ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C)
Module 2:
Amplitude Modulation Techniques: Angle Modulation Techniques:
Types of analog modulation Principles of Angle modulation
Principle of amplitude modulation Theory of FM-basic Concepts
AM power distribution Theory of phase modulation
(TEXT1: 5.1, 5.2, 5.5)
Limitations of AM
(TEXT 1: 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6)
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C)
Module 2: Amplitude modulation and Angle modulation techniques
Modulation: The process of changing some characteristics of a signal, known
as the carrier signal, in proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal, also called as information signal or baseband signal.
Analog modulation (or CW Continuous Wave modulation): The carrier signal is
continuous in nature such as fixed-frequency sinusoidal signal
Types of Analog Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is the process of varying the amplitude of a
relatively high-frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous
value of the information (modulating) signal.
Vm(t) is the information signal (modulating
signal)
Vc(t) is the carrier signal
VAM(t) is the amplitude modulated signal
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude
Modulation
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation (Modulation index)
Modulation Index: (Depth of modulation)
Vm / Vc
Where
Vm=maximum amplitude of the modulating signal
Vc= maximum amplitude of the carrier signal
Numericals on modulation index
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation (Overmodulation and Splatter)
When the amplitude modulation index is greater than one, the AM signal is said
to be overmodulated.
This situation occurs when Vm > Vc or (Vm/Vc) > 1.
Splatter is a combination of spurious frequencies generated by most practical
AM modulator circuits when driven by overmodulation.
Splatter are frequency components produced by a transmitter that fall outside its
assigned channel.
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation (Frequency Domain Analysis)
Above equation is the expression of AM signal in the frequency-domain.
The first term is the original unmodulated carrier signal.
• The second term is below the carrier frequency signal by the modulating frequency,
that is, (fc – fm). This is called the lower-sideband frequency.
• The third term is above the carrier frequency signal by the modulating frequency, that
is, (fc + fm). This is called the upper-sideband frequency.
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation (Frequency Domain Analysis)
The band of frequencies between
(fc – fm) and fc is called the lower-
sideband (LSB or flsb).
flsb = fc – fm
The band of frequencies between
fc and (fc + fm) is called the upper-
sideband (USB or fusb).
fusb = fc + fm
The bandwidth
BAM = (fc + fm) – (fc – fm)
BAM = 2 fm
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation (AM Power Distribution)
Total power in AM signal = Carrier power + Lower-sideband power + Upper-
sideband power
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation (Power Spectrum of AM signal)
The carrier power is independent of
modulation index, that is, it does not
change with modulation.
The additional power in AM signal with
modulation goes into two sidebands.
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation
(Transmission Efficiency of AM signal)
ɳ represents Transmission Efficiency
Psb=Side band power
Pam=Total power of AM signal
Ma is the modulation index
Carrier power does not contain any
useful information
Only sidebands carry the information
signal
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Principles of Amplitude Modulation
(Limitations of AM)
Low transmitter power efficiency
Poor reception quality
Noisy signal reception
Limited operating radio range
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Angle Modulation - Principle
Angle Modulation is the process of varying the total phase angle of a carrier signal in proportion with
instantaneous value of modulating signal while keeping the amplitude of the carrier signal constant.
Two types of Angle modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
If either frequency or phase is varied, the other parameter will automatically vary
If frequency of the carrier signal is varied directly in proportion to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal, then it is FM
If frequency of the carrier signal is varied indirectly in proportion to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal, then it is phase modulation. Therefore, PM is sometimes known as indirect FM.
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Angle Modulation - Equations
Vfm(t) is the frequency modulated signal
Vpm(t) is the phase modulated signal
Vc is the maximum amplitude of the carrier signal
Kf=frequency deviation constant
Kp=phase deviation constant
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Angle Modulation
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM – Basic concepts
Frequency Modulation (FM) is that form of angle modulation in which the
instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal
1. Information signal
2. Carrier signal
3. FM signal
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM –
Basic concepts
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM – Instantaneous frequency, Carrier swing, modulation
index
1. Expression for instantaneous frequency
2. Equation for frequency deviation
The total variation in frequency of the carrier
signal from minimum to maximum value is the
carrier swing = 2δ
mf is the frequency modulation index
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM – Numericals
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM - Numericals
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM - Numericals
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of FM - Numericals
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of Phase Modulation
Phase of the carrier signal is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of modulating signal
The process of phase modulation (PM) will cause
the phase angle of the carrier signal to shift
(deviate) from its original value.
1. Angle modulated signal
2. Instantaneous phase of angle modulated signal
3. Instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier
4. Phase Modulated Wave
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Phase Modulation - Numericals
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Theory of Phase Modulation
1. Expression for phase deviation in radians
The phase deviation is directly proportional to
instantaneous amplitude, vm, not the frequency, fm, of the
modulating signal.
Kp is the phase modulator sensitivity (constant and its
unit it radians/volt)
2. Expression for phase modulation index: mp is the
phase modulation index in radians (peak phase deviation)
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Phase Modulation Numericals
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
AM, FM and
PM waves
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2
Modulation Techniques
Some useful you tube links
[Link] (Amplitude
modulation)
[Link] (Frequency
Modulation)
Dept. of ECE, MITE, Moodabidri ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (BEC 654C) MODULE 2