CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present study technique and a full guide of how data was gathered, analyzed, and
findings were created are provided in this section (methodology). The present chapter
contains data specifics, participant purposes, and all ethical issues. Additionally, the ethical
concerns of contemplation, confidence, and relationship with participants are addressed. It
also comprises a measure description, an operational definition of variables and terminology,
a method, and a statistical evaluation.
3.1 Research Method
3.1.1 Research Design
The current study was investigated using a correlational design.
3.1.2 Sampling Technique
For data gathering, a convenience sampling strategy was used.
3.2 Participants
The present study's participants were chosen using a random selection procedure. This
research includes every student who applied. Initially, 200 volunteer students were chosen at
random from the BSC, BS, and Intermediate levels. Furthermore, the study's data/sample was
separated into two parts: 100 male students and 100 female students. The participants' ages
ranged from 17 to 19, with a mean age of (17 to 19) years and only students who met all of
the study's requirements were chosen. The present study's participants came from various
socioeconomic backgrounds. There were no restrictions imposed on the participants
depending on their socioeconomic position. This research includes day scholars as well as
those who live in hostels. It has been said that the majority of the students chosen for this
study are from the city of Faisalabad or nearby cities. It is also stated that participants came
from various social and religious backgrounds.
3.3 Inclusion / Exclusion Criteria
3.3.1 Inclusion Criteria
The inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed and defined before
doing this investigation, which was a necessity and method of the study. The inclusion
criteria include the participant structures that were essential for the current study design.
Members who met the following research principles were included to avoid sampling error.
1. The current study included only university and college students, and no high school students
were included.
2. Only Pakistani native students were included in the current study, and no overseas students
were involved.
3. Only students enrolled in intermediate programs were included in the research, and all other
class pupils were removed.
4. Participants were chosen from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and religions.
3.3.2 Exclusion Criteria
To avoid errors and sampling-related concerns, as well as to regulate the effects of
these factors on the results. Contestants were excluded from the current study based on the
following criteria:
1. Participants with physical and psychological difficulties were not included or were not a part
of the study to protect the study from the detrimental effects of the disabilities.
2. Participants who had any first-degree relatives (i.e., parents) with a history of psychiatric
difficulties or chronic and painful conditions were also excluded from the research.
3. Participants with dual nationality were also excluded from the current study.
3.4 Trust and Rapport with Participants
It is important to keep in mind that trust and rapport between researchers and participants
are essential for conducting good research. As a result, it was also necessary to establish trust and
rapport with the participants before conducting the psychological treatments. The researcher
introduced himself to the assessment participants and explained and outlined the current study's
purpose. The researcher also informed the participants in the study that their psychological
measurements would be kept private. Throughout the administration of the psychological
measures, the researcher favorably explained and simplified all of the participants' concerns and
inquiries. Members were instructed that if they needed any information related to this topic, they
would be provided with it. All of the strategies outlined above made a difference in the analyst's
ability to develop belief and affinity with the members.
3.5 Ethical Consideration
During this investigation, all precautions were taken before the study began. Initially, the
department of psychology's research board accepted the study's topic, and then the Board of
Study (BOS) and subsequently the Board of Advance Study and Research (BASR) approved the
topic and allowed the author to work properly on it. The current study was designed in such a
way that the participants' respect and dignity were protected. It was ensured that the researcher
will preserve the rights and welfare of the research subjects. The participants were informed
about the study's confidentiality and aim. The members were also informed that their interest was
on an unpaid basis and that they had the right to withdraw their interest in this issue at any
moment. The assent form (Appendixes-A) was filled out by members who were handed all over
to natty gritty. Keeping the moral notion of copyrights in mind, all of the mental measures
mentioned in the current study received permission from their distinct source.
3.6 Measures
3.6.1 Personal Information Form
The examiner created a demographics form for collecting personal information that
includes items such as gender, educational level, age, marital status, occupation, siblings, birth
order, family system, living status, how often your mental health is affected, and how satisfied
with the life you are (listed in the appendix).
3.6.2 Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB)
Carol D. Ryff's 42-item Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scale measures happiness in six
areas: acceptance of oneself, social competence, progress in oneself, positive relationships with
someone else, and independence (Ryff et al., 2007; derived from Ryff, 1989). Researchers have
used both the 42-item PWB Scale and a simplified 18-item version with Americans of all ages,
including those from lower-income backgrounds (Ryff et al., 1995; Curhan et al., 2014).
Mexican-Americans in Chicago and African-Americans in New York have also used the 18-item
measure (Gloria et al., 2009; Ryff et al., 2003).
3.6.3 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)
The DASS-42, a 42-item self-report measure, was developed to assess the negative
emotional states of stress, anxiety, and depression. The DASS's principal significance in a
therapeutic setting is to identify the area of emotional disturbance as part of the wider process of
clinical evaluation. The primary goal of the DASS is to assess the severity of the key symptoms
of stress, anxiety, and depression. Because the DASS scales have been shown to have a high
level of internal consistency and yield significant prejudice in an array of environments, they
should meet the needs of clinicians as well as researchers who want to assess a patient's present
state or evolution of state as time passes.
 3.6.4 College Student Scale
POPS for college students is meant to be used with participants who are late teenagers or
older. In addition to gauging how much parents encourage and participate in their children's
autonomy, it gauges how much warmth the children feel from their parents. 42 items total 21 for
mothers and 21 for fathers make up the scale. Six subscale scores are calculated from these
items: Support for the autonomy of mothers, their involvement, and their warmth, as well as the
autonomy of fathers, their involvement, and their warmth.
3.7 Research Setting
Initially, all government and private institutions in the Faisalabad region were targeted
for data gathering for the current study, and a list of all universities was created. Following the
development of the list of universities, the administration of the institutions was addressed to
obtain approval from higher authorities. Certain efforts were made to obtain information in a
more controlled and objective manner. The reason for consideration was stated to them, and they
were asked for their agreement to the gathering of the information collected. A fitting appraisal
setting (provided by instructional organizing experts) was eliminated from measure
administration. Affirmation was kept at a strategic distance from any form of incursion in these
contexts. The organization of measures was followed and maintained in all situations. The
organization's medium was maintained consistently across all settings. Informative requirements
(as depicted in the manuals of measures used) were strictly followed.
3.8 Research Site
The present study was performed with university students who live in nearby areas of
Faisalabad and attend various private and government universities. This study's data was mostly
gathered from non-government educational universities since approaching students at private
universities was easier and more accessible than approaching students at government
universities. The educational establishments, i.e. universities, chosen for data collecting were
approached using a list created in the Faisalabad region. To begin gathering data for this study,
the researcher visited different institutions from the list provided. These asked permission to
collect data for the current study, and data was gathered after receiving consent.
3.9 Research Procedure
To obtain permission for all documents and measures related to the present study,
including a permission letter for data collection issued by the department of psychology to his
students, a consent form completed by participants to participate in the present study,
psychological measures involving each scale of the study, were provided to the heads of
department and in-charges of all universities from which data was collected. The participants
came through their class professors and CRs of the class after receiving authorization from
higher authorities of these universities. The students that took part in the current study were
chosen at random. The individual data shape was assigned to those members who agreed to take an
interest in gathering individual data counting secure individual statistic data. The inspection of
members was conducted based on these facts. If any form of ambiguity was discovered in any data
during the organization of Individual Data Shape, it was resolved through a brief meeting. The other
three mental measurements were completely organized.
3.10 Scoring
Following data collection, scoring was conducted using instructions from the manual of
psychological measures.
3.11 Statistical Analysis
When the scoring of measures was completed following their manuals' standards, a Microsoft
Excel sheet was created and then. The findings were computed using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS, V 23). For the entire sample, descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. To
compute the data and assess the hypotheses, the independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and
regression analysis of variance were used.
3.12 Operational Definition of the Terms
3.12.1 Mental Health
Mental health is defined as a condition of well-being in which an individual recognizes his or
her strengths, can manage everyday pressures, works successfully and fruitfully, and makes an impact
on the community in which they live (WHO 2001).
3.12.2 Psychological Well-Being
Psychological well-being may be described simply as a person's well-being, joy, benefits,
desire, purpose, and standard of life (Burris et al., 2009).
3.12.3 Parental Style
Parental style can be defined as the set of attitudes, behaviors, values, and standards that
parents display while interacting with their kids and give parents a reason to pay attention to them or
ignore those (Dixon et al., 2008).