1.

Module-1
The following topics will be covered in this module:
 Functions
 Inequalities
 Coordinates
 Conic sections
 Polar coordinates

1.1 Function

It is defined as if each element of set A is connected with the elements of set B, it

is not compulsory that all elements of set B are connected; we call this relation as
function.

f: A → B ( f is a function from A to B )

1.2 The Domain and Range of Functions

The domain of a function f(x) is the set of all values of x for which f(x) is defined.
The range of a function f(x) is the set of all values of f(x) where x is the domain of
f(x).

The graph of a function can be used to deduce its domain and range.

Example:
Find the domain and range of the function y=x 2 +2
Solution:
refer the graph of the function y=x 2 +2 a quadratic function

From the graph, it is observed that the function extends indefinitely to the left and
right for all values of x.
Hence, Domain = {all real numbers}
To determine the range, we observe that the minimum value of y is 2.
Hence, Range = { y : y ≥ 2}

Example:
Determine the domain and range of the following functions by first observing the
nature of their graphs

(i) y=f ( x )=x2

(ii) y=g (x )=sin x

(iii) y=h( x )=e x

Solution:
(ii) The graph of y=g (x )=sin x

Hence, Domain = {all real numbers}

To determine the range, we observe that it is from −1 ¿ 1
Hence, Range = {−1 ≤ y ≤ 1}

1.3 Types of Functions

(i)One to One Function

A function is said to be one to one or injective function if each elements of set A is

connected with different elements of set B.

(ii)Many to One function

If any two or more elements of set A are connected with a single element of set B,
then we call this function as Many to one function.
(iii) On to Functions (Surjective)

A function f from set A to set B is onto function if each element of set B is

connected with set of A elements.

Show that the following two analytical functions are on-to functions.

f :[−2 , 2 ]→[ 0 , 4 ] y=f ( x )=x 2 ; g :[−2, 2 ]→[−8 , 8 ] y =g ( x )=x 3

(iv) In-to Functions

A function f from set A to set B is Into function if at least set B has a element
which is not connected with any of the element of set A.

(v) Bijective function

Function f from set A to set B is bijective function if it is One to one function and
is also On to function.

It is both on-to (surjective) and one-to-one (injective).

Bijective functions are of great interest in mathematics because only they have an
−1
inverse function f .

Note:

An on-to function (surjective) may not be one-to-one (injective). Conversely, a

one-to-one function may not be an on-to.

Question: Using a pictorial diagram show an example of

i. An on-to function that is not one-to-one

ii. A one-to-one function that is not onto

1.4 Examples of functions

 Constant functions: f ( x )=c ⇒ y=f ( x )=7

 Power functions: x
p
⇒ y=f ( x )=x5

 Polynomial functions: Pn ( x ) ⇒ y=f ( x )=x 4 −3 x3 + x 2−3

P n( x ) 2 x 4 −x 2 +1
y=f ( x )=
 Rational functions: Qm ( x ) ⇒ x 5 + x 3 −3 x +7

 Algebraic functions
 Functions obtained by combing any of the above functions using addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division or taking roots: g( x )=x2 /3 ( x −2 )2

 Trigonometric functions ⇒ y=sin x , cos x , tan x

 Exponential functions: a
x
⇒ y=2x , 5 x , e x , 10 x

 Hyperbolic functions ⇒ y=sinh x , cosh x, tanh x

 Transcendental functions Any non-algebraic function
 The absolute value function

1.5 The Algebra of Functions

Let f and g denote any two functions of a single variable x and c be any
constant. Then we define the following operations with functions
cf : (cf )( x )=cf ( x )

(f + g ): (f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g( x )

( f −g ) : (f −g )( x )=f (x )−g( x )

( fg ) : (fg )( x )=f ( x )g ( x )

(f + g ): (f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g( x )

( fg ) :
( fg )( x )= fg(( xx )) provided that g( x )≠0
fg : ( f g ) ( x )=( f (x ) )g( x )

1.6 Composite Functions

A composite function is a function whose independent variable is the value of
another function. The function
F ( x )=f (g ( x ))
is a symbolic example of a function of a function and is denoted by F=f ∘ g . This
notation implies that f is applied on or comes after g . A typical mathematical
example is the function
F ( x )=e sin x .
x
Here, f ( x )=e and g( x )=sin x .

1.7 The Inverse Function

Definition:

A function y=f ( x ) with domain D f has an inverse function f ( x ) only if f is

−1

bijective over D f , that is, if f is one-to-one (injective) and onto (surjective) on D f

.

−1
The inverse function f ( x ) has the property:
(f ∘ f −1 )(x )=( f −1 ∘f )( x )=x

This implies that f (f −1 ( x ))=x , f −1 ( f ( x ))=x

If f ( x ) is given, then the correct mathematical method of finding its inverse

−1
function f ( x ) is through solving the equation
f (f −1 ( x ))=x for f −1 ( x ).

Example

If f ( x )=x 3 −8 then
3
f (f −1 ( x ))=[ f −1 ( x ) ] −8= x

[ f −1( x ) ]3=x +8
f −1 ( x )=3√ x +8 .

−1
Similarly if the inverse function f ( x ) is known then, the correct mathematical way
to find the function f ( x ) is to solve the equation
f −1 ( f ( x ))=x for f ( x ).

Example
x−3
g−1 (x )=
If x+5 then

g( x )−3
g−1 (g ( x ))= =x
g( x )+5
g( x )−3=xg ( x )+5 x
(1−x ) g( x )=3+5 x
3+5 x
g( x )=
1−x
Revision Problems

Relations and Functions

1. What is the difference between a relation and a function? Which of the
following relations is a function and which is not? Give reasons for your
answer.

(a) R1 = A×B={(1 , 5),(2 , 6),(2 , 7 ),(3 , 8 ),(4 , 5 )} ,

(b) R2 =B×C + {(5 , 1),(6 , 1),(7 , 2 ),(8 , 3 )}

2. Two relations, R and S , are defined on the set A={ 1, 2, 3 , 4 } as follows:

(n , m)∈ R if and only if nm is even and ( p , q )∈ S if and only if pq is odd.

(a) List the elements of the relations R and S .

 −1
(b) Find the composite relation S ∘R .
−1
(c) Is S ∘R a function? Explain.

3. (a) Find the domain and range of the function f ( x )=√ 9−x
2

(b) Sketch the graph of the function g( x )=|x−3| over the interval −3≤x≤9
1
f ( x )=
(c) Given
2
x +1 and g( x )=√ x 2 +1 , find algebraic expressions for the
composite functions
(f ∘ f )( x), ( f ∘ g )( x), ( g ∘f )( x), ( g ∘g )( x) .
3 x2 −4 x−4
f ( x )=
4. Given the function x−2 , construct two tables of values of f ( x ) ;
one for the x− values

x=1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 1.9, 1.99, 1.999, 1.9999, 1.99999 , and the other table
for the x− values

x=3.0, 2.75, 2.5, 2.25, 2.1, 2.01, 2.001, 2.0001, 2.00001 .

What happens to the values of f as x gets closer and closer to 2 through values
less than 2 (from the left) or values greater than 2 (from the right) ?

2. Module-1
 Inequalities

Inequality:
Inequality represent the fact that values are not equal (a ≠ b ¿

The inequality comprise of the following symbols:

a< b Means a is less than b
a ≤ b Means a is less than or equal to b
 a> b Means a is greater than b
a ≥ b Means a is greater than or equal to b

Rules of Inequality:

The rules governed the operation of inequality lie on the fact that
i. The sign does not change by adding or subtracting the
number on both sides
if a< b then
a+ c< b+c
a−c <b−c

ii. Multiplication or division by a positive number does not

change the sign.
if a< b then
ac <bc given c >0 ( positive)
a b
<
c c given c >0 ( positive)
iii. Multiplication or division by a negative number change the
sign of the inequality.
if a< b then
ac >bc given c <0 (negative)
a b
>
c c given c <0 (negative)

Example
Solve the following inequalities and graph their solution sets on the real line.
x 6
(a)2 x−1< x+ 3 (b) – 3 < 2 x +1 (c) x−1 ≥ 5
 1 7
(d)−2 x> 4 (e) 5 x−3 ≤7−3 x (f) 2 x− 2 ≥7 x + 6

Solution:
(a) 2 x−1< x+ 3
Add 1 both sides
2 x−1+1< x+ 3+1
2 x< x+ 4
subtract x both sides
2 x−x< x+ 4−x
x <4
So the solution is x <4 now try to represent it in a number line.
Solution:
(d)−2 x> 4
Divide by −2 throughout, but remember also to change the sign because
your dividing by a negative
−2 x 4
<
−2 −2
x ←2
So the solution is x <−2 now try to represent it in a number line.
2. Solve the following inequalities and graph their solution sets on the real line.
4 1
(a) 5 ( x−2 ) < 3 (x−6)
(b) 8−3 x ≥ 5
(c) 3 ( 2−x ) >2(3+ x)

Note:
Part b,c,e and f are left for you as part of exercise

Inequality in Absolute value Function

If |x−a|<r then −r < ( x−a ) <r
Example:
Solve each of the following inequalities and graph the solution set on the
real line
a. |x−5|<9
b. ¿ 2 x−3∨≤ 1
Solution:
(a) |x−5|<9
−9< ( x −5 ) <9
So as to remain only with x we can add 5 throughout
−9+5< x−5+5<9+ 5
 −4< x <14

Now represent −4< x <14 in a number line

 part b is left for you

 Coordinates
 Conic sections
 Polar coordinates
For coordinate geometry please read page 1 to 40 of the study material
part A attached. After going through the book try to solve the following
question as a part of your exercise.

1. Given the point A(2,1), B(-3,4), C(5,6) find:

(a)the slope of the line passing through A and B
(b)the coordinate of a point (a,b) of point p which divide the line segment
AB in the ratio 2:3
( c)the coordinate (a,b) of a point Q on the line through A and C such
that BQ is perpendicular to AC
2. (a)Without using the geometrical construction find the equation of the
circle with centre at C(5,4) and having the line 3 x−4 y +6=0 as a tangent.
(b)Derive an algebraic expression for the inverse function of sin h x

3. Find the equation of each normal line to the curve y=x 3−3 x that is
parallel to the line 2 x+18 y −9=0
4. Find the equation the line that passes through the point P(-5,2) and is
parallel to the line given by the equation 2 x+3 y =7. Also calculate the
distance between the two lines.
5. (a)Calculate the length of each side of the triangle with vertices at
A(1,1),B(3,2),C(4,4).
(b)What type of triangle is it?
(c)Calculate all its angles
For conic section read page number 176 to 202 of the study material
part B attached. After going through the book try to solve the following
question as a part of your exercise.

1. Find the focus and vertex of a conic section represented by the equation
6 y + x−36 y +55=0 and sketch its curve.
2

[Link] the type of conic section represented by the equation

9 x −4 y −18 x−16 y +29=0 giving the coordinates of its centre, vertices and
2 2

foci.
Then sketch its graph.

For polar coordinate read page number 224 to 231 of the study
material part B attached. After going through the book try to solve the
following question as a part of your exercise.

1. a)Find the polar equation of a circle x 2+ y 2−2 ax−2 by=0

(b)draw a sketch of the graph of the polar curve r =−6 sinθ
2
[Link] polar equation r = 2−sinθ represents a conic section. identify the type
of conic it represents, find the coordinate of the foci and vertices, and give
the polar equation of the diretrix that corresponds to the focus located at the
pole.