LUCKNOW INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL (2024-25)
CHAPTER NOTES :RELATION
CLASS : XII ( Standard Mathematics)
o Relation
A Relation R from A to B is SUBSET OF A×B
• Note: A Relation R on A is subset of A×A
o Representation of Relation:
(i) Roster Form
(ii)Set Builder Form
(iii) Arrow Diagram
o Domain, Range and Codomain of a Relation
• Domain: {a: (a,b) ∈R }
• Range: {b: (a,b) ∈R }
• Codomain: B
o Number Of relations: (i) From A to B ¿ 2n ( A ) .n ( B )
(ii) On A = 2n ( A ) . n( A )
o Inverse Of a Relation:( R−1) = {(a,b) : (b,a) ∈R}
Note: • Domain of R−1 ⊑ Range of R
• Range of R−1 ⊑ Domain of R
o Types of Relations
o A relation R in a set A is called Empty relation, if no element of A is related to any
element of
A, i.e., R = φ ⊂ A × A.
o A relation R in a set A is called Universal relation, if each element of A is
related to every element of A, i.e., R = A × A.
o Both the empty relation and the universal relation are sometimes called Trivial
Relations
o A relation R in a set A is called
if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A,
Reflexive
If (a1, a2) ∈ R implies that (a2, a1) ∈ R, for all a1, a2∈ A.
Symmetric
If (a1, a2) ∈ R and (a2, a3) ∈ R implies that (a1, a3) ∈ R, for all a1, a2, a3 ∈
Transitive
A.
If for every a ∈ A (a, a) ∈ R [ Only]
Identity
LUCKNOW INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL (2024-25)
CHAPTER NOTES :RELATION
CLASS : XII ( Standard Mathematics)
o Equivalance Relation: A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if
R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive .
Note:
1. Smallest Equivalence Relation = Identity Relation
2. Largest Equivalence Relation = Universal Relation
3. If R is an Equivalence Relation on a set, then R−1 is Also an Equivalence Relation on
same set
4. Intersection of two Equivalence Relations on same Set A Is also an Equivalence
Relation
5. Union of two Equivalence Relations on same A is Not necessary An Equivalence
Relation
EQUIVALENCE CLASS: Let R be an Equivalence Relation on set A. If 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 then Equivalence class of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 [𝑎] Defined as [𝑎] = { x: xRa }
Point to be remembered
2
1. Number of Reflexive Relations possible in a set A which has ‘n’ elements ¿ 2n −n
2. Number if symmetric Relations possible in a set A which has ‘n’ elements =
2
(n +n)
2
2
Important Relations to Be Remembered
aRb ⟺ a>b No: a>b ⤇b≯a
Relation Set Reflexive Symmetric Transitive
Real No: a≯a Yes:
⤇a>c
a>b and b>c
aRb ⟺ a≥b Real Yes : a≥a No: 3 ≥2 ⤇ 2≱3 Yes :
⤇a≥c
a≥b and b≥c
aRb ⟺ a≤ b2
(1,2) ∈R
N Yes No: No:
⤇(2,1)∉R
e.g. 5 3 2
aRb ⟺ a≤ b2 Real Or Rational No : No: No:
1 e.g. 1 ,2 e.g 8, 3,2
e.g
aRb ⟺ a< b2
2
1∈N but (1,1)
N No: No: No:
∉R
e.g. 1 ,2 e.g 8, 3,2
aRb ⟺ a≤ b3 R No : No: No:
1 e.g. 1 ,2 e.g 9, 3,2
e.g
aRb ⟺ 1+ab>0
2
1+ab>0⤇1+ba>
Real or Rational Yes : Yes : No
0
1+ a2 >0 1
e.g. 1, , -1
aRb ⟺ ⃓a⃓≤b
2
⃓a⃓≤b and ⃓b⃓≤c ⤇
Real or Rational No No : Yes :
e.g. -1 e.g. 1,2
LUCKNOW INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL (2024-25)
CHAPTER NOTES :RELATION
CLASS : XII ( Standard Mathematics)
⃓a⃓≤c as ⃓a⃓, ⃓b⃓ and c
are positive
aRb ⟺ a-b +√2
is irrational e.g. √2 ,1 e.g. 1, √3, √2
Real Yes : No: No:
=√2(irrational)
a-a+√2
aRb ⟺ ⃓a-b⃓≤5
⃓a-b⃓≤5⤇
Real Yes : Yes No:
⃓b-a⃓≤5
0≤5 e.g 8 , 3 , 2
aRb ⟺ a and b
have at least one
W = the words Yes : Yes: No:
comman letter
of English All common e.g MY OM
dictionary letter COW
LUCKNOW INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL (2024-25)
CHAPTER NOTES :RELATION
CLASS : XII ( Standard Mathematics)