Sintering Techniques and Applications
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ScribdTranslationsSintering Techniques and Applications
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsSINTERING
Produced by:
• ANCIENT GRACE
• YASSINE IRABNE
• MOUHCINE BOUICHICHANE
WORK PLAN
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PRINCIPLE
III. PHYSICAL PHENOMENA INVOLVED
IV. PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE PROCESS
[Link] OF POWDER
VI. DIFFERENT FORMS OF SINTERING
VII. DIFFERENT SINTERING TECHNIQUES
[Link] SINTERING KILNS
IX. APPLICATIONS
X. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
XI. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The science of sintering is not a new science; quite the opposite, the technique of
sintering is very ancient since it predates classical metallurgy processes:
Egyptians were already using it for the manufacturing of instruments, 3,000 years before our era.
against, they really only developed in the 20th century.
Indeed, since the emergence of ceramic science, many have been observed.
innovations both in the field of processes and in that of compositions that
allows so new uses of ceramics.
PRINCE
Sintering corresponds to the thermal consolidation of a powdery material (powder) without
fusion of at least one of its components. It is one of the most delicate operations and
often the most expensive when preparing ceramics.
During the thermal cycle, the microstructure is formed through material transport.
between grains, in order to minimize excess interfacial energies, which is accompanied by
generally a decrease in porosity.
The purpose of sintering is therefore to obtain from the powders a more or less dense solid without
to pass through the liquid state, or by maintaining at least one of the components in the solid state
system.
PHYSICAL PHENOMENON AT STAKE
The term sintering encompasses four different phenomena.
that develop parallelly and often enter into
concurrence :
• Consolidation: development of bridges that bind the
particles between themselves.
• Densification: reduction of porosity, thus contraction
of the entire piece.
• Granular enlargement: enlargement of particles
of grains.
• Physical-chemical reactions within the material in progress
of consolidation.
Among the different physicochemical characteristics, we
usually choose porosity as a parameter for the
description of the sintering process of ceramic bodies.
PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE PROCESS
The phenomenon of sintering is influenced by many factors:
• Specific characteristics of powders (morphology, dimensions, purity...)
• Thermal treatment conditions (temperature, duration, pressure...)
• Treatment atmosphere (vacuum, various protective atmospheres...).
NOTION OF POWDER
A ceramic product is defined as any object obtained by compacting a powder.
ceramic to the desired shape followed by consolidation through high-temperature firing, thanks to the
sintering in particular. Such a powder will be a reactive powder allowing for densification
quasi-total while allowing for the production of a sintered product with fine and homogeneous grains.
The powders used for sintering must meet certain specifications, such as the
diameter of grains, their shape, their specific surface area, their composition. Also, some
Precautions must be taken during their manufacture.
NOTION OF POWDER
There are two methods to obtain this powder:
a) Mechanical methods:
Mechanical methods mainly apply to metallic powders. The most
used is crushing with the help of hammer or ball machines. If the metal is brittle, it
is easily broken into small granules. The grinding times are generally between
between one and one hundred hours at most.
b) Chemical methods:
Chemical methods can be used for a large number of metals. The most commonly used
is the reduction of a compound (usually an oxide, more rarely a sulfide or a
chloride) by a chemical agent (gas, liquid, or solid) that fractions the compound into metal at
the state of fine granules and a by-product that can be eliminated.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF SINTERING
a) Solid sintering phase:
Solid phase sintering involves agglomerating powders at a temperature at which
all the components remain in a solid state, while applying pressure simultaneously or
a charge. Solid-phase sintering corresponds to the case where no liquid phase has been
identified. The microstructure of the material will evolve under the effect of a modification of the
curvature of the pore/solid interface. To model the sintering of particles, we have
generally assimilated particles to spheres and looked at what happened in the case
of two or three spheres.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF SINTERING
b) Liquid phase sintering:
Liquid phase sintering involves at least one of the components being liquid and immersed.
the solid phase during operation. Involving diffusion phenomena, it leads to
a welding between the different particles, a recrystallization of the grains and the elimination
partial porosity.
Various technical ceramics and most metals are also sintered in the presence of
from a liquid phase. Most ceramic products contain at room temperature
and in more or less considerable quantities, a vitreous phase that essentially plays the role
binding of different crystalline elements.
DIFFERENT SINTERING TECHNIQUES
a) Natural sintering:
We fill the mold with the powder that is heated to the sintering temperature or we
Heat the molded piece. It's an economical process, but one often observes a
significant residual porosity. To reduce this porosity and prevent growth
exaggerated, it is necessary to resort to additions and control the sintering atmosphere. After
treatment, one can achieve a density greater than 95% of the density value
theoretical.
DIFFERENT SINTERING TECHNIQUES
b) Sintering under load:
We compress the material in a mold uniaxially at high temperature.
use this process in powder metallurgy. To obtain complex shapes on the
finished parts, it is necessary to resort to an expensive process: machining with tools
diamonded.
With this process, it is more difficult to obtain materials with a density very close to
its theoretical value. But unlike natural sintering, it is not necessary to have
of additions.
DIFFERENT SINTERING TECHNIQUES
Sintering reaction: We mix the powders so that they react with each other.
a given temperature. By this process, materials can be obtained with a
porosity of 10 to 20%.
DIFFERENT SINTERING TECHNIQUES
c) Hot isostatic compaction (HIC) or
HIP :
Instead of using sintering under load, one can for
improve the quality of the parts using pressing
hot isostatic pressing (HIP) which
takes an increasingly prominent place despite its high price
important. The defects of sintering are lower and
the homogeneity is superior.
The different stages of this process are the granulation of
the powder, the elevation to a melting temperature
of the sheath and obtaining a sintering using a
uniform pressure on the part.
Since the CIC is an expensive treatment, it is dedicated to
high value-added products, we obtain ratings
finals very close to the desired odds.
THE OVENS USED
Two types of kilns are mainly used for the sintering of ceramics by firing:
a) Four Batch :
In batch-type furnaces, the items are processed one batch at a time, only one batch at a time.
cooking, hence the term 'Batch'.
At the start of the cycle, the oven is at room temperature. The pieces are then placed in the oven and the
the temperature is gradually increased to a plateau where it is maintained constant
for several hours, we then gradually decrease it until the temperature
ambient.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
a) Avantages :
Sintering, or powder metallurgy, allows for the production of parts with very
diverse with great geometric precision, often eliminating any machining operations.
We obtain parts weighing several kilograms (brake drums) and able to withstand
significant mechanical efforts.
One can also produce larger parts by forging sintered blanks, this
which combines the advantages of both processes and produces parts with structure
fibrillar.
It allows for obtaining parts in the desired shape directly, with little or no finishing.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
b) Disadvantages:
Sintering does not have many disadvantages; for example, we can mention:
• The significant impact of impurities and their great influence on mechanical resistance of
material.
• The exorbitant price of certain sintering techniques such as pressure sintering and CIC.
APPLICATION
Sintering is used for several applications:
. Production of technical ceramics such as alumina and zirconia which are
used in several fields (Mechanical, medical, communication...)
• The connection of optical fibers
• Electronic tubes
• Medical imaging
• High frequency generators, transmitters
• Industrial instrumentation and control
• Aerospace and space
• Nuclear physics
• Power lasers
APPLICATION
. The production of sintered gears and transmissions can withstand
significant mechanical efforts that gears and transmissions
normal.
CONCLUSION
The phenomenon of sintering in ceramics allows to transform a powder
mineral in dense ceramic piece, which explains why it is more and more
more used in the industry and is likely to continue to develop.
Sur un plan plus générale, si la technique de frittage ne permet pas de se substituer à la
traditional metallurgy for heavy parts, it is however called to play a
increased role in the production of numerous parts such as bearings,
electrical contacts, cutting tools, ...
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