12 IV April 2024

[Link]
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

Preparing Design Aids for Fe550 Steel for M20

Grade of Concrete Using SP-16
Prof. Kiran Ghodke1, Mr. Prathamesh Kamble2, Ms. Sakshi Patil 3, Mr. Zorengpuia Liantluang4, Mr. Omkar Erandole 5
1
Prathamesh Kamble, Dr. J.J. Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur
2
Sakshi Patil, Dr. J.J. Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur
3
Zorengpuia Liantluang Dr. J.J. Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur
4
Omkar Erandole, Dr. J.J. Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur
5
Prof. Kiran Ghodke Dr. J.J. Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper presentation is to develop design aids for Fe 550 grade of steel from sp 16 handbook.
The design aids prepared will be in the form of tables which will benefit in the calculations of various components of concrete
structures. To prepare design aids for FE550, you would need to focus on creating resources that cover various aspects related to
structural design, specifically for materials like Fe550. Design aids typically include information on material strength, stress-
strain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length, anchorage, deflection
calculation, and general tables, explanations of the basis of preparation, and worked examples illustrating the use of the design
aids.
I. INTRODUCTION
SP 16 is a Handbook consisting of various tables to assist the Concrete Designers to find the data and results quickly and some
examples how to use those tables.
The sp 16:1980 has tables and charts that help structural engineers to design simple sections rapidly for Fe 250, Fe 415 and Fe 500
but do not include grade of steel higher than Fe 500.
IS 456:2000 is a statutory authority to a designer who has to follow the clauses in every letter and spirit.
IS 456 contains complete set of guidelines & information regarding Reinforced Concrete while SP 16 is aid to IS 456 i.e., SP16
assists in designing reinforced concrete structures according to IS456.
The paper presentation focus on the steel of grade Fe 550 which is not available in the sp16 handbook.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] These design aids have been prepared on the basis of work done by Shri P. Padmanabhan, Officer on Special Duty, ISI. Shri B.
R. Narayanappa, Assistant Director, IS1 was also associated with the work. The draft Handbook was circulated for review to
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi; Cement Research Institute of India, New Delhi; Metallurgical and Engineering
Consultants (India) Limited, Ranchi, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee; Structural Engineering Research Centre,
Madras; M/s C. R. Narayana Rao, Madras; and Shri K. K. Nambiar, Madras and the views received have been taken into
consideration while finalizing the Design Aids.
[2] IS 456:2000

III. METHODOLOGY

Fig [Link] - strain Diagram

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

In the figure,
b = effective width of beam
D = overall depth
d = effective depth of beam
xu = depth of neutral axis from compressive phase od section
Ecu = ultimate compressive strength in concrete
Esu = ultimate tensile strength of steel
Cu = ultimate compressive force
Tu = ultimate tensile force
z = lever arm

A. Total Ultimate Compressive Force

Cu = area of stress block x width of beam
From strain diagram, using similar triangle property
xu = 0.0035
a = 0.002
a x 0.0035 = xu x 0.002
a = xu x 0.002/0.0035
= 0.57 xu
Area of stress block = area of rectangle + area of parabola
= (0.43 xu + 0.45 fck) + (2/3 x 0.45 fck x 0.57 xu)
= 0.193 xu fck + 0.171 xu fck
= 0.364 xu fck
Compressive Force(Cu):
Cu = 0.364 xu fck b

B. Tensile Force (Tu)

Tu = stress in steel x area of steel
= fy/ 1.15 x Ast
= 0.87 fy Ast
Depth of Neutral Axis (xu):
Cu = Tu
0.36 x fck x xu x b = 0.87 x fy x Ast
xu = 0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck xu b

C. Limiting or Maximum Depth of Neutral Axis

(xu lim or xu max)
Based on Assumption on Theory of Bending, the xu max can be obtain
For Fe 550, fy = 550
Esu = (fy/ 1.15 Es) + 0.002
= (550/ 1.15 x 2 x105) + 0.002
= 4.39 x 10-3
From similar triangle property:
xu = 0.0035
d-xu = 4.39 x 10-3
4.39 x 10-3 xu = 0.0035 x (d-xu)
4.39 x 10-3 xu = 0.0035d - 0.0035xu
0.0035d = 4.39x10-3 xu + 0.0035d
0.0035d = 7.89x10-3xu
xu = (0.0035/7.89x10-3) d

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

xu = 0.44d
xu max or xu lim = 0.44d

D. Limiting or Maximum Percentage of Steel

(Pt lim or Pt max)
xu < xu max
0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b < xu max
Pt = (Ast / b x d) 100
For Fe 550, fy = 550
(0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b) = xu max
For Fe 550, xu max = 0.44d
(0.87 fy Ast / 0.36 fck b) = 0.44d
(Ast / b x d) = 0.44 x 0.36 x fck / 0.87 x fy
Multiplying both sides by 100
(Ast / b x d) x 100 = (0.44 x 0.36 x fck / 0.87 x fy) x 100
(Ast / b x d) x 100 = 0.033 fck
Pt lim or Pt max = 0.033 fck

E. Limiting or Maximum Moment of Resistance

Mu = Cu x z
Mu max or Mu lim = 0.36 fck b xu (d – 0.42xu)
For Mu lim , xu = xu lim
For Fe 550, xu max = 0.44d
Mu max or Mu lim = 0.36 fck b xu max (d – 0.42 xu max)
= 0.36 x fck x b x 0.44d x (d – 0.42 x 0.44d)
= 0.158 fck b d (d – 0.148d)
= 0.158 fck b d (0.86d)
= 0.128 fck b d2
Mu max or Mu lim = 0.128 fck b d2

F. Moment of Resistance of Slab

Data: fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
d = 100 mm
For Fe 550,
Ptlim = 0.033 fck
= 0.033 x 20
= 0.66%
Ast = (area of 1 bar/ spacing) x 1000
For 6 mm diameter bar at 50 mm centre to centre spacing
Ast = {(π/4 x 62)/ 50}x 1000
= 565.54 mm2
From IS 456:2000 ANNEX:G
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1- (Ast fy / fck b d)}
= 0.87 x 550 x 565.54 x 100 {1- (565.54 x 550/ 20 x 100 x 1000)}
= 22.85 x 106 [Link]
= 22.85 KN.m

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

G. Percentage of Steel for Singly Reinforced Section

Ast = (0.5 fck / fy) (1 - √ 1- (4.6 x Mu / fck x b x d2) b x d
Ast / b x d = (0.5 fck / fy) (1 - √ 1- (4.6 x Mu / fck x b x d2)
Multiplying both sides by 100
(Ast / bxd)100 = (0.5 fck / fy) (1- √1-(4.6xMu /fck xbxd2)100
Here, Pt = (Ast / b x d) 100
Hence ,
Pt = (0.5 fck / fy) (1- √1- (4.6 x Mu /fck x bx d2) 100
Sample Calculation :
For fck = 20 N/mm2 and fy = 550 N/mm2
For (Mu / b x d) = 0.30
Pt = (0.5 x 20 / 550) (1- √1- (4.6 x 0.30 / 20) 100
Pt = 0.0638

H. Table For Moment Of Resistance

TABLE NO.1.1
For Fy = 550 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2 d = 100 mm
Bar Spacing Bar Diameter
(cm)
6 8 10 12
5 22.85 34.80 42.69 40.90
7.5 16.16 26.15 35.68 42.23
10 12.47 20.72 29.46 37.28
12.5 10.14 17.11 24.47 35.52
15 8.55 14.55 21.45 28.60
17.5 7.38 12.65 18.82 25.43
20 6.50 11.19 16.76 22.85
22.5 5.80 10.03 15.09 20.73
25 5.24 9.08 13.73 18.95
27.5 4.78 8.30 12.61 17.45
30 4.39 7.64 11.62 16.17

TABLE NO 1.2
For Fy = 550 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2 d = 175 mm
Bar Spacing Bar Diameter
(cm)
6 10 12
8
5 29.61 46.83 61.48 67.97
7.5 20.67 34.17 48.20 60.27
10 15.85 26.74 38.86 50.81
12.5 12.85 21.92 32.39 43.34
15 10.80 18.56 27.71 37.62
17.5 9.31 16.09 24.19 33.16
20 8.19 14.20 21.46 29.61
22.5 7.30 12.70 19.27 26.74
25 6.59 11.49 17.49 24.36
27.5 6.01 10.49 16.03 22.37
30 5.81 9.65 14.76 20.68

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

TABLE NO.1.5
For Fy = 550 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2 d = 200 mm
Bar Spacing Bar Diameter
(cm)
6 8 10 12
5 49.90 82.90 117.97 149.39
7.5 34.20 58.22 85.84 114.50
10 26.00 44.77 67.07 91.46
12.5 20.97 36.35 54.95 75.85
15 17.57 30.59 46.51 64.70
17.5 15.11 26.40 40.31 56.37
20 13.26 23.22 35.36 49.92
22.5 11.81 20.72 31.81 44.79
25 10.65 18.70 28.77 40.61
27.5 9.700 17.05 26.30 37.14
30 8.901 15.66 24.15 34.21

TABLE NO.1.3
For Fy = 550 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2 d = 150 mm
Bar Spacing Bar Diameter
(cm)
6 8 10 12
5 36.37 58.85 80.33 95.15
7.5 25.18 42.19 60.76 78.36
10 19.24 32.75 48.27 64.37
12.5 15.56 26.73 39.91 54.16
15 13.06 22.57 33.98 46.65
17.5 11.25 19.53 29.57 40.90
20 9.88 17.20 26.16 36.39
22.5 8.81 15.37 23.45 32.76
25 7.94 13.89 21.25 29.78
27.5 7.24 12.67 19.45 27.30
30 6.64 11.65 17.89 25.19

TABLE NO.1.4
For Fy = 550 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2 d = 175 mm
Bar Spacing Bar Diameter
(cm)
6 8 10 12
5 43.14 70.88 99.06 122.14
7.5 29.69 50.21 73.27 96.38
10 22.62 38.76 57.66 77.89
12.5 18.26 31.54 47.42 65.00
15 15.31 26.58 40.24 55.66
17.5 13.18 22.96 34.93 48.43
20 11.57 20.21 30.85 43.15
22.5 10.31 18.05 27.63 38.77
25 9.30 16.30 25.00 35.19
27.5 8.47 14.86 22.87 32.21
30 7.77 13.66 21.02

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

I. Table For Percentage Of Steel

TABLE NO.1.6
For Fy = 550 N/mm2 Fck = 20 N/mm2
Mu/bd2 Pt Mu/bd2 Pt

0.30 0.0638 2.20 0.540

0.35 0.0747 2.22 0.546
0.40 0.0856 2.24 0.552
0.45 0.0966 2.26 0.558
0.50 0.1077 2.28 0.564
0.55 0.1188 2.30 0.570
0.60 0.1301 2.32 0.576
0.65 0.1414 2.34 0.583
0.70 0.1527 2.36 0.589
0.75 0.1642 2.38 0.595
0.80 0.1757 2.40 0.601
0.85 0.1873 2.42 0.607
0.90 0.1990 2.44 0.614
0.95 0.211 2.46 0.620
1.00 0.223 2.48 0.626
1.05 0.235 2.50 0.633
1.10 0.247 2.52 0.639
1.15 0.259 2.54 0.646
1.20 0.271 2.56 0.652
1.25 0.283 2.58 0.659
1.30 0.296 2.60 0.665
1.35 0.308 2.62 0.672
1.40 0.321 2.64 0.679
1.45 0.334 2.66 0.685
1.50 0.347 2.68 0.692
1.55 0.360 2.70 0.699
1.60 0.372 2.72 0.706
1.65 0.386 2.74 0.713
1.70 0.399 2.76 0.719
1.75 0.413 2.78 0.726
1.80 0.426 2.80 0.733
1.85 0.440 2.82 0.740
1.90 0.454 2.84 0.747
1.95 0.468 2.86 0.755
2.00 0.482 2.88 0.762
2.02 0.488 2.90 0.769
2.04 0.494 2.92 0.776
2.06 0.499 2.94 0.784
2.08 0.505 2.96 0.791
2.10 0.510 2.98 0.798
2.12 0.517
2.14 0.523
2.16 0.529
2.18 0.534

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

J. Slab Design by Manual Calculation

Roof Slab = 4m x5 m
Thickness = 125mm
Live Load = 3 KN/m2
Floor Finish = 1 KN/m2
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
Step 1: Check the type of Slab
ly/lx = 5/4
= 1.25 < 2
Design as Two Way Slab
Step 2: Provide D = 125 mm
Eff. cover d’= 25 mm
Eff. depth d = 125 – 25 = 100 mm

Step 3: Calculation of effective span (leff)

As per IS 456: 2000 Clause no 22.2
leff is lesser of :
1) lx + d = 4 + 0.1 = 4.1m
2) lx + 0.3/2 +0.3/2 = 4.3m
Take leff = 4.1m

Step 4: Load Calculation

Consider 1m width of strip
1) Self Weight = b x D x 25
= 1 x 0.125 x 25
= 3.125 KN/m
2) Live Load = 3 KN/m
3) Floor Finish = 1 KN/m
Total Load (W) = 3.125 +3 +1
= 7.125 KN/m
Step 5: Calculation of Moment
As per IS 456:2000 ANNEX D
Mux = 1.5 x αx x W x leff2
Muy = 1.5 x αy x W x leff2
For ly/lx = 1.25
αx = 0.075
αy = 0.056
Mux = 1.5 x 0.075 x 7.125 x 4.12
= 13.47 x 106 [Link]
Muy = 1.5 x 0.056 x 7.125 x 4.12
= 10.06 x 106 [Link]

Step 6: Equate Mux with Mulim

As per grade of Steel Fe 500
Mu lim = 0.129 x fck x b x d2
= 0.129 x 20 x 1000 x 1002
= 25.8 KNm
Mux < Mu lim
Hence provided depth is sufficient

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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Step 7: Calculation of Steel in both direction

Along Shorter Span
Astx = (0.5 fck / fy) (1 - √ 1- (4.6 x Mu / fck x b x d2) b x d
= (0.5x20/550) (1 - √ 1- (4.6x13.47x106/20 x1000x1002) 1000x100
= 307.27 mm2
As per IS 456:2000 Clause no [Link]
Astmin = 0.12% x b x D
= 0.12/100 x 1000 x 125
= 150 mm2

Provide 10mm dia. bars

Max dia. = 1/8 x D
= 1/8 x 125
= 15.625 > 10
Hence the diameter is safe.
Spacing = {(π/4 x 102)/ 307.27}x 1000
= 255.60 mm
~ 250 mm
Check for Spacing:
1) Calculated Spacing = 250 mm
2) 3 x d = 3 x 100 = 300 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide 10mm dia. bars at 250 mm c/c
Along longer span:
Asty = (0.5 fck / fy) (1 - √ 1- (4.6 x Mu / fck x b x d2) b x d
= (0.5x20/550) (1 -√ 4.6x10.06x106/20x1000x1002) 1000x100
= 223.64 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia. bars
Spacing = {(π/4 x 102)/ 223.64}x 1000
= 351.14 mm ~ 350mm
Check for Spacing:
1) Calculated Spacing = 350 mm
2) 3 x d = 3 x 100 = 300 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide 10mm dia. bars at 300 mm c/c
Step 8: Check for Shear
As per IS 456:2000 Clause 40.1
v< kx c
Here v = Vu / b x d
Vu = Wu x leff / 2
= 1.5 x 7.125 x 4.1 / 2
= 21.90 KN
So, v = 21.90 x 103 / 1000 x 100
= 0.21 N / mm2
As per IS 456:2000 clause no [Link]
For D = 125, k = 1.30 mm
Pt = (Ast / b x d) x 100
= (307.27 / 1000 x 100) x 100
= 0.30%

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 12 Issue IV Apr 2024- Available at [Link]

As per IS 456:2000 Table 19

Using Interpolation Method
For Pt = 0.30% , c = 0.38 N/mm2
k x c = 1.30 x 0.38
= 0.49 N/mm2
Here, v < k x c
Safe in Shear

K. Slab Design by SP-16 Chart

Roof Slab = 4m x5 m
Thickness = 125mm
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
Here, Mux = 14.83 KN.m
Muy = 11.077 KN.m
Providing 10 mm dia. bars
From sp 16 chart
Spacing along shorter span = 225 mm c/c
Spacing along longer span = 300 mm c/c

L. Beam Design By Manual Calculation

Given: fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
Slab Size = 5 x 4 m
Slab Thickness = 125 mm
l=4m
Assume: b = 230 mm
Live Load = 3 KN/m2
Floor Finish = 1 KN/m2
Step 1: Calculation of Eff. Depth
l/d = 10
4/d = 10
d = 0.4 m = 400 mm
Step 2: Calculation of Total Depth
Assume: Clear cover = 20 mm
Main bar = 25 mm
Stirrups = 8 mm
D = 400 + 20 + 8 + 12.5
= 440.5 ~ 445 mm
Here, d = 400 mm & D = 445 mm
Step 3: Load Calculation
a) Slab Load
i) D.L = D x 25 = 0.125 x 25 = 3.125 KN/m2
ii) L.L = 3 KN/m2
iii) F.F = 1 KN/m2
Total (w) = 3.125 + 3 + 1 = 7.125 KN/m2
Load on Beam = ½ x b x h x w
(w1) = ½ x 4.46 x 2.23 x 7.125
= 35.43/ 4.46
= 7.94 KN/m

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ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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b) Wall Load
(w2) = b x d x 20
= 0.23 x 2.65 x 20
= 12.19 KN/m
c) Self Weight of Beam
(w3) = b x D x 25
= 0.23 x 0.445 x 25
= 2.56 KN/m
Total load = w1 + w2 + w3
= 7.94 + 12.19 + 2.56
= 22.69 KN/m
Step 4: Calculation of Eff. Sp
leff is lesser of:
i) l + d = 4 + 0.4 = 4.4 m
ii) c/c between support = 4.23 m
Here, leff = 4.23 m
Step 5: Moment Calculation
Mu = 1.5 x w x leff2 / 8
= 1.5 x 22.69 x 4.232 / 8
= 76.12 KN/m
Step 6: Calculation of Mu lim
Mu lim = 0.129 x fck x b x d2
= 0.129 x 25 x 230 x 4002
= 118.68 KN/m
Mu < Mu lim
The section is under reinforced and dprov is sufficient
Step 7: Calculation of Steel
Ast = (0.5 fck / fy) (1 - √ 1- (4.6 x Mu / fck x b x d2) b x d
= (0.5x20/550) (1 - √ 1- (4.6x76.12x106/20 x230x4002) 230 x 400
= 461.58 mm2
Step 8: Calculation of Ast min
Ast min = 0.85/fy x b x d
= 0.85/550 x 230 x 400
= 142.18 mm2
Ast > Ast min hence safe
Step 9: Calculation of no of bars
Assume 16 mm dia. bars
No of Bars = Ast / (π/4 x 162)
= 461.58 / 201.06
= 2.29 nos
Provide 3 # 16 mm dia. bars for the main bars
Provide 2 # 12 mm dia. bars for the anchor bars
Step 10: Check for Shear
Vu = Wu x leff / 2
= 1.5 x 22.69 x 4.23 / 2
= 71.98 KN
v = Vu / b x d
3
v = 71.98x 10 / 230 x 400
= 0.78 N/mm2
Pt = (Astprov / b x d) x 100

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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= {(π/4 x 3 x 162)/ 230 x 400}x 100

= 0.65%
As per IS 456:2000 Table 19
Using Interpolation Method
For Pt = 0.65% , c = 0.54 N/mm2
As per IS 456:2000 Table 20
2
cmax = 3.1 N/mm

cmax > v > c

Shear Reinforcement is required
Step 11: Calculation of Vus
Vus = Vu – Vuc
= 71.98 x 103 – ( c x b x d)
= 71.78 x 103 – (0.54 x 230 x 400)
= 22.3 KN
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. bars
Asv = (π/4 x 2 x 82) = 100.53 mm2
Spacing = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d/ Vus
= 0.87 x 550 x 100.53 x 400/ 22.3 x 103
= 862.84 mm
Step 12: Check for Spacing
i) Calculated = 862.84 mm
ii) 0.735 d = 0.75 x 400 = 300 mm
iii) 300 mm
Provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. bars at 300 mm c/c.

M. Beam Design By sp-16 Chart

Mu = 76.12 KN.m
b = 239 mm
d = 400 mm
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
Step 1:
Mu / b x d2 = 76.12 x 106/ 230 x 4002
= 2.07 N/mm2
Step 2: From sp 16 chart for Pt
Using Interpolation Technique
Pt for Mu/b x d2 = 2.07, Pt = 0.490%
Step 3: Steel Calculation
Ast = (Pt/100) x b x d
= (0.490/100) x 230 x 400
= 450.8 mm2
Ast min = (0.87/fy) b x d
= (0.87/550) x 230 x 400
= 142.18 mm2
Ast > Ast min hence safe
Assume 16 mm dia. bars
No of bars = Ast/ area of 1 bar
= 450.8 / (π/4 x 162)
= 2.24 ~ 3 Bars

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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IV. RESULT

Comparision of Slab Design

Slab Manual Calculation Sp 16 chart
Spacing in longer Spacing in longer
Slab span = 300 mm c/c span = 300 mm c/c
Design Spacing in shorter Spacing in shorter
span = 250 mm c/c span = 225 mm c/c

Beam Manual cal. Sp-16 chart

Beam Ast = 461.58 mm2 Ast = 450.8 mm2

Steel provided = 3 Steel provided = 3 #

# 16 mm dia. bars 16 mm dia. bars

V. CONCLUSION
Studying design aids for FE 550 grade of steel can lead to conclusions regarding its structural properties, suitability for various
applications, and the effectiveness of design guidelines in optimizing performance and safety. These conclusions can inform
engineers and designers about the best practices for utilizing FE 550 grade steel in their projects, considering factors such as
strength, ductility, and cost-effectiveness.

REFERENCES
[1] sp 16:1980
[2] IS 456:2000
[3] Burgan, Bassam A and Michael R. Sansom. "Sustainable steel construction." J Constr Steel Res 62 (2006): 1178-1183.
[4] Heyman, Jacques. "Design of a simple steel truss." Proc Inst Civ 163 (2010): 53-56
[5] Truong, Gia Toai, Jong-Chan Kim and Kyoung-Kyu Choi. "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted by various methods." Eng Struct
134 (2017): 217-235.
[6] Gorgolewski, Mark. "The implications of reuse and recycling for the design of steel buildings." Can J Civ Eng 33 (2006): 489-49
[7] Rossi, Barbara. "Discussion on the use of stainless steel in constructions in view of sustainability." Thin-Walled Struct 83 (2014): 182-189.
[8] Wang, R.; Shenoi, R.A. Experimental and numerical study on ultimate strength of steel tubular members with pitting corrosion damage. Mar. Struct. 2019, 64,
124–137
[9] EN 1993−1−1; Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures—Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. European Committee for Standardisation: Brussels,
Belgium, 2004

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