Z > −1.25)
(g) Pr(−1.32 < Z < 1.74) (h) Pr(0.68 < Z < 2.02)

4. General Normal probabilities:

(a) Suppose X is a normal random variable with µ = 380 and σ = 20. Use
symmetry and the probability table to find:
(i) Pr(X < 405) (ii) Pr(400 < X < 430) (iii) Pr(X > 400)
(b) Suppose X is a normal random variable with µ = 50 and σ = 5. Find:
(i) Pr(X < 60) (ii) Pr(X > 43) (iii) Pr(46 < X < 58)
Week 4 : Module 2 - Normal Distribution 35

5. Relationship between General and Standardised Normal Distributions:

The random variable W has a normal distribution with a mean of 18 and a
standard deviation of 4. Let Z be the standard normal random variable. It
may help you to draw a bell curve to work out these problems.
(a) Find the value of a such that P (W < a) = P (Z < 2)
(b) Find the value of b such that P (W < 14) = P (W > b)
(c) Find the value of c such that P r(W > 24) = P r(Z > c)
(d) Find the value of d such that P r(W < 28) = P r(Z > d)

6. Normal Distribution Example:

If the heights of a breed of dog (X) are normally distributed with a mean of 80
cm and a standard deviation of 5 cm then find:
(a) P (X ≤ 83)
(b) P (70 < X < 83)
(c) P (X > 70|X < 83)
7. Medical records:
The medical records of infants delivered at the Kaiser Memorial Hospital show
that the infants’ lengths at birth (in inches) are normally distributed with a
mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 2.6. Find the probability that an infant
selected at random from among those delivered at the hospital measures:
(a) more than 22 inches
(b) less than 18 inches
(c) Between 19 and 21 inches.
8. Inverse standard normal probabilities:
Let Z be the standard normal variable. Use the Probability table to find the
value of z if z satisfies:
(a) Pr(Z < z) = 0.8907 (b) Pr(Z < z) = 0.2090
(c) Pr(Z > z) = 0.9678 (d) Pr(−z < Z < z) = 0.8354

9. IQ’s:
The IQ’s of students at the Wilson Elementary School were measured and found
to be normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
What is the probability that a randomly selected student will have:
(a) an IQ of 140 or higher (b) an IQ of 120 or higher
(c) an IQ between 100 and 120 (d) an IQ of 90 or less
(e) What is the lowest IQ of the top 4% of students?
10. Female factory workers’ wages:
According to data released by the Chamber of Commerce of a certain city, the
weekly wages of female factory workers are normally distributed with a mean
of $475 and a standard deviation of $50.
(a) Find the probability that a female factory worker selected at random from
the city makes a weekly wage of between $450 and $550.
(b) 10% of the workers earn more than a certain wage. Find that wage (to the
nearest dollar).
36 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

11. Grade distributions:

The scores on a sociology examination are normally distributed with a mean of
70 and a standard deviation of 10. If the instructor assigns:
(a) A’s to the top 15%
(b) B’s to the next 25%
(c) C’s to the next 40%
(d) D’s to the next 15%
(e) and F’s to the bottom 5% of the class
find the cutoff points, as a whole number, for these grades.
12. Biscuit packets:
The weight of biscuit packets (Y ) is normally distributed with a mean of 400g
and a standard deviation of 20g. If the packets are labelled as 360g then buyers
will complain if they find the weight is less than the marked weight.

(a) What percentage of buyers will complain that they didn’t get enough bis-
cuits in their packets?
(b) There are prizes in the heaviest 5% of packets. What weight does your
packet have to be for you to win a prize?

13. Trout:
The weights of trout (fish) in a pool at a trout farm are normally distributed
with mean 4.0 kg and standard deviation 0.5 kg
(a) Find the probability that a trout selected at random from the pool weighs
less than 3.25 kg
(b) Masterchef requires trout that weigh between 3.25 kg and 4.25 kg for one
of its challenges. Find the percentage of trout in the pool that would be
suitable for Masterchef.
Week 5 : Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation 37

Week 5: Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation

1. Applications I — Stationary points and graph drawing:

Find the stationary points, if any, of each of the following functions, and sketch
the graph of the function:
(a) f (x) = x2 + 3x + 8
(b) f (t) = −t2 + 6t + 6
1
(c) f (t) = t2 − 2t + 4
2
(d) F (x) = x3 − 2x2 − 11x + 12
A calculator will be needed to find the turning points for (d)

2. For the function with equation y = 2x3 + x2 − 4x + d

(a) For what value of d does the graph pass through (−1, 0)? Use this value
in all subsequent parts of the question.
(b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points
(c) Find the other x and y intercepts
(d) Use the information above to sketch the graph of y over the domain (−1.5, 2]
(e) State the local and global maximum and minimum points

3. Increasing and Decreasing Functions:

Let f : R → R, where f (x) = (x + 1)2 − 3 and g : R → R, where g(x) =
12 + 24x − 2x3

(a) Find the values of x for which the graph of y = f (x) is decreasing
(b) Find the values of x for which the graph of y = g(x) is increasing

4. Applications II — Equations of Tangents and Normals:

(a) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = (x − 1)3 + 3 at the point
where x = 2
√
(b) Find the equation of the normal to the curve f (x) = x + 2 at the point
where x = −1
(c) Find the equation of the tangents to the curve y = x2 − 7x − 8 at the points
where the curve crosses the x axis
(d) Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve f (x) = x 1 at
the point where x = −2
1
(e) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = (2x + 1) 3 at the y
intercept
38 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

5. Applications III — Optimisation Problems:

The average cost (in dollars) of repairing items in a jewellery shop is given by:

500
C= + 2x2
x
where x is the number of items the customer takes in to be repaired.
What is the value of x that gives the smallest average cost and what is this cost?

6. Bacterial colony:
The number of organisms, N , present in a colony of bacteria at time t minutes
is given by
N (t) = t3 + 60t2 − 1500t + 35 000, 0 ≤ t < ∞.

(a) How many organisms are present in the colony initially?

(b) When is the number of organisms lowest?
(c) What is the smallest number of organisms present in the colony?

7. Fencing Problem:
A farmer wants to fence off a rectangular paddock using a straight canal as one
of the sides. No fence is required along the canal. Fencing material costs $20
per metre and the farmer spends $2400 on materials.
(a) How many metres of fencing material has the farmer bought?
(b) Find the dimensions of the paddock with the largest area that the farmer
can fence with this material?
(c) What is the largest area?

8. Number problem
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 4 and such that the sum of the cube
of the first and the square of the second is as small as possible.

9. Area problem:
Suppose you had 102 m of fencing to make two side-by-side enclosures as shown.
What is the maximum area that you could enclose?

10. Tank Surface area problem:

A tank with a rectangular base and rectangular sides is open at the top. It is to
be constructed so that its width is 4 meters and its volume is 36 cubic meters.
If building the tank costs 10/sq.m.f orthebaseand5/sq. m. for the sides, what
is the cost of the least expensive tank, and what are its dimensions?
Week 5 : Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation 39

11. Largest Area under a curve:

The following graph shows the function y = 12 − x2 with a general rectangle
drawn with its base along the x axis

x x

(a) What is the length of the base of the rectangle in terms of x?

(b) Given that the upper vertices of the rectangle touch the curve, what is the
height of the rectangle in terms of x?

(c) Write down an expression for the Area of the rectangle in terms of x

(d) Use calculus to find the dimensions (length, width and area) of the rectangle
with the maximum area that will fit under this curve.

12. Oxygen content of a pond:

When organic waste is dumped into a pond, the oxidation process that takes
place reduces the pond’s oxygen content. However, given time, nature will
restore the oxygen content to its natural level. Suppose the oxygen content, as
a percentage of its normal level, t days after organic waste has been dumped
into the pond is given by

t2 − 4t + 4
 
f (t) = 100 , 0 ≤ t < ∞.
t2 + 4

(a) When is the level of oxygen content zero?

(b) When is the rate of oxygen regeneration greatest?
hint: you will need to find when f 0 (t) is a maximum

13. Applications IV — Rates of Change:

A study prepared for a Sunbelt town’s chamber of commerce projected that the
town’s population in the next 3 years will grow according to the rule

P (t) = 30t3/2 + 20t,

where P (t) denotes the increase in population t months from now.

How quickly will the population be increasing in
(a) 9 months
(b) 16 months?
40 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

14. Concentration of carbon monoxide in the air:

According to a joint study conducted by Oxnard’s Environmental Manage-
ment Department and a state government agency, the concentration of carbon
monoxide in the air due to automobile exhaust t years from now is given by

C(t) = 1.01(0.2t2 + 4t + 64)2/3

parts per million.
(a) Find the rate at which the level of carbon monoxide is changing with respect
to time.

(b) Find the rate at which the level of carbon monoxide will be changing 5
years from now.

15. Blood pressure and age A research group using hospital records developed the
following approximate mathematical model relating systolic blood pressure and
age:
P (x) = 40 + 25 log(x + 1) 0 ≤ x ≤ 65,
where P (x) is pressure measured in millimetres of mercury and x is age mea-
sured in years.
What is the blood pressure and how fast is it changing at the end of :

(a) 10 years?
(b) 30 years?
(c) 60 years?

16. Blood alcohol level:

The percentage of alcohol in a person’s bloodstream t hours after drinking 8
fluid ounces of whiskey is given by
A(t) = 0.23te−0.4t (0 ≤ t ≤ 12).
(a) What is the percentage of alcohol in a person’s bloodstream after 1/2 an
hour? After 8 hours?
(b) How fast is the percentage of alcohol in a person’s bloodstream changing
after 1/2 an hour? After 8 hours?
(c) Find when the percentage of alcohol in a person’s bloodstream is greatest
and what that maximum percentage is.
(d) State the intervals where the function A(t) is increasing and the intervals
where it is decreasing. Interpret your results.

17. Ladder Problem:

A 15 m ladder is resting against the wall. The bottom is initially 10 m away
from the wall and is being pushed towards the wall at a rate of m/sec. How fast
is the top of the ladder moving up the wall 12 seconds after we start pushing?

18. Circular area problem:

When a circular metal disc is heated over a fire its radius increases at the rate
of 15 cm/sec. At what rate is the disc’s area increasing when the radius is 50
cm?
Week 5 : Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation 41

19. Cone problem:

A water tank in the shape of a right circular cone has a height of 10 m. The
top rim of the tank is a circle with a radius of 4 m. If water is being pumped
into the tank at the rate of 2 m3 per minute, what is the rate of change of the
water depth, in m per minute, when the depth is 5 m?

20. Triangle problem: Two students Tim and Sarah are walking on straight roads
that meet at right angles. Tim moves North at 2 m/sec and Sarah moves East
at 1 m/sec. At what rate is the angle between the two students and the East-
West road changing when Tim is 10 m from the intersection and Sarah is 20 m
from the intersection? Express your answer in radians per second.
Sarah
θ
Tim
42 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 5: Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 1 - 3

1. Divide the polynomial p(x) = 2x3 −3x2 +6x−2 by the polynomial d(x) = x+2.

2. Simplify the following expression, writing the final answer with only positive
indices
3
3a−2 b4 12a−4 b9

×
2a6 b−2 (3a2 b)2

3. Expand (x2 − 2)4 using the Binomial theorem

4. For the function f (x) = 3x2 + 7x − 6,

(a) Factorise f (x) and hence find the x intercepts of the graph of y = f (x)
(b) Find the turning point of the function, by either using the formula or by
completing the square
(c) Using the above information (and the y intercept) sketch the graph of
y = f (x)

5. For the function f : R → R where f (x) = ex − 3,

(a) Explain why f does not have an inverse function?
(b) How can you change the domain or codomain of f so that an inverse func-
tion does exist? (Call your new function f ∗ )
(c) Find the inverse of your new function and state its domain and range
(d) Sketch both f ∗ and f ∗−1 on the same set of axes

6. Solve the following trigonometric equations for exact values of x in the domain
shown:
(a) sinx + 1 = 0 , x ∈ [−2π, 2π)
π
√
(b) tan(x − 6 ) = − 3, x ∈ [0, 2π]
2
(c) 2 cos x − 3 cos x + 1 = 0, x ∈ [0, 2π]

7. For the trigonometric equation y = 3 cos(2x) − 1 where x ∈ [0, π]

(a) Find the period, amplitude and range of the function
(b) Hence sketch the graph of the function
make sure you label the turning points carefully but
you do not need to find the exact intercepts or endpoints

8. Solve the following exponential and logarithmic equations for x

(a) loge x + loge (3x − 2) = 0

3x
(b) 21 × 163x+4 = 321
Week 5 : Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 1 - 3 43

9. Find the stationary points, if any, of each of the following functions, and sketch
the graph of the function:
(a) f (x) = x2 − 4x
(b) g(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 4

10. For the function f : (−1, 2] → R, f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1

(a) Find the co-ordinates of the x and y intercepts
(b) Use calculus to find the co-ordinates of any turning points
(c) Hence sketch the graph of the function over the given domain
(d) State the local and global maximums and minimums for this function
(e) State the domain and range of f (x)

11. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = (x2 − 1)2 at
the point where x = 12

12. Lynbrook West, an apartment complex, has 100 two-bedroom units. The
monthly profit, $P , realized from renting out x apartments is given

P (x) = −10x2 + 1760x − 50, 000.

How many units would be rented out in order to maximize the monthly rental
profit? What is the maximum monthly profit that can be made?

13. Two positive quantities p and q vary in such a way that p3 q = 9. Another
quantity x is defined as x = 16p + 3q. Find the values of p and q which make
x a minimum.

14. A yeast culture at room temperature (68◦ C) is placed in a refrigerator main-

taining a constant temperature of 38◦ C. After t hours, the temperature, T , of
the culture is given approximately by

T (t) = 30e−0.58t + 38, where t ≥ 0.

What is the rate of change of the temperature of the culture at the end of :

(a) 1 hour?
(b) 4 hours?

15. Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon at a rate of 5 cm3 /min. Determine
the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing when the diameter of
the balloon is 20 cm.

16. A small cylindrical tank is filled with water. The tank stands upright and has
a radius of 20 cm. How fast does the height of water in the tank drop when
the water is being drained at 25 cm3 /sec?
44 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

17. In how many ways can a committee of four students be formed from a group
of 6 first year, 5 second year and 4 third year students if:
(a) There are no restrictions, as all members are eligible?
(b) The committee must have at least one student from each year level?

18. A goup of 62 members at the gym can attend various exercise classes:

– 34 attend the zumba class

– 26 attend the yoga class
– 40 attend the swimming class
– 12 attend both the zumba and yoga classes
– 15 attend both the yoga and swimming classes
– 18 attend both the zumba and swimming classes
– 2 attend all three classes

(a) Draw a Venn Diagram showing all this information

(b) How many members attend only the zumba class?

(c) What is the probability that a random member of the gym will attend at
least two classes?

(d) Given that Jerry attends the zumba class, what is the probability that she
also attends the yoga class?

19. A drug company is trialling a new drug and they know that 80% of patients will
improve on this new medication. A group of 5 patients is selected at random
to study their reactions:
(a) Why can we use the binomial distribution for this situation?
(b) Write down the parameters for this distribution - explain what X is count-
ing in your distribution, as well as the values of n and p
(c) What is the probability that all of the five patients in the group will improve
on this medication?
(d) What is the probability that at least one patient will show improvement?
(e) What is the expected number of patients who show improvement?
(f) Find the variance of the number of patients who show improvement.
Week 5 : Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 1 - 3 45

20. (a) The random variable X has a normal distribution with a mean of 12 and
a standard deviation of 3. Let Z be the standard normal random variable.
(i) Find the value of a such that P(X > 18)=P(X < a)
(ii) Find the value of b such that Pr(X < 9)=Pr(Z > b)

(b) The heights of the children in a queue for an amusement park ride are
normally distributed with a mean of 130 cm and a standard deviation of
4 cm. Use the standard normal distribution table provided on the formula
sheet to find:
(i) the probability that a child is shorter than 134 cm
(ii) the probability that a child’s height is between 122 and 134 cm
(iii) the height of a child who is in the tallest 12% of children

21. A discrete random variable Y has a probability distribution given by the fol-
lowing table:

y 1 2 3 4 5

c
Pr(Y = y) c 0.2 0.1 0.25
2

(a) Find the value of c

(b) Find P (Y > 3)
(c) Find P (Y < 5|Y > 3)
(d) Find E(X)
(e) Find V(X)

22. A company makes a brand of dishwashing liquid – call it brand A. They hire
a market research firm to decide if they can improve their market share with
a good sales campaign. By the use of test marketing and surveys they predict
that:
– 80% of people already using brand A will buy it again when they run out
of dishwashing liquid
– 60% of people using a different brand will switch to brand A when they
run out of dishwashing liquid (because of the campaign)
Assuming that everyone buys a bottle of dishwashing liquid each month calcu-
late the following:
(a) the probability that Molly will buy brand A in March if we know that she
is currently (in January) not using brand A.
(b) the company’s market share for February and March if we know that they
have 30% of the market in January.
46 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 6: Module 1 - Integral Calculus

1. Antiderivatives
dy
If each of the following represents , find its antiderivative, y:
dx
dy dy
(a) =6 (b) = x3
dx dx
dy dy
(c) = x−4 (d) = x2/3
dx dx
dy dy 2
(e) = x−5/4 (f) = 2
dx dx x
dy 1 dy √
(g) = 5 (h) =π x
dx 3x dx
dy dy
(i) = 3 − 2x (j) = x2 + x + x−3
dx dx
dy dy
(k) = 4ex (l) = 1 + x + ex
dx dx
dy 2 dy
(m) = 4x3 − 2 − 1 (n) = x5/2 + 2x3/2 − x
dx x dx
dy √ 3 dy
(o) = x+ √ (p) = x2 (1 − x2 + x4 )
dx x dx
dy dy
(q) = (2x + 1)(x − 2) (r) = x−2 (x6 − 2x3 + 1)
dx dx
dy dy
(s) = sin x (t) = sec2 3x
dx dx
dy
(u) = 2 cos 5x − 3 sin 2x
dx
2. Indefinite
Z integrals Find each of the following:
Z
2
(a) u du (b) (1 − y 3 )dy
√ √
Z Z
(c) (4x − 3)dx (d) (3 x − 2 3 x)dx
Z Z
−2y
(e) 3e dy (f) 2 sin θdθ
Z Z x
(g) cos(10φ)dφ (h) −2 sec2 dx
5
Z Z
3
(i) (2x−1 + 3x−2 − 4x−3 )dx (j) q − 2 dq
Z Z
5
(k) dy (l) (2x − 1)2 dx
2y
Z Z
w+1
(m) dw (n) (2e−3z + 5 sin 2z)dz
w
Z Z √
3
(o) 1 da (p) b b3 db
Z 2a 3
Z
(q) (2y − 1)(3y + 2)dy (r) (2 cos 3θ + 3 sin 5θ)dθ
Z   Z
60 21
(s) √ −√ 4
dt (t) x−2 (x6 − 2x3 − x−1 )dx
t t
Week 6 : Module 1 - Integral Calculus 47

3. Initial value problems:

Find f (x) by solving the initial value problem:
(a) f 0 (x) = 2x + 1; f (1) = 3 (b) f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 4x − 1; f (2) = 9
1 x+1
(c) f 0 (x) = 1 + 2 ; f (1) = 2 (d) f 0 (x) = ; f (1) = 1
x x
4. IVP — Revenue function
The management of the Lorimar Watch Company has determined that the
daily marginal revenue function associated with producing and selling their
travel clocks is given by

R0 (x) = −0.009x + 12,

where x denotes the number of units produced and sold , and R0 is measured
in dollars per unit.
Determine the revenue function R(x) associated with producing and selling
these clocks.

5. IVP — Pollution:
An oil tanker aground on a reef is losing oil and producing an oil slick that is
radiating outward at a rate given approximately by
60
R0 (t) = √ , t ≥ 0,
t
where R is the radius in metres of the circular slick after t minutes. Find the
radius of the slick after 16 minutes if the radius is 0 when t = 0.

6. Approximating Areas under curves with rectangles:

Approximate the areas under the following curves (sketching a graph will help):
(a) y = x(2 − x) between x = 0 and x = 2 using 4 rectangles and the left hand
estimate
(b) y = 2x between x = 0 and x = 3 using 3 rectangles and the right hand
estimate
(c) y = 12 x3 between x = 1 and x = 4 using 3 rectangles and the left hand
estimate
7. Evaluating Definite integrals:
FindZeach of the following:
3 Z 3
(a) e−x dx (b) (1 − y 3 )dy
1 −3
π
Z
2
Zπ
(c) sin udu (d) cos 2xdx
π
3
0
π
Z 2 Z
12
2
(e) (y − 1)dy (f) sec2 3zdz
−1 0
Z5 Z x
1
(g) da (h) (1 + u4 )du
7 a 0
Z 1 √
Z 2
(i) (x2 − x)dx (j) (4 − 3q)2 dq
0 −1
48 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

π
Z Z e
8
2 1
(k) 3 sec 2zdz (l) dx
− π8 1 x
Z 9 Z 9 √
3 1+ x
(m) 2b− 2 db (n) √ dx
1 4 x
Z 1 √
√
Z log 5  
x
1
(o) e +√ dx (p) b b3 db
1 ex 4
Z log 3 Z π
3
(q) (2ey − 1)(3ey + 2)dy (r) (2 cos 3θ + 3 sin 2θ)dθ
π
log 2 6
Z 81   Z 3
60 21
(s) √ −√
4
dt (t) x−2 (x6 − 2x3 − x−1 )dx
1 t t 2

8. Areas under and between curves:

Sketch the following regions and find their areas.
(a) The region between the curve y = x2 + 2x + 3, the x-axis, and the vertical
lines x = 1 and x = 3.
(b) The region between the curve y = x 1 , the x-axis, and the vertical lines
x = 2 and x = 10.
(c) The region between the curve y = 3 sin 2x, the x-axis, and the vertical lines
x = 0 and x = 2π.
(d) The region between the curve y = −e−x , the x-axis, and the vertical lines
x = −3 and x = 3.
(e) The region between the curve y = x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6, the x-axis, and the
vertical lines x = 0 and x = 4. (Hint: factorize the expression for the
curve.)
(f) The region between the curves y = x3 + 1 and y = e−x , and the vertical
lines x = 1 and x = 4.
(g) The region between the curves y = −x2 + 1 and y = x2 − 1.
(h) The region between the curves y = x3 and y = 4x.
(i) The region between the curves y = cos x and y = sin 2x, and the vertical
line x = 0.
9. Properties of
Z the Definite Integral:
5
Given that f (x)dx = −3 evaluate the following:
Z 5 1 Z 5
(a) 4f (x)dx (b) (f (x) − 2)dx
1 1
Z 1 Z 5
(c) 2f (x)dx (d) (3x − f (x))dx
5 1

10. Integration by Inspection:

Differentiate the first function and hence find an expression for the given inte-
gral:
x3
Z   Z  
4 3 5 2 3 4
(a) loge (3x − 5) , dx (b) (2x + 7) , 3x (2x + 7) dx
3x4 − 5
Z 1 
x
(c) loge (4x2 + 1), dx
0 4x2 + 1
Week 6 : Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 4 - 6 49

Week 6: Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 4 - 6

1. Calculate the following limits, if they exist
(a) lim (3x + x)
x→2
 2 
2x + 5x − 3
(b) lim
x→−3 2x2 + 3x − 9

2. Evaluate lim f (x) and lim f (x), where

x→2− x→2+
(
x2 − 4, x<2
f (x) = √
1 + x − 2, x ≥ 2

Does the lim f (x) exist? Justify your answer

x→2

3. Find, from first principles, the derivative of

1
f (x) =
x+1

4. Find the derivative of the following functions using the rules of differentiation:
1
(a) f (x) = x15 (b) f (x) = 12x 4
(c) f (x) = 7x−4 (d) f (x) = 3e2x
(e) f (x) = 2e−x − x2 + 3x − 1 (f) f (x) = 4 loge x + 2 sin 3x
x
(g) f (x) = 4 cos
3
5. Find the following derivatives using the Product, Quotient and Chain Rules:
(a) f (x) = −7e3−4x (b) f (x) = e4x (4x2 − 7)
(c) f (x) = 3 sin(x2 ) (d) f (x) = 3x3 − loge (2x2 + 9x)
x2
(e) f (x) = cos 7x loge 7x (f) f (x) = √
4x − 1
50 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Answers for Week 1: Module 1 - Algebra

1. (a) x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
(b) 32x5 + 80x4 + 80x3 + 40x2 + 10x + 1
(c) 64x6 − 192x5 + 240x4 − 160x3 + 60x2 − 12x + 1
(d) 729x6 − 2916x5 + 4860x4 − 4320x3 + 2160x2 − 576x + 64
(e) a4 + 12a3 b + 54a2 b2 + 108ab3 + 81b4
(f) 81a4 + 540a3 b + 1350a2 b2 + 1500ab3 + 625b4
80 80 40 10 1
(g) 32 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10
x x x x x
20 1
(h) 625x4 − 500x2 + 125 − 2 + 4
x x
2
2. (a) 9x + 3x + 1 (b) 4y 2 + y + 8
3e2 + 2e − 3
(c) −x − 1 (d)
3e
√ 11 √
(e) 7 2 − y (f) x2 + 6x − 16
4
(g) a2 + 10a + 25 (h) x2 + 4xy + 4y 2
√
(i) −2x (j) 4t t + 2t

3 2
3. (a) 2x (2x − 6x − 3) (b) 2x2 y 2 (2z − x3 + 3xz 2 )
(c) 7a2 (a2 − 6b2 + 7ab) (d) 6x3 y 3 (2x − 3y 4 )
1
(e) 6b−3 c(5bc3 + 3) (f) a 2 b−2 (2a + 5b5 )

4. (a) (2a + b)(3c − 2d) (b) (2a + b)(2a − b)

(c) (3x + 4y)(3x − 4y) (d) (5x + 2)(5x − 2)
(e) (3x + 4)(x − 2) (f) (4x − 5)(3x + 2)

5. (a) (x + 4)(x − 3) (b) (x − 4)(x − 6)

(c) (x + 4)(2x − 1) (d) (x − 8)(x + 4)
(e) (x + 2)(x − 12) (f) (3x + 2)(x − 5)
(g) (3x − 2)(2x + 5) (h) (2x − 1)(2x + 3)

2
6. (a) x = 7, −4 (b) x = ,3
3
1
(c) x = , −3 (d) x = 5, 6
4
√
√ 5 13
7. (a) x = −3 ± 7 (b) x= ±
√ 2 √2
3 17 5
(c) x = − ± (d) x=1±
4 4 2
√ √
−3 ± 17 1 ± 13
8. (a) x = (b) x=
2 6
3
(c) No real solutions (d) x = 1,
2
Answers for Week 1 51

9. (a) p(x) = (x2 − 2x + 5)(x + 2) − 15

(b) p(x) = (x2 − x − 1)(x2 − 2x + 1) − 5x + 2
(c) p(x) = (x2 + x − 5)(x2 − x + 3) + 16 − 8x
(d) p(x) = (x3 + x2 − 2x + 1)(x + 2) + 3
(e) p(x) = (x2 − 2x + 4)(3x + 1) − 7
(f) p(x) = (4x2 − x − 7)(x2 + x + 2) + 11x + 15
(g) p(x) = 2(x3 + 2x − 3) − 3x2 + x + 4
(h) p(x) = (x2 + x − 2)(2x2 + 5x − 3)

10. (a) a = 2, b = 5, c = −3
(b) (x − 2)(x + 3)(2x − 1)

11. (a) p(2) = 1 (b) p(−1) = −8

(c) p − 12 = − 11 (d) p 32 = − 41



4 27

12. (a) (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x − 2)

(b) (x + 3)(x − 2)(x + 4)
(c) (x + 1)(2x − 3)(3x + 4)

1
13. (a) (i) 32 (ii) 4 (iii) 64 (iv) 64 (v) 16 (vi) 6 (vii) 64
(b) (i) 16 (ii) 1/8 (iii) 3 (iv)−3.

y y
14. (a) (i) 317n (ii) 8 (iii) x (iv)
2x2
2 64x6
(b) (i) 4x3 (ii) −8x (iii) (iv) y 1/6 (v) 8x9 y 6 (vi) .
a2 y4

15. (a) x=3 (b) x=4

(c) x=3 (d) x=1
(e) x=2 (f) x=3
(g) x=3 (h) x = 45
(i) x=8 (j) x=3
(k) x=8 (l) x = 20
(m) x=4 (n) x = 43
(o) x=8 (p) x = 0, −2
1
(q) x = ± √ (r) x = 0, −1
2
2 1
(s) x = 0, loge 2 (t) x = ,
3 2
16.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)

(a) open {x|3 < x < 6} (b) half-open {x| − 2 < x ≤ 5}

(c) half-open {x| − 1 ≤ x < 4} (d) closed {x| − 56 ≤ x ≤ − 21 }
(e) open, infinite {x|x > −1} (f) half-open, infinite {x|x ≤ 5}

17. (a) f (−2) = 9, f (0) = 5, f (3) = −1, f (2a) = 5 − 4a,

f (a − 1) = 7 − 2a, f ◦ g(x) = −4x2 + 10x − 3
52 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

(b) g(0) = 4, g(1) = 1, g(−3) = 37, g(−a) = 2a2 + 5a + 4,

g(a + 2) = 2a2 + 3a + 2, 2
g ◦ f (x) = 8x − 30x + 29

18. (a) Domain = [−2, 4) (b) Range ≈ [−1.2, 11]

19. (a) f (0) ≈ −2.8 (b) (i) x ≈ −0.7, 1.9, 3.5 (ii) x ≈ −0.5, 1.5, 3.8
(c) Domain = [−1, 4) (d) Range ≈ [−3.4, 6]

20. (a) 103 (b) 162 (c) 6x2 + 21x − 14 (d) 18x2 − 39x + 12
√
21. (a) f (g(x)) = 2x − 12; g(f (x)) = 2x2 − 16
(b) D(f ) = R; D(g) = {x ∈ R|x ≥ 4};
D(f ◦ g) = {x ∈ R|x ≥ 4};
√ √
D(g ◦ f ) = {x ∈ R|x ≤ − 8, x ≥ 8}
d−b
22. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 5/6 (iii)
c−a
(b) (i) decrease of 2 units (ii) increase of 4 units.

23. (a) y = 3x − 9 (b) y = − 32 x + 1

2

24. (a) 1/2 (b) −2 (c) undefined (d) 0

25. See graph answer sheet.

(a) y = 2x − 10 (b) y = x + 1 (c) y = −3x − 1.

26. (a) see graph answer sheet (b) $45 (c) m = 1.9 so a taxi costs $1.90 for each km.

27. (a) 5, 6.1, 9.4, 16 (b) see graph answer sheet

28. (a) (i) x = −4, 3, f (0) = −12 (ii) (− 21 , − 49

4 ) (iii) see graph answer sheet.
(iv) R(f ) = {y ∈ R|y ≥ − 49
4 }
(b) (i) x = −1, 3, f (0) = −3 (ii) (1, −4) (iii) see graph answer sheet.
(iv) R(f ) = {y ∈ R|y ≥ −4}
(c) (i) x = 2 (repeated), f (0) = −4 (ii) (2, 0) (iii) see graph answer sheet.
(iv) R(f ) = {y ∈ R|y ≤ 0}
(d) (i) No x-intercept, f (0) = 6 (ii) (− 32 , − 15
4 ) (iii) see graph answer sheet.
(iv) R(f ) = {y ∈ R|y ≥ 15
4 }
√
(e) (i) x = 2 ± 7, f (0) = 3 (ii) (2, 7) (iii) see graph answer sheet.
(iv) R(f ) = {y ∈ R|y ≤ 7}
(f) (i) x = −3, 3, f (0) = −9 (ii) (0, −9) (iii) see graph answer sheet.
(iv) R(f ) = {y ∈ R|y ≥ −9}
29. (a) y = 3(x + 1)2 − 2 ∴ turning point is a minimum at (−1, −2)
(b) Domain: x ∈ R, Range: y ∈ (−2, ∞)
 q 
(c) x intercepts at −1 ± 23 , 0 , y intercept at (0, 1)
see graph answer sheet
Answers for Week 1 53

Answers for Week 1: Module 2 - Basic Probability

1. (a) B (b) {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10}

(c) U (d) ∅

(e) {2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10} (f) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}

(g) C (h) ∅

(i) U (j) {6, 10}

(k) {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10} (l) ∅

2. (a) (1, 5] (b) [0, ∞) (c) (1, 4]

(d) (−2, 0] (e) (−2, 1]

3. See graph answer sheet for Venn Diagram

(a) 24 (b) 108

4. See graph answer sheet

5. Using the formulas for permutations and combinations:

(a) 210 (b) 35 (c) 720

(d) 1 (e) 60 (f) 1680

n(n − 1) n(n − 1)
(g) n (h) (i)
2 2
n!
(j) n(n − 1) (k) (l) 1
2

6. (a) 9! = 362880
(b) 4! × 5! × 3! × 3! = 103680

7. (a) 5040 (b) 720 (c) 144

8. (a) 263 × 103 = 17576000

26! 10!
(b) × = 11232000
23! 7!

12
9. C4 = 495

10. 595

11. (a) 10! = 3628800 (b) 3! × 4! × 3! × 3! = 5184

12
12. (a) C3 = 220 (b)11 C2 = 55 (c) 12
C3 −7 C3 = 185

11!
13. = 34650
4!4!2!
54 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

14. 3150

15. See graph answer sheet for venn diagram.

(a) P (Maths but not Physics)= 10
50 = 0.2
5
(b) P (Physics but not Maths)= 50 = 0.1
(c) P (neither Physics nor Maths)= 15
50 = 0.3

3 1
16. (a) 52 (b) 16

17. 0.960

11
18. 21

19. (a) Pr(both defective) = 0.0752 ≈ 0.0056

(b) Pr(at least 1 defective) =1 − 0.9252 ≈ 0.144

22
C8
20. 24 C
≈ 0.435
8
Answers for Week 2 55

Answers for Week 2: Module 1 - Functions

1. See graph answer sheet.

(a) A dilation of factor 2 in the y direction, reflection in the x axis and a translation
1 to the left.
(b) A dilation of factor 3 in the y direction and a translation of 4 up.
(c) A dilation of factor 21 in the y direction and translations of 2 to the right and 1
down.
(d) Translations of 2 to the left and 3 down.

2. See graph answer sheet.

3. See graph answer sheet.

4. (a) y = 2(x − 1)2 + 3 =⇒ y = 2x2 − 4x + 5

(b) y = 3x(x + 1)(x − 3) =⇒ y = 3x3 − 6x2 − 9x
(c) y = −4(x + 2)(x + 1)(x − 1) =⇒ y = −4x3 − 8x2 + 4x + 8
1
(d) y 2
= 2 (x + 3) (x − 2) =⇒ y = 2 x + 2x2 − 32 x − 9
1 3

x+5
5. (a) Yes. f −1 (x) = 3
(b) No because there is more than one x value for one y value and the graph would
not pass the horizontal line test.
(c) Yes. h−1 (x) = 3x x+1
r −2
x−1
(d) Yes. k −1 (x) = 3 +3
2

6. (a) a = 2
(b) Range (f ) = (−∞, 3]
r
−1 3−x
−1
(c) f : (−∞, 3] → [2, ∞), f (x) =
+2
3
So Domain (f −1 ) = (−∞, 3] and Range (f −1 ) = [2, ∞)
(d) see graph answer sheet
+10pt

7. one.
We can show algebraically that if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) =⇒ x1 = x2 and so f is one to
r
−1 x+1
Rule: f (x) = 3
, Domain and Range of f −1 are both R
2

8. See graph answer sheet.

(a) Reflection in the x axis then a translation of 1 up.
(this would change (1, e) → (1, −e) → (1, 1 − e) for example)
Range = (−∞, 1)

(b) Translations of 1 to the right and 2 down.

(this would change (1, e) → (2, e) → (2, e − 2) for example)
Range = (−2, ∞)
56 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

(c) Dilation of factor 2 in the y direction, reflection in the y axis and translation of 1
up.
(this would change (1, e) → (1, 2e) → (−1, 2e) → (−1, 2e + 1) for example)
Range = (1, ∞)

(d) Dilations of factor 3 in the y direction and 21 in the x direction.

(this would change (1, e) → (1, 3e) → ( 21 , 3e) for example)
Range = (0, ∞)

9. See the graph answer sheet.

(a) Translations of 1 to the right and 2 up.
(this would change (1, 0) → (2, 0) → (2, 2) for example)
Domain = (1, ∞)

(b) Dilation of factor 2 in the y direction and a reflection in the y axis.

(this would change (e, 1) → (e, 2) → (−e, 2) for example)
Domain = (−∞, 0)

(c) g(x) = loge −(x − 3) so a reflection in the y axis then a translation of 3 to the
right.
(this would change (e, 1) → (−e, 1) → (3 − e, 1) for example)
Domain = (−∞, 3)

(d) Dilation factor 3 in y direction, reflection in x axis, translations of 1 to left and 2

up.
(this would change (e, 1) → (e, 3) → (e, −3) → (e − 1, −3) → (e − 1, −1) for
example)
Domain = (−1, ∞)

10. See the graph answer sheet for part (ii) for each graph.
(a) f −1 (x) = − loge (1 − x), Domain = (−∞, 1), Range = R
 
x + 3
(b) f −1 (x) = loge , Domain = (−3, ∞), Range =R
2
(c) f −1 (x) = 21 ex−1 , Domain = R, Range = (0, ∞)
−1 x
(d) f (x) = e − 3; Domain =R, Range = (−3, ∞)
Answers for Week 2 57

Answers for Week 2: Module 2 - Discrete Random Variables

1
1.
15

3 4
2. (a) (b)
8 9

3. (a) 0.4 (b) 0.3333 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.75

4.

0.6 E
A
0.2 0.4 F
0.5 0.6 E
B
0.4 F
0.3 0.6 E
C
0.4 F

(a) 0.5 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.4

(e) Yes B and F are independent events as P (B ∩ F ) = (B) · P (F )

21 2
5. (a) (b)
56 7

150 58 + 25
6. (a) = 0.600 (b) = 0.332
250 250
58 12 + 138
(c) = 0.232 (d) = 0.600
250 250
5
(e) = .057
88

7. (a) 0.3 (b) 0.4 (c) 2.25

(d) 2.1875 (e) 1.479 (f) 0.55

8. (a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 4

9. x 0 1 2
(a)
1 8 2
P (X = x)
3 15 15
7
(b)
15
58 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

10. Expected Cost = $1250

11. (a)
honest dishonest total
male 55 20 75
female 90 10 100
total 145 30 175
11 11
(b) 0.9 (c) (d) (e) dependent
29 35

12. (a) (0.9)6 = 0.531441

(b) 15(0.1)2 (0.9)4 = 0.098415
(c) 6(0.1)(0.9)5 + .531441 + .098415 = 0.98415
 4
13. (a) 1 5
6 6
 4
1 5
(b) 5 ×
6 6
 5
5
(c)
6

14. (a) n = 4, p = 0.2

(b) (0.2)4 = 0.0016
(c) 0.0272

15. 1 − (0.8)10 − 10(0.2)(0.8)9 = 0.62419

16. (a) This is a binomial distribution with n = 5 and p = 1

3
So X ∼ Bi(5, 13 )
10
(b)
243
131
(c)
243
5 10
(d) E(X) = , V(X) =
3 9
Answers for Week 3 59

Answers for Week 3: Module 1 - Circular Functions

24 24 7 25 7 25
1. (a) 25 (b) 25 (c) 24 (d) 7 (e) 24 (f) 7

1
√
2. (a) (b) √1 (c) √1 (d) 2 (e) 2 (f) √1 (g) − 12 (h) − √12
2 3 2 3
√ 1
√
3
√
(i) − 3 (j) (k) −1 (l) (m) 3 (n) √1 (o) 1
2 2 2 2

2π 5π π 5π
3. (a) x = , (b) x = ,
3 3 6 6
π 7π 2π 4π
(c) x = , (d) x = ,
4 4 3 3
5π 7π 13π 15π 5π 7π 17π 19π 29π 31π
(e) x = , , , (f) x = , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18

4. (a) x = − 5π , − π , 7π , 11π
12 12 12 12
π 5π 3π
(b) x = , ,
12 12 4
3π 7π 11π
(c) x = − ,− ,−
4 12 12

5. See graphs answer sheet.

6. (a) Dilations of 3 in the y direction and 12 in the x direction, and translation of 1

down
(b) amplitude =3, period = 2π2 = π, range =[−4, 2]
(c) See graph answer sheet - note that as this is one complete cycle of the function,
the beginning and end points should have the same y values

7. (a) Reflection in the x axis and translations of π6 to the right and 2 up

(b) amplitude =1, period = 2π, range =[1, 3]
(c) See graph answer sheet - again this is one complete cycle of the graph

8. (a) Dilation by factor of 2 in x direction, translation of π4 to the left.

(b) period = π1 = 2π, domain = [−2π, 2π] \ {− 5π 3π
4 , 4 }, range = R
2

(c) See graph answer sheet - this is two cycles of the tan graph, which normally has
a period of π
60 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Answers for Week 3: Module 2 - Continuous Random Variables

1. 
0.8 0.3

(a)
0.2 0.7
 
1
(b)
0
(c) 0.650

2.
(a) 0.216
(b) 0.04
(c) 0.73756

3. 0.368

4.
(a) See the graph answer sheet
Z 9
(b) f (x) dx = 1 and all f (x) ≥ 0 so this is a probability density function.
1
Z 6
(c) f (x) dx = 0.125 × 4 = 0.5
2
see graph answer sheet

5. x 3 4 5 6

(a) 24 3 24 1 See the graph answer sheet

f (x)
27 32 125 9
Z ∞
(b) f (x) dx = 1 and all f (x) ≥ 0 so this is a probability density function.
−∞
Z 5
(c) 24x−3 dx = 0.27
4
see graph answer sheet

11
6.
16
4 1 1
7. mean = , variance = , standard deviation = √
3 18 3 2
8. 200
(a) hours
3
5
(b)
9
√
3
9. 2
Answers for Week 4 61

Answers for Week 4: Module 1 - Differential Calculus

1. (a) −1 (b) −2 (c) Does not exist.
(d) 2 (e) 0 (f) Does not exist.
The limits do not exist because the limits from below and above are different.
p √
2. lim (1 − x) = 1 − (−1) = 2 and lim (2 − (x + 1) = 2 − 0 = 2
x→−1− x→−1+

As these two limits are the same the lim f (x) = 2

x→−1

3. (a) 3 (b) 5
1
(c) 2x (d)
5
1
(e) − (f) Does not exist but approaches ∞
16
4. continuous from the right at x = 0 and from the left at x = 1; See graph answer sheet.

2
5. (a) c = (b) k = 6
3
6. (a) 8x + 2 (b) − x23
4
(c) − (d) 3x2 − 3
(t + 1)2
7. (a) f 0 (x) = 0 (b) f 0 (x) = 5x4 (c) f 0 (x) = 21x20
(d) f 0 (x) = 6x (e) f 0 (r) = 2πr (f) f 0 (x) = 3x−2/3
3
(g) f 0 (x) = x−1/2 (h) f 0 (x) = −84x−13 (i) f 0 (x) = 10x − 3
2
1 2
(j) f 0 (x) = −3x2 + 4x (k) f 0 (x) = 6x 2 + 35 x 3 (l) f 0 (x) = − x72
x
8. (a) 0.6x2 − 0.1x + 1 (b) 3ex (c) 2e2x + 1 (d) 23 e 3 − 2x (e) 4
x (f) 8x7 − x3 .
9. (a) 2 cos 2x − 13 sin x3 (b) 15 sec2 3x (c) ex + 1 − 8 cos 4x 2 − 3 sec2 x
(d) −6 sin x + x

2
10. (a) 6x + 2 (b) 4t − 1
(c) 9x2 + 2x − 6 (d) 4x3 + 3x2 − 1

25x2 − 10x3/2 + 1
(e) 5w4 − 4w3 + 9w2 − 6w + 2 (f)
x1/2
   
2 2
(g) (2x − 5) x − + 1 + 2 (x2 − 5x + 2)
x x
(h) ex (3x2 + x3 ) (i) 2x log(x) + x
 
1
x
(j) e log x + (k) cos2 x − sin2 x
x

(l) tan x 2
x + sec x log x (m) ex (cos x − sin x)

(n) (x3 − 2x2 − x + 5) sec2 x + (3x2 − 4x − 1) tan x

3 2x
11. (a) f 0 (x) = (b) f 0 (x) = −
(2x + 1)2 (x2 + 1)2
s2 + 2s + 4 1 − 3x2
(c) f 0 (s) = (d) f 0 (x) = √
(s + 1)2 2 x(x2 + 1)2
62 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

x2 − 2x + 2 u(2 − u)
(e) f 0 (x) = (f) f 0 (u) =
(x2 + x + 12 eu
2ex (x − 1) 1−x
(g) f 0 (x) = (h) f 0 (x) =
x2 ex
1 − log x 3[1 − 2 log x]
(i) f 0 (x) = (j) f 0 (x) =
x2 x3
2[1 − log x]] log(t) − 1
(k) f 0 (x) = (l) f 0 (t) =
x2 [log(t)]2
tan x − x sec2 x log x
(m) f 0 (x) = −cosec 2 x (n) f 0 (x) =
x tan2 x
4(2 sin v − cos v) sec2 v − 4(2 cos v + sin v) tan v
(o) f 0 (v) =
(2 sin v − cos v)2
0
12. (a) f (x) = 8(2x − 1)
3
(b) f 0 (x) = 10x(x2 + 2)4
(c) f 0 (x) = 6(1 − x)(2x − x2 )2 (d) f 0 (x) = −4(2x + 1)−3
3 −1/2
(e) f 0 (x) = 3x(x2 − 4)1/2 (f) f 0 (x) = (3x − 2)
2
2
−2/3 6
(g) f 0 (x) = − x 1 − x2 (h) f 0 (x) = −
3 (2x + 3)4
1
(i) f 0 (t) = − 3/2
(j) f 0 (x) = −4(3x + 1)(3x2 + 2x + 1)−3
(2t − 3)
(k) f 0 (x) = 6e3x−1 (l) f 0 (x) = −e−x
2
(m) f 0 (x) = −2xe−x (n) f 0 (x) = 25ex (ex + 1)24
(o) f 0 (x) = 1
cos 2x
x (p) f 0 (x) = (3x − 2)e3x+2
2 8x − 6
(q) f (x) = (r) f 0 (x) = 2
2x + 1 4x − 6x + 3
3 3x2
(s) f 0 (u) = (t) f 0 (x) =
u−2 x3+1
sec2 (log y)
(u) f 0 (z) = − sin z cos(cos z) (v) f 0 (y) =
y
(w) 2 sin(et ) cos(et )et (x) f 0 (x) = 5(12 tan 2x − 3 cos 5x)4 (24 sec2 2x − 15 sin 5x)
dy x dy 5x2 − 2x + 1
13. (a) =√ (b) = √
dx 2
x +4 dx 2x − 1
dy 5x3 dy
(c) = √ (d) = −4 tan 2x
dx x x dx
dy 2 − 2 loge x dy
(e) = (f) = 2 cos 2xesin 2x
dx x2 dx
dy dy
(g) = −e−x (x2 − 2x + 3) (h) = 4 sin(2x + 1) cos(2x + 1)
dx dx
dy dy
(i) = 2(2x − 3)4 (3x + 1)(21x − 4) (j) = 3(2x3 − 5)3 (3x + 2)2 (30x3 + 16x2 − 15)
dx dx
Answers for Week 4 63

Answers for Week 4: Module 2 - Normal Distribution

(a) µ = 120, σ = 15
1.
(b) 0.16 or 16% (c) 0.475 or 47.5% (d) 0.025 or 2.5%
2. (a) 84% (b) 95% (c) 96.25% (d) 50%
3. (a) 0.9265 (b) 0.9147 (c) 0.0401 (d) 0.2578
(e) 0.0125 (f) 0.8944 (g) 0.8657 (h) 0.2266
4. (a) (i) 0.8944 (ii) 0.1525 (iii) 0.1587
(b) (i) 0.9772 (ii) 0.9192 (iii) 0.7333
5. (a) P (W < a) = P (Z < 2) =⇒ a = 26 (b) P (W < 14) = P (W > b) =⇒ b = 22
(c) P (W > 24) = P (Z > c) =⇒ c = 1.5 (d) P (W < 28) = P (Z > d) =⇒ d = −2.5
See graph answer sheet for the bell curves.

6. (a) 0.7257 (b) 0.7029 (c) 0.97

7. (a) 0.2209 (b) 0.2209 (c) 0.2998
8. (a) 1.23 (b) −0.81 (c) −1.85 (d) 1.39
9. (a) 0.0038 (b) 0.0913 (c) 0.4087
(d) 0.2523 (e) 126.265
10. (a) 0.6247 (b) $539
11. (a) grade A: X ≥ 80
(b) grade B: 73 ≤ X < 80
(c) grade C: 62 ≤ X < 73
(d) grade D: 54 ≤ X < 62
(e) grade F: 0 ≤ X < 54
12. (a) 4.01% (b) weight ≥ 432.9g
13. (a) 0.0668 (b) 62.47%
64 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Answers for Week 5: Module 1 - Applications of Differentiation

1. See graph answer sheet for the graphs.

(a) Local minimum: (−1.5, 5.75).
(b) Local maximum: (3, 15).
(c) Local minimum: (2, 2).
(d) Local maximum: (−1.36, 20.75). Local minimum: (2.69, −12.60).

2. (a) d = −3
(b) (−1, 0) and ( 23 , − 125
27 )
(c) x intercepts at (−1, 0) and ( 23 , 0) with y intercept at (0, −3)
(d) see the graph answer sheet
(e) local and global minimum at ( 23 , − 125
27 )
local maximum at (−1, 0) and global maximum at (2, 9)

3. (a) The function f is decreasing for x ∈ (−∞, −1)

(b) The function g is increasing for x ∈ (−2, 2)

4. (a) y = 3x − 2
(b) y = −2x − 1
(c) At x = 8 the tangent is y = 9x − 72
At x = −1 the tangent is y = −9x − 9
15
(d) The tangent is x + 4y + 4 = 0 and the normal is y = 4x + 2
(e) y = 23 x + 1

5. The smallest average cost occurs for 5 items and is $150

6. (a) 35,000 organisms; (b) after 10 minutes; 27,000 organisms

7. (a) 120 metres;

(b) 60 metres by 30 metres, with the 60 metre side parallel to the canal;
(c) 1800 square metres.

4 8
8. First number is 3 and the second number is 3

9. maximum area = 433.5m2

10. $330, 3 × 3 × 4m

11. (a) 2x
(b) The height is 12 − x2
(c) A = 24x − 2x3
(d) The length is 4 units, the height is 8 units and the Area is 32 square units
Answers for Week 5 65

√
12. (a) 2 days; (b) 2 3 ≈ 3.5 days.

13. (a) Increasing at a rate of 155 people per month 9 months from now.
(b) Increasing at a rate of 200 people per month 16 months from now.

−1/3
14. (a) C 0 (t) = 0.673 0.2t2 + 4t + 64 (0.4t + 4)
(b) Five years from now the level of carbon monoxide will be increasing at 0.904 parts
per million per year.

15. (a) At the end of 10 years, blood pressure is 99.95 mmHg and this is increasing at
2.27 mmHg per year.
(b) At the end of 30 years, blood pressure is 125.85 mmHg and this is increasing at
0.81 mmHg per year.
(c) At the end of 60 years, blood pressure is 142.77 mmHg and this is increasing at
0.41 mmHg per year.

16. (a) 0.090%; 0.075%.

(b) Increasing at 0.15% per hour; decreasing at 0.02% per hour.
(c) Greatest at 2.5 hours; maximum value is 0.212%.
(d) Increasing for 0 ≤ t < 2.5; decreasing for 2.5 < t ≤ 12.
The percentage of alcohol in the bloodstream continues to rise until about 2.5
hours after drinking, at which point it begins to fall.

7
17. The ladder is moving up the wall at √
16 11
m/sec

18. The area is increasing at a rate of 20π cm2 /sec

1
19. The water depth is increasing at a rate of 2π m/min

1
20. The angle is decreasing at a rate of 10 radians per second.
66 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Answers for Week 5: Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 1 - 3

1. Using long division:

2x2 − 7x + 20
x + 2)2x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 2
2x3 + 4x2
− 7x2 + 6x
−7x2 − 14x
20x − 2
20x + 40
−42

2. Using index laws to simplify:

 −2 4 3
3a b 12a−4 b9 27a−6 b12 12a−4 b9
× = 18 −6 ×
2a6 b−2 (3a2 b)2 8a b 9a4 b2
9a−10 b21
=
2a22 b−4
9b25
=
2a32

3. The required coefficients from Pascal’s triangle are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 so:

(x2 − 2)4 = (x2 )4 + 4 × (x2 )3 × (−2)1 + 6 × (x2 )2 × (−2)2 + 4 × (x2 )1 × (−2)3 + (−2)4
     

= x8 − 8x6 + 24x4 − 32x2 + 16

2


4. (a) 3x2 + 7x − 6 = (3x − 2)(x + 3) so the x intercepts are at (−3, 0) and 3, 0

(b) The turning point is at:

b2 − 4ac
   
b 7 49 − (−72)
− ,− = − ,−
2a 4a 6 12
 
7 121
= − ,−
6 12
(c) The y intercept is at (0,-6) and the graph is shown below:
Answers for Week 5 67

5. (a) The function is one-to-one but it is not ONTO as the codomain and the range are
not equal
(b) Change the codomain from R to (−3, ∞). This makes a new function
f ∗ : R → (−3, ∞), f ∗ (x) = ex − 3
(c) The inverse is found by rearranging x = ey − 3 to make y the subject:
x + 3 = ey =⇒ loge (x + 3) = y Therefore:
f ∗−1 : (−3, ∞) → R, f ∗−1 (x) = loge (x + 3)
(d) The graphs are:

π 3π
6. (a) sin x = −1 =⇒ x = − 2 , 2
as these points are where the y coordinate on the unit circle is –1
(b) Tan is negative in Q 2 and Q 4 so:
π √
tan(x − )=− 3
6
π π π
=⇒ x − = π − , 2π −
6 3 3
π 2π 5π
=⇒ x − = ,
6 3 3
5π 11π
=⇒ x = ,
6 6
(c) Let a = cos x then:

2 cos2 x − 3 cos x + 1 = 0

=⇒ 2a2 − 3a + 1 = 0
=⇒ (2a − 1)(a − 1) = 0
1
=⇒ a = ,1
2
1
=⇒ cos x = , cos x = 1
2
π π
=⇒ x = , 2π − x = 0, 2π
3 3
π 5π
=⇒ x = ,
3 3
So there are four solutions x = 0, π3 , 5π
3 , 2π
68 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

7. (a) amplitude =3, period = 2π = π, range =[−4, 2]

2
(b) Hence the graph is

Note that as this is one complete cycle of the function, the beginning and end
points should have the same y values.

8. (a) Using the log laws to put all terms under one log sign:

loge x + loge (3x − 2) = 0

=⇒ loge [x(3x − 2)] = 0
=⇒ x(3x − 2) = e0
=⇒ 3x2 − 2x = 1
=⇒ 3x2 − 2x − 1 = 0
=⇒ (3x + 1)(x − 1) = 0
1
=⇒ x = − , 1
3
However as we cannot have the log of a negative number the only feasible solution
is x = 1
(b) Putting all terms as powers of base 2 gives:
 3x
1 1
× 163x+4 =
2 32
=⇒ (2−1 )3x × (24 )3x+4 = 2−5
=⇒ 2−3x × 212x+16 = 2−5
=⇒ −3x + 12x + 16 = −5
=⇒ 9x = −21
21 7
=⇒ x = − =−
9 3

9. See graph answer sheet for the graphs.

(a) Local minimum: (2, −4).
(b) Local maximum: (0, 4). Local minimum: (2, 0).
Answers for Week 5 69

10. (a) x intercepts at (1, 0) and (0, 1), which is also the y intercept
(b) (1, 0) and (− 13 , 32
27 ) are the turning points
(c) See the graph answer sheet
(d) Local mininum value is 0 and local maximum value is (− 32 27 )
Global minimum value is 0 and global maximum value is 3
(e) Domain = (−1, 2] and Range = [0, 3]

11. The equation of the tangent is 24x+16y = 21, and that of the normal is 48y−32x = 11

12. Maximum monthly profit is $27,440 when 88 units are rented out.

13. p = 23 , q= 8
3

14. T 0 (t) = −17.4e−0.58t

(a) Decreasing at 9.74◦ C per hour at the end of 1 hour.
(b) Decreasing at 1.71◦ C per hour at the end of 4 hours.

1
15. The radius is increasing at a rate of 80π cm/min

1
16. The height of the water is dropping at a rate of 16π cm/sec

17. (a) 1365

(b) 720

18. (a) Letting Z be zumba, Y be yoga and S be swimming classes:

U
Z Y
10 1
6
2
16 13

5 9
S

(b) 6

41
(c)
62
6
(d)
17
70 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

19. (a) We can use the binomial distribution because we have two outcomes and each trial
is independent.
(b) X = the number of patients who improve on the medication
n = 5, p = 0.8
(c) P (X = 5) = 0.85 = 0.32768
(d) P (X ≥ 1) = 1 − 0.25 = 0.99968
(e) E(X) = 4
(f) V(X) = 0.8

20. (a) (i) a=6

(ii) b=2
(b) (i) P (X < 134) = 0.8413
(ii) P (122 < X < 134) = 0.8185
(iii) A child has to be 134.7 cm or taller to be in the tallest 12% of children.

21. (a) c = 0.3

(b) P (Y > 3) = 0.4
5
(c) P (Y < 5|Y > 3) =
8
(d) E(Y ) = 2.75
(e) V(Y ) = 2.1875

22. (a) 0.72

(b) February 66% and March 73.2% of the market so they have increased their share
significantly.
Answers for Week 6 71

Answers for Week 6: Module 1 - Integral Calculus

x4
1. (a) y = 6x + c (b) y = +c
4
1 3
(c) y = − x−3 + c (d) y = x5/3 + c
3 5
(e) y = −4x−1/4 + c (f) y = −2x−1 + c
1 2
(g) y = − x−4 + c (h) y = πx3/2 + c
12 3
x3 x2 1
(i) y = 3x − x2 + c (j) y = + − 2 +c
3 2 2x
x2
(k) y = 4ex + c (l) y =x+ + ex + c
2
2 2 4 x2
(m) y = x4 + −x+c (n) y = x7/2 + x5/2 − +c
x 7 5 2
2 √ x3 x5 x7
(o) y = x3/2 + 6 x + c (p) y = − + +c
3 3 5 7
2 3 x5 1
(q) y = x3 − x2 − 2x + c (r) y = − x2 − + c
3 2 5 x
1
(s) y = − cos +c (t) y = tan 3x + c
3
2 3
(u) y = sin 5x + cos 2x + c
5 2

1 3
2. (a) 3u +c (b) y − 14 y 4 + c (c) 2x2 − 3x + c
3 4
(d) 2x 2 − 32 x 3 + c (e) − 23 e−2y + c (f) −2 cos θ + c
(g) 1
10 sin(10φ) + c (h) −10 tan( x5 ) + c (i) 2 log x − 3x−1 + 2x−2 + c
1
(j) −2q − 2 + c (k) 5
2 log y + c (l) 4 3 2
3 x − 2x + x + c
2
(m) w + log w + c (n) − 32 e−3z − 52 cos 2z + c (o) 9 3
4a + c
2 27
(p) 7b +c (q) 2y 3 + 12 y 2 − 2y + c (r) 2 3
3 sin 3θ − 5 cos 5θ + c
1 3 1 5 1 −2
2
(s) 120t − 28t + c 2 4 (t) 5x − x + 2x +c

2
3. (a) f (x) = x + x + 1 (b) f (x) = x3 + 2x2 − x − 5
1
(c) f (x) = x − + 2 f (x) = x + loge (x)
x

4. R(x) = −0.0045x2 + 12x

√
5. 480 metres [Note: R(t) = 120 t]
5
6. (a) 4 (b) 14 (c) 18
7. (a) e−1 − e−3 (b) 6 (c) 1
2
1
(d) 0 (e) 0 (f) 3
5
(g) log 5
7 (h) x + x5 (i) − 31
(j) 39 (k) 3 (l) 1
√
(o) 2 5 − √2 − 2e 2 + 21
8 1
(m) 3 (n) 7
5 e2
(p) − 254
7 (q) 16 + log 4
9
5
(r) 6
13367
(s) 232 (t) 360
72 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

8. See graph answer sheet

68
(a) 3 (b) log 5 (c) 12

(d) e3 − e−3 (e) 5 (f) 267

4 + e−4 − e−1
8 1
(g) 3 (h) 8 (i) 4

9. (a) -12 (b) −11 (c) 6 (d) 39

10.
1
(a) loge (3x4 − 5) + c, c a constant
12
1
(b) (2x3 + 7)5 + c, c a constant
10
1
(c) loge 5
8

Answers for Week 6: Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 4 - 6

1.
(a) lim (3x + x) = 32 + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11
x→2

(b) Factorising and simplifying allows us to calculate the limit:

2x2 + 5x − 3
   
(2x − 1)(x + 3)
lim = lim
x→−3 2x2 + 3x − 9 x→−3 (2x − 3)(x + 3)
 
2x − 1
= lim
x→−3 2x − 3
2 × −3 − 1
=
2 × −3 − 3
−7 7
= =
−9 9

2. lim f (x) = 22 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
x→2−
√
lim+ f (x) = 1 + 2 − 2 = 1
x→2

since lim− f (x) and lim+ f (x) are not equal then lim f (x) does not exist
x→2 x→2 x→2

1 1
3. f (x) = =⇒ f (x + h) = and using the formula gives:
x+1 x+h+1
Week 6 : Modules 1 & 2 - Revision weeks 4 - 6 73

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
 1 1 
−
= lim  x + h + 1 x + 1 
 
h→0 h

 
(x + 1) − (x + h + 1) 1
= lim ×
h→0 (x + h + 1)(x + 1) h
 
−h
= lim
h→0 h(x + h + 1)(x + 1)
 
1
= lim −
h→0 (x + h + 1)(x + 1)

1
=−
(x + 1)2

4. Using the rules we have:

(a) f 0 (x) = 15x14

1 3
(b) f 0 (x) = 12 × 14 x 4 −1 =⇒ f 0 (x) = 3x− 4
28
(c) f 0 (x) = 7 × −4x−4−1 =⇒ f 0 (x) = −28x−5 or f 0 (x) = −
x5
(d) f 0 (x) = 3 × 2e2x =⇒ f 0 (x) = 6e2x
(e) f 0 (x) = −2e−x − 2x + 3
(f) f 0 (x) = 4
x+ 6 cos 3x
x
(g) f 0 (x) = − 43 sin
3

5.
(a) f 0 (x) = 28e3−4x
(b) 4e4x (4x2 + 2x − 7)
(c) f 0 (x) = 6x cos(x2 )
4x + 9
(d) f 0 (x) = 9x2 −
2x2 + 9x
(e) f 0 (x) = 1
x cos 7x − 7 sin 7x loge 7x
2x(3x − 1)
(f) f 0 (x) = 3
(4x − 1) 2
74 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 7: Graph Answers for Weeks 1 - 6

Week 1 - Module 1
Q25(a) Q25(b)

Q25(c) Q26a)

Q27(b) Q28(a)
16 A
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1

Q28(b) Q28(c)

Q28(d) Q28(e)
Week 7 : Graph Answers for Weeks 1 - 6 75

Week 1-Module 1
Q28(f) Q29(c)

Week 1-Module 2
Q1 Q3

U
A 6 B
7
3 2
5 4 10
1 9
8
C

Q4 Q15
U
P A
80 670
710 U
40 M P
70 100
10 20 5
0 470
H 15

Week 2-Module 1
Q1(a) Q1(b)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4

𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑦 = −2(𝑥 + 1)2
76 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 2-Module 1
Q1(c) Q1(d)
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥2

1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
2
𝑦= 2
(𝑥 − 2) − 1

Q2(a) Q2(b)

Q2(c) Q2(d)

Q2(e) Q2(f)
Week 7 : Graph Answers for Weeks 1 - 6 77

Week 2-Module 1
Q3(a) Q3(b)

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)

Q3(c) Q6(d)

𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥)

Q8(a) Q8(b)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−1

𝑦=1

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = −2

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥

Q8(c) Q8(d)
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑦=𝑒
𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥

𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦=1
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑦=0
78 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 2-Module 1
Q9(a) Q9(b)
𝑥=1 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥=0
𝑦 = 2ln(𝑥)

𝑦 = ln(𝑥)

𝑦 = ln(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = ln(𝑥)

Q9(c) Q9(d)
𝑥=3
𝑥 = −1

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑦 = 3ln(𝑥)

𝑦 = ln(𝑥)

𝑦 = ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = ln(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑦 = −3ln(𝑥)

Q10(a) Q10(b)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=𝑥 𝑥 = −3

𝑦=𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
𝑦=1 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = −3ln(𝑥) 𝑦 = −3ln(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
𝑦 = −3

𝑥=1
Week 7 : Graph Answers for Weeks 1 - 6 79

Week 2-Module 1
Q10(c) Q10(d)
−1
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
𝑥 = −3

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = −3
𝑦=0
𝑦 = −3ln(𝑥) 𝑦 = −3ln(𝑥)

𝑦=𝑥 𝑦=𝑥

Week 3-Module 1
Q5(a) Q5(b)

Q5(c) Q5(d)

Q5(e) Q6(c)
80 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 3-Module 1
Q7(c) Q8(c)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

(0,2.5)

(2𝜋, 2.5)

𝑦 = −3ln⁡(𝑥)

𝑦=𝑥

5𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥=− 𝑥=
4 4

Week 3-Module 2
4(a/c) 5(a/c)

Week 4-Module 2
Q5(a) Q5(b)
Week 7 : Graph Answers for Weeks 1 - 6 81

Week 4-Module 2
Q5(c) Q5(d)

Week 5-Module 1
Q1(a) Q1(b)

Q1(c) Q1(d)

Q2(d)
82 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Week 5-Module 1& 2 Revision 1

Q9(a) Q9(b)

Q10(c)
Week 8 : Exam Formula Sheet 83

Week 8: Exam Formula Sheet

EXAMINATION FORMULA SHEET

MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics

Algebra
• The quadratic formula
p
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 then x = −b ± b2 − 4ac
2a

Functions
• Equation of a line
The equation of a line with gradient a and y-intercept b is y = ax + b
The equation of a line passing through two points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is
y2 − y1
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) where m =
x2 − x1
• Parabolas
 
2
The vertex (turning point) of the parabola y = ax2 +bx+c b b
is at − 2a , − 4a− 4ac
p
The parabola cuts the x-axis when x = −b ± b2 − 4ac
2a

Calculus
f (x + h) − f (x)
The derivative of a function f (x) is defined to be lim .
h→0 h
• Product rule
(f (x)g(x))0 = f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x) or (uv)0 = uv 0 + vu0

• Quotient rule
0
f 0 (x)g(x) − f (x)g 0 (x) vu0 − uv 0
  u 0
f (x)
= or =
g(x) (g(x))2 v v2

• Chain rule
dy dy du
(f ◦ g)0 (x) = (f (g(x))0 = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) or = ×
dx du dx
Integration
• Fundamental theorem of calculus
Let F (x) be an antiderivative of f (x). Then
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
84 MAST10012 Introduction to Mathematics - Online

Derivatives Integrals
Z
d (xp ) = pxp−1 , p ∈ R is a constant 1
xr dx = xr+1 + C ,r ∈ R\{−1}
dx r+1
Z
d (eax ) = aeax x−1 dx = loge |x| + C
dx
Z
 
d log (ax) = 1 1 ax
e x eax dx = e +C
dx a
Z
 
d sin(ax) = a cos ax 1
sin(ax)dx = − cos(ax) + C
dx a
Z
 
d cos(ax) = −a sin ax 1
cos(ax)dx = sin(ax) + C
dx a
Z
 
d tan(ax) = a sec2 ax 1
sec2 (ax)dx = tan(ax) + C
dx a

Probability

•Permutations •Combinations

Prn = n! Crn = n!
(n − r)! (n − r)!r!
•P(A)=1−P(Ac ) •P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)

P (A ∩ B)
•P(A|B)=
P (B)

• Discrete random variables

For a discrete random variable X,

n
X
E(X) = xi P (X = xi )
i=1

V(X) = E(X 2 ) − (E(X))2

• Binomial random variables

If X ∼ Bi(n, p), then

n
P (X = r) = Cr pr (1 − p)n−r

E(X) = np

V(X) = np(1 − p)
Week 8 : Exam Formula Sheet 85