Introduction to Light([Link]
com/cbse-n
According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24,
this chapter has been renumbered as
Chapter 13.
Introduction to Light
The world as we know it is largely known
through senses, and the sense of sight is
one of the most important senses. It is only
when the light from an object enters our
eyes that we see it. The light might have
been either emitted by the object or
reflected by it. Some of the important
terminologies related to light are:
Light is the energy that enables us to see.
Light is emitted from a source such as the
Sun. The word usually refers to visible light,
which is visible to the human eye and is
responsible for the sense of sight.
How do we see objects?
Our eyes alone do not allow us to see. Light
from a source falls on an object and then
bounces off onto our eyes and that is how
we perceive it.
Laws of Reflection
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Reflection
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Light gets reflected off surfaces. Any
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acts as a mirror. The phenomenon of light
fields are marked *
bouncing off surfaces is called reflection. *
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Laws of reflection
The ray of light that strikes a reflecting
surface is called the incident ray, and the
ray that gets reflected back is called the
reflected ray.
The imaginary line that is perpendicular to
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the reflecting surface is called the normal.
∠
The angle of incidence i is the angle
between the incident ray and the normal.
∠
The angle of reflection r is the angle
between the reflected ray and the normal.
∠
Laws of Reflection: Angle of incidence i is
∠
always equal to the Angle of reflection r
∠ ∠
( i= r). The angle of incidence, the angle
of reflection and the normal all lie on the
same plane.
To know more about Laws of Reflection,
visit here ([Link]
of-reflection/).
Ray Diagram
The path taken by a narrow beam of light is
depicted as a ray diagram.
For More Information On Law of
Reflection, Watch The Below Video:
2,63,185
Regular and Diffused
Reflection
Regular and diffused reflection
Reflection from a smooth surface like a
mirror that follows the laws of reflection is
called a regular reflection.
Reflection over a surface that has
irregularities where it does not follow the
laws of reflection is called an irregular or
diffused reflection.
Image formation in a plane mirror
The image formed by a plane mirror is
always virtual, erect, and the object and
image are equidistant from the mirror.
The image formed in a plane mirror
undergoes lateral inversion.
Difference between the real and
virtual image
A real image is formed by the actual
convergence of light rays. In optics, a
virtual image is an image formed when the
outgoing rays from a point on an object
always diverge. The image appears to be
located at the point of apparent
divergence. Because the rays never really
converge, a virtual image cannot be
projected onto a screen.
Multiple reflections
Two mirrors inclined to each other give
multiple images due to multiple reflections.
When an object is kept between two parallel
plane mirrors, infinite images are formed.
Calculating the total number of
images
The number of images formed by plane
mirrors is given by
∘
360
n = −1
θ
Dispersion
Dispersion of light
The splitting of light into its component
colours is called dispersion.
Example: Rainbow
For more information on Rainbow
Formation and Prism, watch the
below video
3,49,578
To know more about Dispersion of Light,
visit here
([Link]
and-dispersion-of-light-through-a-
prism/).
Human Eye
Human Eye
The human eye is a spherically shaped
sense organ (diameter about 2.3 cm) that
gives the sense of sight and helps us
perceive colours and depth.
Functions of different organs in
the human eye
Light enters the eye through a thin
membrane that forms a transparent bulge
on the front of the eye, called the cornea.
Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that
controls the size of the pupil.
The pupil is the small opening in the centre
of the iris.
The lens, which is behind the pupil helps to
adjust the focal length required to clearly
focus on objects at various distances.
The retina is the screen where the images
get formed. It is a delicate membrane with
a large number of photosensitive cells
called rods and cones.
Cones are sensitive to bright light, and rods
are sensitive to dim light.
The optic nerve transmits the electrical
signals from the eye to the brain.
For more information on Human Eye,
watch the below video
3,11,436
To know more about Human Eye, visit here
([Link]
human-eye-functioning/).
Visual Defects
Visual defects
Visual defects include the inability to see
near objects or the inability to see far
objects.
In old people, the lens becomes cloudy, a
condition called cataract that impairs
vision.
Seeing Sans Eyes
Braille system
Braille is a system to read and write for
visually impaired people.
Consists of 63 dot patterns or characters.
These patterns are embossed in braille
sheets that can be recognized on touch.
The dots are raised in order to make it
easier to touch.
Also Access
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 16
([Link]
science/chapter-16-light/)
NCERT Exemplar for Class 8 Science Chapter 16
([Link]
science-chapter-16-light/)
Learn more about the light and its various
properties and other related topics,
including NCERT class 8 Science notes
([Link]
science-notes/), at BYJU’S.
Also, Read
Reflection of Waves Human Eye
([Link] ([Link]
ics/reflection-of- physics/the-
waves/) human-eye/)
Frequently Asked Questions
on CBSE Class 8 Science
Notes Chapter 16 Light
Q1 What are the laws of reflection?
The law of reflection states that when a
ray of light reflects off a surface, the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of reflection.
Q2 How does a rainbow form?
When sunlight hits a rain droplet, some
of the light is reflected. The
electromagnetic spectrum is made of
light with many different wavelengths,
and each is reflected at a different
angle. Thus the spectrum is separated,
producing a rainbow.
Q3 What is Sclera?
The white layer of the eye that covers
most of the outside of the eyeball is
called the Sclera.