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Utilization of waste PET bottles in concrete as an innovative composite

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NOVIY MIR Research Journal ISSN No: 0130-7673

UTILIZATION OF WASTE PET BOTTLES IN CONCRETE AS

AN INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE BUILDING MATERIAL

Prathamesh D. Pawaskar1, Pooja P. Naik 2, Koshi Roshan James3, Pratiksha D.

Pawaskar 4

1234
UG Student of Civil Engineering Depertment

Girijabai Sail Institute of Technology, Majali, Karwar-581345, Karnataka, India

Vaibhav R. Shirodkar5

5
Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department

Girijabai Sail Institute of Technology, Majali, Karwar-581345, Karnataka, India

1
69prathameshdpawaskar@[Link], 2poojanaik0609@[Link],
3
roshan7744@[Link], 4pawaskarpratiksha1314@[Link],
5
vaibhav3583@[Link]

Abstract:

In the present scenario the construction cost as scarcity of sand is

increasing day by day in order to counteract this problem, sand is partially replaced
by plastic waste material. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is commonly used for
carbonated beverage and water bottles. This is an environmental issue as waste
plastic bottles are difficult to biodegrade and involves processes either to recycle or
reuse. Our project deals with the possibility of using the PET bottles waste as the
partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% in
the volume of river sand and 5% of Nano silica is replaced by cement. The slump test,
compaction factor test, compressive test and flexural strength test are performed on
the concrete for 7 and 28 days of curing period and the results is compared with
normal concrete. The main objective of this study is to reduce the wastage of plastic
and to improve the eco-friendly environment.

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Keywords: Aggregate, Workability, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength,

Grade of Concrete, PET waste bottles

I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used construction material due to its high
compressive strength, long service life, and low cost etc. However, concrete has in
built disadvantages of low tensile strength and crack resistance. Concrete is a
miraculous man made material for civil engineering construction. Waste disposal has
become one of the major environmental, economic and social issues. Hence using of
PET wastes in the construction industry is an effective advance towards preventing
surrounding pollution. The waste utilization in civil engineering construction has
become an attractive alternative for disposal and the Polyethylene (PET) Bottles are
available without any cost as these are waste produces and can be economically
shredded. There is growing awareness in the recycling and reuse of plastic nowadays
due to growing concrete for ecological aspects among the mankind but the recycling
involves many technical and scientific procedures as recuperated one cannot be
utilized again with regard to the structural changes and temperatures required for
meeting.

The use of plastic waste as an natural aggregate substitute in concrete is a

relatively recent concept. One of the first significant reviews on the use of waste
plastic in concrete focused on the advantages and financial benefits of such use,
beside their physical and mechanical properties. And more over use of plastic as
aggregate gives a solution for the problems encountered with the quarrying of natural
aggregate. On the other hand, plastic pollution is currently on of the biggest
environment concerns.

II. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1. To study the properties of PET.
2. To conduct a comparative study of plastic aggregate & natural aggregate.
3. To study the effect of replacing natural aggregate with plastic aggregate on

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workability, compressive strength & flexural strength of concrete.

4. To compare the strength of PET mix concrete with conventional mix concrete.
5. To reduce environmental pollution by the use of PET Bottles in Concrete.
6. To development of alternative low cost and ecologically suitable building material
from waste in an economic necessity.

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

R. N. Nibudey, P. B. Nagarnaik, D. K. Parbat (2014), had conducted studies on

“Shear Strength of Waste Plastic (PET) Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, in this paper,
the shear strength of plastic (PET) fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) is discussed. The
post-consumer PET mineral bottles were manually cut into fiber form after removing
neck and bottom, and these fibers were used to reinforce the plain concrete. The
concrete of M20 and M30 grades were selected for the study. The PET fibers were
obtained from used mineral water bottles, without any processing, of two sizes with
aspect ratios 35 and 50. The fibers were added in proportions 0 % to 3 % at an
increment of 0.5%. The concrete specimens were tested after 28 days of curing. The
shear resistance of plastic fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) was found to be increased.
The maximum increased in shear strength of PFRC was 27.25% for M20 grade of
concrete at 1% fiber volume fraction with aspect ratio 50, over the normal concrete.

P. Ganesh Prabhu, C. Arun Kumar, R. Pandiyaraj, P. Rajesh & L. Sasi Kumar

(2014), had conducted studies on “Study on Utilization of Waste Pet Bottle Fiber
in Concrete”, in this paper, Waste plastic bottles are major reason of solid waste
disposal. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is usually used for carbonated beverage
and water bottles. The waste plastic bottles are difficult to biodegrade and involve
processes either to recycle or reuse. The construction industry is in requiring of
finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. In
this paper deals with the possibility of using the waste PET bottles as the different
aspect ratio of 17, 33, 50, size of fiber added in to the concrete with 0.5%, 1%, and
1.5% PET bottle fibers for fine aggregate were produced and compared against

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control mix with no replacement. Cube specimens, cylinder specimens of 27 numbers

each were cast cured and tested for 3 day, 7 day and 28 days strength. Compression
test, splitting tensile test and flexural strength tests were done and the results were
compared with control specimens.

SahilVerma, SahilArora (2015), had conducted studies on“Replacement of

Natural Sand in Concrete by Polyethylene Bottles”, in this paper, presently a lot of
attention has been taken on waste plastic materials which are generated in huge
amount in all over the world. The main problem is disposal of waste plastic material.
In this research paper a little try is to use the waste plastic crushed bottles of
appropriate size in concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregates and it has the
potential of disposing off large quantities of the catastrophic waste in a beneficial way.
The environmental effects can be substantially reduced by proper encapsulation of
these waste plastic bottles. The study also gives the comparison of compressive
strength of normal conventional concrete with the concrete made from the partial
substitution of aggregates with Polyethylene Terephthalate bottles.

IV. MATERIAL USED

The materials used in this investigation are:
1. Cement OPC 53 grade conforming IS 12269:1983
2. Fine Aggregate
3. PET waste bottles
4. Coarse Aggregate
5. Nano Silica
6. Water

1. Cement OPC 53 grade conforming IS 12269:1987: Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC) Conforming to IS 12269:1983 (53 Grade) was used for the experimental
work.

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Table 4.1 Properties of Cement

Sr. No Property Values

1. Normal consistency test 28%

2. Initial setting time test 150 Min

3. Specific Gravity test 3.13

Figure 4.1 Cement OPC 53 Grade

2. Fine Aggregate: Locally available river sand was used, which conforms to (Zone
III).

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Table 4.2: Properties of Fine Aggregate

Sr. No Property Values

1. Sieve Analysis test Zone III

2. Specific Gravity test 2.74

3. Bulk Density test

(1) Compacted 1.51gm/cm^3

(2) Without Compacted 1.37gm/cm^3

Figure 4.2 River Sand

3. PET waste bottles: Post consumed PET mineral water bottles collected from
local restaurants were used for the experimental work. In order to get plastic
particle size, plastic bottle pieces passing through 4.75mm sieve were used

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Table 4.3: Properties of PET waste bottles

Sr. No Property Values

1. Water Absorption test Nil

2. Specific Gravity test 0.94

3. Bulk Density test

(1) Compacted 0.44gm/cm^3

(2) Without Compacted 0.27gm/cm^3

Figure 4.3 PET Bottles waste

4. Coarse Aggregate: In this experiment, we used 10 to 20mm down size collected

from near by quarry and which was free from dust.

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Table 4.4: Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Sr. No Property Values

1. Flakiness test 10.28％

2. Elongation test 12.23％

3. Sieve Analysis test 5.02

4. Specific Gravity test 2.51

5. Bulk Density test

(1) Compacted 1.50gm/cm^3

(2) Without Compacted 1.36gm/cm^3

6. Moisture Content test Nil

Figure 4.4 Coarse Aggregate

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5. Nano Silica: In this experiment, we used Nano Silica which is amorphous in

nature, which is brought from ASTRRA Chemicals Chennai.

Table 4.5: Properties of Nano Silica

Figure 4.5 Nano Silica

6. Water: In this experiment, we used normal tap water which is free from organic
subsistence and impurities whose pH value is 6.86.

V. METHODLOGY
M30 grade of mix design has been prepared as per IS 10262:2009 guidelines
Method. 5% of Nano-silica by its weight was replaced with cement in all the mixes
and Rivers sand was replaced by PET bottle waste (0%,2%,4%,6% and 8% ) by its
weight. For this Experiment we have use water-cement ratio as 0.40.

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The purpose of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete determining their relative

amounts with objective of producing concrete of required strength, durability and
workability and economical possible is termed as Concrete Mix Design. As per Indian
Standard Concrete Mix proportioning Guidelines IS:10262 (2009) concrete mix
designs has been done.

Mix Design of M30 grade of concrete has been prepared. First we collected
some quantity of waste PET Bottles from road side, shop and restaurants. Then we
cutted the neck and bottom part of the bottles and middle part of the bottles where
used for our project work. Manually we have cutted waste PET Bottles to required
shape or pieces and those pieces which were passed through IS sieve 4.75 mm were
used for our investigation.

Table 5.1: Mix proportion for M30 grade of concrete

Water-cement
Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
ratio

1 1.28 2.28 0.4

5.1 Workability of fresh concrete

5.1.1 Slump Test: The Slump test was carried out as per IS 1199-1959 and noted the
slump values.

5.1.2 Compaction Factor Test: The Compaction factor test was performed as per IS
1199-1959.

5.2 Strength study on hardened concrete:

5.2.1 Compressive strength of concrete: For the compressive strength test, the
specimens of size 150 X150 X150mm were cast and tested after the 7 and 28
days of curing period on compressive testing machine of capacity 2000KN as
per IS 516: 1959.

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Compressive Strength (F) = --------------------------------------(1)

Where, F = Compressive strength of the specimen

(In N/mm2)

L = load (in N)

A = cross-sectional area (in mm2).

5.2.2 Flexural strength of concrete: For the flexural strength, the beam specimens
of size 100 X 100X 500mm were cast and tested after 7 and 28 days of curing
period . Two point loading was adopted on an effective span of 400mm as per
IS 516-1959.
Flexural strength of concrete (Fb) = PL/bd^2 --------------------------(2)

Where, Fb = Flexural strength of concrete

(In N/mm2)
P = Failure load (in N)
d = depth of the beam (100mm)
L = Effective span of the beam (400mm)

b = Breadth of the beam (100mm).

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Workability

6.1.1 Slump cone test:

These tests measure the consistency of fresh concrete and also check the workability
of fresh concrete. The slump test value has been conducted according to IS:1199-1959
and obtained 87mm which indicates degree of workability is medium.

6.1.2 Compaction factor test:

Compaction factor of fresh concrete is done to determine the workability of fresh

concrete by compaction factor test as per IS: 1199-1959. Compaction factor value is
0.93. The degree of workability of fresh concrete is medium.

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6.2 Compressive strength test:

Table 6.1 compressive strength of M30 for normal concrete and PET bottle
waste concrete for 7 and 28days.

Compressive Compressive
Volume of
Sl No Strength at Strength at
fraction PET
7days (N/mm²) 28days (N/mm²)
1 0% 27.18 38.23
2 2% 29.76 40.17
3 4% 31.98 42.63
4 6% 28.45 39.52
5 8% 28.12 38.3

Fig 6.1 compressive strength of M30 for normal concrete and PET bottle waste
concrete for 7 and 28 days.

When the different percentage of PET bottle waste concrete were compared with the
conventional concrete in terms of compressive strength of M30 grade for 7 and 28
days it was observed that the compressive strength of the concrete initially increased
by adding PET bottle waste from 2% to 4% and then showed with a considerable
descending trend with the addition of 6% to 8% PET bottle waste. The optimum

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compressive strength of the concrete was achieved with the addition of 4% PET bottle
waste.

6.3. Flexural strength test:

Table 6.2 Flexural strength of M30 for normal concrete PET bottle waste
concrete for 7 and 28 days.

FlexuralStrength
Volume of Flexural Strength at
Sl No at 28days
fraction PET 7days (N/mm²)
(N/mm²)
1 0% 2.42 4.63
2 2% 3.38 6.1
3 4% 3.76 6.43
4 6% 3.27 4.2
5 8% 3.19 4.12

Fig 6.2 Flexural strength of M30 for normal concrete PET bottle waste concrete
for 7 and 28 days.

When the different percentage of PET bottle waste concrete were compared with the
conventional concrete in terms of flexural strength of M30 grade for 7 and 28 day, it
was observed that the flexural strength of the concrete initially increased by adding
PET bottle waste from 2% to 4% and then showed a considerable descending trend

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with the addition of 6% to 8% PET bottle waste. The optimum flexural strength of the
concrete was achieved with the addition of 4% PET bottle waste.

VII. CONCLUSION
1. It was observed that the compressive strength increased up to 4% replacement of
fine aggregate with PET bottle waste and it gradually decreased for 6% and 8%
replacement. Hence replacement of fine aggregate with 4% replacement will be
reasonable.

2. It was observed that the flexural strength increased up to 4% replacement of the

fine aggregate with PET bottle waste and it gradually decreased for 6% aggregate
and remains the same for 8% replacement.

3. The degree of workability of fresh concrete is medium.

4. Utilization of waste in plastic cement in different extents to enhance the quantity.

5. Concrete mixed with waste PET fiber eco-friendly, non-hazardous as it easily get
dispersed in cement mix & could be adoptable in any environment.
6. Because plastic has more water tightness capacity when compared to natural
aggregate this can help in arresting micro cracks.
7. Concrete with waste PET fiber can be used as an effective plastic waste
management practice in future & reduces the land fill & environmental issues.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude and sincere acknowledgment to our Dr.
Suresh D. Mane, Principal, Girijabai Sail Institute of Technology, [Link]
continuously helped with his valuable suggestions and encouragement during the
entire project.
We are grateful to Dr. Veeresh. M, Head of Civil Engineering Department for
providing us the necessary help and encouragement whenever needed which has
resulted in the success of our project.

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We are also grateful to Prof. Vaibhav Shirodkar, Assistant Professor of Civil

Engineering Department for providing us the necessary help and encouragement
whenever needed which has resulted in the success of our project.

We would also like to thank all the staff member of our department, without whose
constructive suggestion and valuable advice, the simple idea which has been borne by
us, would not been able to blossom forth to give such a beautiful bloom.

Last but not the least We are grateful to all our family member and friends for their
direct and indirect constant moral support throughout the project.

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