MINOR PROJECT

END TERM EVALUATION REPORT

(5th Semester Aug 23 – Dec 23)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4 STOREY BUILDING USING

STAAD PRO SOFTWARE

Submitted by:
●​ Sajit Bhola (SID-21102024)
●​ Akshat Mittal (SID-21102030)
●​ Rakshit Gondwal (SID-21102067)
●​ Vansh Singh (SID-21102107)
●​ Animesh Negi (SID-21102129)
​ ​

Under the Guidance of Dr. SK Verma

Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that our project work titled “Analysis and Design of G+4 Storey building
using STAAD PRO Software” submitted for the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering is an authentic record of our own work carried
out under the supervision of Prof. SK Verma, Civil Engineering Department, Punjab
Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh-160012.

We also declare that this report has not been submitted to any other University or
Institution for the award of any degree, diploma, or other similar title.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

Dr. SK Verma
Professor
Civil Engineering Department Punjab
Engineering College, Chandigarh
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION

The construction of buildings, particularly multi-story structures like G+4 buildings, demands
careful planning and engineering to ensure their safety and functionality. This project aims to
address these critical aspects by adhering to the relevant Indian codes and standards, thus
ensuring that the structural elements can withstand various loads, including those imposed
by gravity, wind, and seismic events. The project will utilise both computational tools
(STAADPRO) and manual calculations to guarantee the structural integrity of the building
while complying with the established Codal Provisions. This comprehensive approach is
essential to delivering a safe and durable structure that meets the highest standards of
construction and design.

AIM

The aim of this project is to ensure the structural integrity and safety of a G+4 building
through meticulous planning, load calculation, analysis, and design in accordance with
relevant Indian codes and standards.

OBJECTIVES

1.​To perform structural planning in compliance with IS 456: 2000, IS 1893(Part 1): 2002, IS
875(Part 3): 2015, and ASCE-7.
2.​To calculate and assess the loads acting on the building, considering dead loads, live loads,
wind loads, and seismic forces as per codal provisions.
3.​To analyse the reinforced concrete (RC) frame of the G+4 building using STAADPRO
software, ensuring that it meets the structural requirements and safety criteria.
4.​To design structural members (beams, columns, slabs, etc.) through STAADPRO Software
and some manual calculations while adhering to Codal Provisions and utilizing Microsoft
Excel for efficiency and accuracy.
 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The scope of this project encompasses the following key aspects:

1.​ Structural Planning: This involves determining the layout and dimensions of
structural elements, such as beams, columns, and foundations, to ensure they can
safely support the building's loads and meet code requirements.
2.​ Load Calculation: Calculating and analyzing the various loads (dead loads, live loads,
wind loads, and seismic loads) acting on the structure to ensure it can withstand
them without compromising safety.
3.​ Structural Analysis: Employing ETABS software to perform a comprehensive
structural analysis of the G+3 building, verifying its stability and response to various
loads and conditions.
4.​ Structural Design: Using manual calculations and Microsoft Excel, design the
individual structural members, considering factors like material properties, safety
margins, and code specifications.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

1. GENERAL DETAILS

Type of Structure: Multi-Storey Rigid Jointed RC Frame(Bay Frame) Structure

1.​No. of Story: G+4
2.​Floor to Floor Height: 3 meters (=9.84 feet).
3.​Building Dimensions:
Height: 15 m(=49.2 ft)
Length: 15 m(=49.2 ft)
Width: 12 m(=38.4 ft)
4.​No. of bays:
Along x-direction:5
Along y-direction:5
Along z-direction:4

2. SITE DETAILS
​
1.​Type of Soil – Medium Soil (Poorly graded sand: stiff soil)
2.​Safe bearing capacity of soil: 400kN/m2
3.​Seismic Zone-IV

3. COMPUTER PROGRAMS

1.​Analyze & design the structure – STAADPRO.

2.​MS Excel is helpful in performing calculations.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Method of analysis of Statically Indeterminate Portal Frames:

1. Cantilever method
2. Portal method
3. Matrix method
4. STAAD Pro

4.2 Design of Multi-Storey Residential building :

General:
A structure can be defined as a body that can resist the applied loads without appreciable
deformations. Civil engineering structures are created to serve specific functions like human
habitation, transportation, bridges, storage, etc. in a safe and economical way.

A structure is an assemblage of individual elements like pinned elements (truss elements),

beam elements, columns, shear wall slab cables, or arches. Structural engineering is
concerned with the planning, designing, and construction of structures.
Structure analysis involves the determination of the forces and displacements of the
structures or components of a structure.

The design process involves the selection and detailing of the components that make up the
structural system. The main object of reinforced concrete design is to achieve a structure
that will result in a safe economical solution.

The objective of the design is

1. Foundation design
2. Column design
3. Beam design
4. Slab design
These all are designed under the limit state method
Limit state method:
The object of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptability that the
structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it is intended,
i.e. it will not reach a limit state. In this limit state method, all relevant states must be
considered in the design to ensure a degree of safety and serviceability.

Limit state:
The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is
called a limit state.

Limit state of collapse:

This corresponds to the maximum load-carrying capacity.
Violation of collapse limit state implies failures in the source that a clearly defined limit state
of structural usefulness has been exceeded. However, it does not mean complete collapse.
This limit state corresponds to:
a) Flexural
b) Compression
c) Shear
d) Torsion

Limit state of serviceability:

This state corresponds to the development of excessive deformation and is used for
checking members in which the magnitude of deformations may limit the rise of the
structure of its components.

a) Deflection
b) Cracking
c) Vibration
PLAN AND ELEVATION

(Front view of building frame)

(3D View of building frame)
 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

R1: Rectangular section(0.7544ft×0.984ft)

R2: Rectangular section(0.7544ft×1.968ft)

R3: Rectangular plate

Element Thickness
Node1: 0.3936ft
Node2: 0.3936ft
Node3: 0.3936ft
Node4: 0.3936ft

GEOMETRY MODELLING
 LOADINGS

Load Conditions and Structural System Response:

The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and their
effect on the structural response of typical wood-framed homes. As shown in Table, building loads
can be divided into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces that they induce:
vertical and horizontal (i.e., lateral) loads.

The classification of loads is described in the following sections.

Building Loads Categorised by Orientation:

Types of loads on a hypothetical building are as follows.

Vertical Loads
 Dead (gravity)
 Live (gravity)
 Snow(gravity)
 Wind (uplift on the roof)
 Seismic and wind (overturning)
 Seismic (vertical ground motion)

Horizontal (Lateral) Loads:

Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building.
 Wind
 Seismic (horizontal ground motion)
 Flood (static and dynamic hydraulic forces
 Soil (active lateral pressure)

Design loads for residential buildings:

General Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define the nature
and magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building must resist to provide a reasonable
performance (i.e., safety and serviceability) throughout the structure’s useful life.

The anticipated loads are influenced by a building’s intended use (occupancy and function), configuration(size
and shape), and location(climate and site conditions). Ultimately, the type and magnitude of design loads
affect critical decisions such as material collection, and construction details.
Dead loads:
Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressing the roof, floor, wall,
and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes, and fixed equipment. Dead load is the total
load of l of the components of the components of the building that generally do not change over
time, such as steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material, etc.
Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1

1.​ Self-weight: In the load case, we have an option called self-weight which automatically calculates weights
using the properties of the material i.e., density.
Self-weight of members(beams parallel to x-direction and beams parallel to z-direction):
1.725kN/m(=0.118Kip/ft^2)
2.​ Wall Loads:
The loads of the walls are calculated by the density of the masonry and volume.
Dead load calculation: Weight=Volume x Density
The intensity of the Wall load taken is: 15 kN/m(=1.028Kip/ft^2)
3.​ Floor Loads:
Floor load is calculated based on the load on the slabs. Assignment of floor load is done by creating a load case
for floor load. The intensity of the floor load taken is 3kN/m^2(=0.06Kip/ft^2)
In a downward direction.
4.​ Live Loads:
Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include those from
human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction and maintenance
activities. As required to adequately define the loading condition, loads are presented in terms of
uniform area loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads.
For our structure, the live load is taken as 3 kN/m2(=0.06Kip/ft^2)
for design.
Live loads are calculated as per IS 875 part 2
5.​ Seismic Loads:
To calculate the seismic load acting on the structure, there are different parameters that should
be defined first. On the basis of those factors using the standard formula, defined in any standard
code, the seismic load is calculated. In this particular part, parameters like zone factor, performance factor, or
soil type have to be defined to calculate the “Response acceleration coefficient”. In IS-1893 the corresponding
values are given. Seismic load in the x-direction is taken as Ex and that in the z-direction as Ey
The values used are given below as:
6.​ Wind Loads: Wind load in the x-direction is defined as Wx while that in the z-direction as Ez.
Load Combinations:
All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analysing the building in different
load combinations as per IS456 and analysed the building for all the load combinations results
are taken and the maximum load combination is selected for the design Load factors as per IS456-
2000. The load combination taken here is: 1.2D.L+1.2Ex+1.2Wx.
 RESULTS OF ANALYSIS

Displacements of various nodes:

Max Axial Forces/Max. Bending Moment/Max. Shear Forces:

Reactions at the supports:

 Beams
​
​
Beams transfer load from slabs to columns. Beams are designed for bending.

In general we have two types of beam: single and double. Similar to columns geometry
and perimeters of the beams are assigned. Design beam command is assigned and analysis
is carried out, now reinforcement details are taken.

Beam design:

a reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear stress
induced in it by loads on the beam.

There are two types of reinforeced concrete beams

1.) single reinforced beams

2.) double reinforced concrete

Singly reinforced beams:

In singly reinforced simply supported beams steel bars are placed near the bottom of the
beam where they are more effective in resisting in the tensile bending stress. I cantilever
beams reinforcing bars placed near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case
of simply supported beam.

Doubly reinforced concrete beams:

●​ It is reinforced under compression tension regions. The necessity of steel of

compression region arises due to two reasons. When depth of beam is restricted. The
strength availability singly reinforced beam is in adequate. At a support of continuous
beam where bending moment changes sign such as situation may also arise in design
of a beam circular in plan.
 ●​

Figure shows the bottom and top reinforcement details at three different sections.

These calculations are interpreted manually.

Deflection:
​
 COLUMNS

A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary to support axial

compressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dimension.

A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of

the resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.G 0f the
column I the longitudinal direction.

Depending upon the architectural requirements and loads to be supported,R.C

columns may be cast in various shapes i.e square ,rectangle, and hexagonal
,octagonal,[Link] of L shaped or T shaped are also sometimes used in
multistoried buildings.

The longitudinal bars in columns help to bear the load in the combination with
the [Link] longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or
lateral binders.

The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting operation

and also check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads.

Positioning of columns:
Some of the guiding principles which help the positioning of the columns are as
follows:-

A)​ Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of the building and at
the intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the property line as the
following requirements some area beyond the column, the column can be shifted
inside along a cross wall to provide the required area for the footing with in the
property line. alternatively a combined or a strap footing may be provided.

B)​ The spacing between the column is governed by the lamination on spans of
supported beams, as the spanning of the column decides the the span of the beam.
As the span of the of the beam increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the
self weight of the beam and the total.
 Effective length:

The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points of
contraflexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the
effective length for normal usage assuming idealized and conditions shown in
appendix D of IS - 456(table 24)

A column may be classified based as follows based on the type of loading:

1)​ Axially loaded column

2)​ A column subjected to axial load and uneasily bending

3)​ A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.

Axially loaded columns:

All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load into principal
directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare ,if not nonexistent. Therefore, every
column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity .clause 22.4 of IS code

E min=(L/500)+(D/300) ,subjected to a minimum of 200 mm.

Where L is the unsupported length of the column (see 24.1.3 of the code for
definition unsupported length) and D is the lateral dimension of the column in the
direction under the consideration.

Axial load and uniaxial bending:

A member subjected to axial force and bending shall be designed on the basis of

1)​ The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as

0.002

2)​ The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fiber in
concrete subjected to highly compression and when there is no tension on the
section shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the strain at least compressed extreme fiber.
 Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are in the form
of intersection diagram in which curves for Pu/fck bD verses Mu/fck bD2 are plotted for
different values of p/fck where p is reinforcement percentage.
Axial load and biaxial bending:

The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on
the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the
equilibrium of load and moment about two weeks.

Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation:

(Mux/ Muy)αn +(Muy/ Muy1)αn<=1.0

Mux&Muy=moment about x and Y axis due to design loads

Mux1&Muy1=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending about x

and y axis respectively.

αn is related to Pu/puz

puz=0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc

For values of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0 for values less
than 0.2, αn is values greater than 0.8 , αn is 2.0

The main duty of the column is to transfer the load to the soil [Link] are designed
for compression and moment. The cross section of the column generally increases from one
floor to another floor due to the addition of both live and dead load from the top floors. Also
the amount of load depends on the number of beams the columns are connected to. As the
beam transfers half of the load to each column it is connected.

Column design:
A column may be defined as an element used primary to support axial compressive loads and

with a height of at least three times its lateral dimension. The strength of column depends
upon

the strength of materials, shape and size of cross section, length and degree of proportional
and

dedicational restrains at its ends.

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as

1.) shape of the section

2.) slenderness ratio(A=L+D)

3.) type of loading, land

4.) pattern of lateral reinforcement

The ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is released to as

slenderness ratio.

In our structure we have 3 types of columns.

Column with beams on two sides

Columns with beams on three sides

Columns with beams on four sides

So we require three types of column sections. So create three types of column sections and
assign them to the respective columns depending on the connection. But in these structures
we adopted the same cross section throughout the structure with a rectangular cross section
.In foundations we generally do not have circular columns. If a circular column is given it
makes a circle by creating many lines to increase accuracy.

The column design is done by selecting the column and from the geometry page assigns the
dimensions of the columns. Now analyse the column for loads to see the reactions and total
loads on the column by seeing the loads design column by giving appropriate parameters like

1.​Minimum reinforcement, max, bar sizes, maximum and minimum spicing.

2.​Select the appropriate design code and input design column command to all the columns.

3.​Now run analysis and select any column to collect the reinforcement details

The following figure shows the reinforcement details of a beam in STAAD.

The figure represents details regarding

1.​Transverse reinforcement

2.​Longitudinal reinforcement
The type of bars to be used, amount of steel and loading on the column is represented in
the below figure.

Output:
Due to a very huge and detailed explanation of staad output for each and every column we
have shown a column design results below showing the amount of load,moments,amount
of steel required,section adopted etc.

The main problem with staad is it takes all columns also as beams initially before design and
continues the [Link] here output of column 1 which is actually 131st beam as most of
beams are used in drawing the plan.
 SLABS

Slab design :

Slab is plate elements forming floor and roofs of buildings carrying distributed
loads primarily by flexure.

One way slab:

One way slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth; it
can be simply supported beam or continuous beam.

Two way slab:

When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action [Link] as
slabs are simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and
bending moments are considerably reduced as compared to those in one way slab.

Checks :

There is no need to check serviceability conditions, because design satisfies the span
for depth ratio.

a.) Simply supported slab

b.) Continuous beam

 References

Staad Editor:

STAAD SPACE

START JOB INFORMATION

ENGINEER DATE 14-Apr-08

END JOB INFORMATION

INPUT WIDTH 79

UNIT METER

Estimation:

Total volume of concrete =​ 661.74 [Link]

BAR DIA WEIGHT

(in mm) (in Staad)

8​ 142796.00

10 340.00

12​ 289856.00

16​ 172675.47

TOTAL= 605667.50
Bending Moment:

Fig 9.2 a showing bending moments of all the beams

Shear:

Fig 9.2 b Showing Shear Force of all the beams

Conclusions

[Link] using Softwares like Staad reduces a lot of time in design work.

[Link] of each and every member can be obtained using staad pro.

[Link] the List of failed beams can be Obtained and also Better Section is given by the
software.

[Link] is Improved by using software.

Material Used For Reference :

[Link] of Structures by Ramamrutham for literature review on Kani’s method

[Link] of structures by [Link] for literature on moment distribution method.

[Link] concrete Structures by a.k. jain and b.c. Punmia for design of beams, columns
and slab.

[Link] of Reinforced concrete structure by N. c. Sinha .

Code Books

[Link] 456-2000 code book for design of beams, columns and slabs

[Link]-16 for design of columns.